Science and Technology for Energy Transition最新文献

{"title":"NMR contributions to the study of water transfer in proton exchange membranes for fuel cells","authors":"Jean‐Christophe Perrin, A. E. Kaddouri, L. Guendouz, Christine Mrad, K. Mozet, J. Dillet, Sébastien Leclerc, O. Lottin","doi":"10.2516/stet/2024013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024013","url":null,"abstract":"As programs to support efficient and sustainable energy sources are expanding, research into the potential applications of the hydrogen vector is accelerating. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are electrochemical converters that transform the chemical energy of hydrogen into electrical energy. These devices are used today for low- and medium-power stationary applications and for mobility, in trains, cars, bicycles, etc. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells use a polymer membrane as the electrolyte. The role of the membrane is multiple: it must separate gases, be an electronic insulator and a very good ionic conductor. In addition, it must resist free-radical chemical attack and have good mechanical strength. Nafion-type perfluorinated membranes have all these properties: the fluorinated backbone is naturally hydrophobic, but the hydrophilic ionic groups give the material excellent water sorption properties. The water adsorbed in the structure is extremely mobile, acting as a transport medium for the protons generated at the anode. Although it has been studied for a long time and has been the subject of a large number of papers perfluorinated membranes are still the reference membranes today. This article reviews some contributions of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance methods to the study of water properties in the structure of Nafion-type perfluorinated membranes.","PeriodicalId":272133,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for Energy Transition","volume":"97 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139784451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of various machine learning algorithms in view of predicting the CO2 emissions in the transportation sector","authors":"Gokalp Cinarer, Murat Kadir YEŞİLYURT, Ü. Ağbulut, Zeki Yilbaşi, Kazım Kılıç","doi":"10.2516/stet/2024014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024014","url":null,"abstract":"This study applies three different artificial intelligence algorithms (Multi-layer Perceptron, XGBoost, and Support Vector Machine) to estimate CO2 emissions in Türkiye's transportation sector. The input parameters considered are energy consumption (ENERGY), vehicle kilometers (VK), population (POP), year (Y), and gross domestic product per capita (GDP). Strong correlations are observed, with ENERGY having the highest correlation followed by VK, POP, Y, and GDP. Four scenarios are designed based on the correlation effect: scenario 1 (ENERGY/VK/POP/Y/GDP), scenario 2 (ENERGY/VK/POP/Y), scenario 3 (ENERGY/VK/POP), and scenario 4 (ENERGY/VK). Experiments compare their effects on CO2 emissions using statistical indicators (R2, RMSE, MSE, and MAE). Across all scenarios and algorithms, R2 values range from 0.8969 to 0.9886, and RMSE values range from 0.0333 to 0.1007. The XGBoost algorithm performs best in scenario 4. Artificial intelligence algorithms prove successful for estimating CO2 emissions. This study has significant implications for policymakers and stakeholders. It highlights the need to review energy investments in transportation and implement regulations, restrictions, legislation, and obligations to reduce emissions. Artificial intelligence algorithms offer potential for developing effective strategies. Policymakers can use these insights to prioritize sustainable energy investments. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the relationship between input parameters and CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. It emphasizes the importance of proactive measures and policies to address the sector's environmental impact. It also contributes to the understanding of AI-assisted CO2 emissions forecasting in the transport sector, potentially informing future policy decisions aimed at emission reduction and sustainable transport development.","PeriodicalId":272133,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for Energy Transition","volume":"59 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139844755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NMR contributions to the study of water transfer in proton exchange membranes for fuel cells","authors":"Jean‐Christophe Perrin, A. E. Kaddouri, L. Guendouz, Christine Mrad, K. Mozet, J. Dillet, Sébastien Leclerc, O. Lottin","doi":"10.2516/stet/2024013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024013","url":null,"abstract":"As programs to support efficient and sustainable energy sources are expanding, research into the potential applications of the hydrogen vector is accelerating. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are electrochemical converters that transform the chemical energy of hydrogen into electrical energy. These devices are used today for low- and medium-power stationary applications and for mobility, in trains, cars, bicycles, etc. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells use a polymer membrane as the electrolyte. The role of the membrane is multiple: it must separate gases, be an electronic insulator and a very good ionic conductor. In addition, it must resist free-radical chemical attack and have good mechanical strength. Nafion-type perfluorinated membranes have all these properties: the fluorinated backbone is naturally hydrophobic, but the hydrophilic ionic groups give the material excellent water sorption properties. The water adsorbed in the structure is extremely mobile, acting as a transport medium for the protons generated at the anode. Although it has been studied for a long time and has been the subject of a large number of papers perfluorinated membranes are still the reference membranes today. This article reviews some contributions of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance methods to the study of water properties in the structure of Nafion-type perfluorinated membranes.","PeriodicalId":272133,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for Energy Transition","volume":"65 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139844343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical behaviour and microstructure of methane hydrate-bearing sandy sediment observed at various spatial scales","authors":"Thi Xiu Le, Michel Bornert, P. Aimedieu, Daniel Broseta, Baptiste Chabot, A. King, Anh Minh Tang","doi":"10.2516/stet/2024012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024012","url":null,"abstract":"Methane hydrates (MHs) are considered as an alternative energy resource but also a potential source of geo-hazards and climate change. The physical/mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sandy sediments are strongly dependent on the distribution of hydrates within the pore space. The purpose of this study is to investigate morphologies and pore-habits of MHs formed in sandy sediments by means of experiments that probe a wide range of scales, from the pore scale – using synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXRCT) and optical microscopy – to the core scale, through mechanical property measurements. The same synthetic sands are used, in which MHs are generated successively under excess-gas and excess-water conditions. At macroscopic (core) scale, MH pore habits are inferred by comparing the measured sonic wave velocities to velocities calculated from rock physics models and further assessed via triaxial compression tests. Furthermore, Magnetic Resonance Imaging is used to investigate the kinetics of MH formation and distribution along the core height. The pore habits and MH morphologies are directly visualized at the pore (grain) scale by SXRCT and, with still better spatial and temporal resolution, by transmission optical microscopy, revealing some more complex morphologies than in the hydrate pore habits commonly admitted.","PeriodicalId":272133,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for Energy Transition","volume":"215 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139848823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical behaviour and microstructure of methane hydrate-bearing sandy sediment observed at various spatial scales","authors":"Thi Xiu Le, Michel Bornert, P. Aimedieu, Daniel Broseta, Baptiste Chabot, A. King, Anh Minh Tang","doi":"10.2516/stet/2024012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024012","url":null,"abstract":"Methane hydrates (MHs) are considered as an alternative energy resource but also a potential source of geo-hazards and climate change. The physical/mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sandy sediments are strongly dependent on the distribution of hydrates within the pore space. The purpose of this study is to investigate morphologies and pore-habits of MHs formed in sandy sediments by means of experiments that probe a wide range of scales, from the pore scale – using synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXRCT) and optical microscopy – to the core scale, through mechanical property measurements. The same synthetic sands are used, in which MHs are generated successively under excess-gas and excess-water conditions. At macroscopic (core) scale, MH pore habits are inferred by comparing the measured sonic wave velocities to velocities calculated from rock physics models and further assessed via triaxial compression tests. Furthermore, Magnetic Resonance Imaging is used to investigate the kinetics of MH formation and distribution along the core height. The pore habits and MH morphologies are directly visualized at the pore (grain) scale by SXRCT and, with still better spatial and temporal resolution, by transmission optical microscopy, revealing some more complex morphologies than in the hydrate pore habits commonly admitted.","PeriodicalId":272133,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for Energy Transition","volume":" 41","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139788848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Schottky bypass diodes from a faulty PV plant","authors":"Wolfgang Mühleisen, Martin Brückner, Lukas Neumaier","doi":"10.2516/stet/2024011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024011","url":null,"abstract":"Bypass diodes in photovoltaic modules are designed to prevent the solar cells and cell strings in the module from overheating if a module is operated incorrectly. Possible consequences of bypass diode failures are for example power loss, glass breakage or hot spot burns in PV modules. To avoid such situations, the key-role playing bypass diode must be in a good condition and the knowledge of the condition status is of high interest. For this reason, 36 Schottky diodes were randomly selected from the junction boxes of taken back PV modules and examined using a variety of characterisation methods. These included electrical characterisation and imaging techniques. The investigation identified all three possible bypass diode states: (i) bypass diode functional and conducting in one direction and blocking in the other direction, (ii) bypass diode defective and conducting in both directions, and (iii) bypass diode defective and no longer conducting in any direction. Defective bypass diodes that changed from failure state (ii) to failure state (iii) were found in different aged conditions. Conversely, only an abrupt transition was found for state (i) to failure state (ii). The main objective of having a fast and suitable method for characterising Schottky bypass diodes in PV systems in the field, which is also in simple agreement with results from laboratory measurement technology, was found with the electrician's multimeter.","PeriodicalId":272133,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for Energy Transition","volume":"46 199","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139801630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Schottky bypass diodes from a faulty PV plant","authors":"Wolfgang Mühleisen, Martin Brückner, Lukas Neumaier","doi":"10.2516/stet/2024011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024011","url":null,"abstract":"Bypass diodes in photovoltaic modules are designed to prevent the solar cells and cell strings in the module from overheating if a module is operated incorrectly. Possible consequences of bypass diode failures are for example power loss, glass breakage or hot spot burns in PV modules. To avoid such situations, the key-role playing bypass diode must be in a good condition and the knowledge of the condition status is of high interest. For this reason, 36 Schottky diodes were randomly selected from the junction boxes of taken back PV modules and examined using a variety of characterisation methods. These included electrical characterisation and imaging techniques. The investigation identified all three possible bypass diode states: (i) bypass diode functional and conducting in one direction and blocking in the other direction, (ii) bypass diode defective and conducting in both directions, and (iii) bypass diode defective and no longer conducting in any direction. Defective bypass diodes that changed from failure state (ii) to failure state (iii) were found in different aged conditions. Conversely, only an abrupt transition was found for state (i) to failure state (ii). The main objective of having a fast and suitable method for characterising Schottky bypass diodes in PV systems in the field, which is also in simple agreement with results from laboratory measurement technology, was found with the electrician's multimeter.","PeriodicalId":272133,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for Energy Transition","volume":"193 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139861350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a better comprehension of reactive transport coupling experimental and numerical approaches","authors":"Daniela Bauer, Théo Briolet, M. Adelinet, Maxime Moreaud, Leo Agelas, Gabriel Farag, Zaineb Zaafouri, Isabelle Faille, Olivier Sissmann, Maxime Pelerin, Souhail Youssef, Jerôme Fortin, E. Bemer","doi":"10.2516/stet/2024010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024010","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we focus on further understanding reactive transport in carbonate rocks, in particular limestones characterized by a bimodal pore size distribution. To this end, we performed injection experiments with CO_2-saturated water on a sample of Euville limestone and monitored the experiments with a medical CT scanner. Microscanner imaging was performed before and after alteration. Experiments showed that permeability increased by nearly two decades due to the alteration process. This increase could be attributed to the formation of a preferential dissolution path visualized on the CT images. Microscanner images show that preferential dissolution areas are characterized by the presence of numerous enlarged macropores. The preferential dissolution path created therefore retains a porous structure and does not correspond to a wormhole-type channel. \u0000 To provide further knowledge of the small scale physics of reactive transport, we performed Lattice-Boltzmann simulations of flow in a numerically-generated model 2D porous medium having geometrical and topological features designed to approach Euville limestone. We showed that the fluid velocity increased in nearly percolating paths of macropores. Considering the experiments, this means that the CO_2-saturated water starts to enter high velocity zones earlier than low velocity zones, inducing an earlier onset of the alteration process and a more pronounced local dissolution. However, numerical results showed that alteration of non-connected macropores leads to an increase of permeability much smaller than the experimentally observed one. To explain this fact we used effective medium modelling that permits predicting the variation in permeability as a function of the fraction of macropores and consequently as function of alteration. It proved that as long as there is no alteration induced percolating path consisting of macropores, increase in permeability is relatively low as shown by the Lattice-Boltzmann simulations. An increase in permeability of several orders of magnitude is only observed when the macroporosity is close to the percolation threshold. This fact is in accordance with the experimentally observed results.","PeriodicalId":272133,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for Energy Transition","volume":"135 31","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139810467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a better comprehension of reactive transport coupling experimental and numerical approaches","authors":"Daniela Bauer, Théo Briolet, M. Adelinet, Maxime Moreaud, Leo Agelas, Gabriel Farag, Zaineb Zaafouri, Isabelle Faille, Olivier Sissmann, Maxime Pelerin, Souhail Youssef, Jerôme Fortin, E. Bemer","doi":"10.2516/stet/2024010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024010","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we focus on further understanding reactive transport in carbonate rocks, in particular limestones characterized by a bimodal pore size distribution. To this end, we performed injection experiments with CO_2-saturated water on a sample of Euville limestone and monitored the experiments with a medical CT scanner. Microscanner imaging was performed before and after alteration. Experiments showed that permeability increased by nearly two decades due to the alteration process. This increase could be attributed to the formation of a preferential dissolution path visualized on the CT images. Microscanner images show that preferential dissolution areas are characterized by the presence of numerous enlarged macropores. The preferential dissolution path created therefore retains a porous structure and does not correspond to a wormhole-type channel. \u0000 To provide further knowledge of the small scale physics of reactive transport, we performed Lattice-Boltzmann simulations of flow in a numerically-generated model 2D porous medium having geometrical and topological features designed to approach Euville limestone. We showed that the fluid velocity increased in nearly percolating paths of macropores. Considering the experiments, this means that the CO_2-saturated water starts to enter high velocity zones earlier than low velocity zones, inducing an earlier onset of the alteration process and a more pronounced local dissolution. However, numerical results showed that alteration of non-connected macropores leads to an increase of permeability much smaller than the experimentally observed one. To explain this fact we used effective medium modelling that permits predicting the variation in permeability as a function of the fraction of macropores and consequently as function of alteration. It proved that as long as there is no alteration induced percolating path consisting of macropores, increase in permeability is relatively low as shown by the Lattice-Boltzmann simulations. An increase in permeability of several orders of magnitude is only observed when the macroporosity is close to the percolation threshold. This fact is in accordance with the experimentally observed results.","PeriodicalId":272133,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for Energy Transition","volume":"168 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139870498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sliding Mode Sensorless Control of Wind Turbine Pitch Motor with ESO Feedforward Compensation in the Offshore Wind Power System","authors":"Chen Dehai，Zhang Jixiang, Zhang Tian","doi":"10.2516/stet/2024009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024009","url":null,"abstract":"In order to improve the dynamic performance of the control system, a variable frequency sliding mode non-inductive control strategy based on ESO feedforward compensation was proposed in order to improve the disturbance and jitter problems of pitch motor in offshore wind power generation system. The fast exponential approximation law is designed in the velocity loop, and the integrated sliding surface is adopted, which reduces the steady-state error of the traditional sliding surface and weakens the jitter phenomenon of the moving point on the sliding surface. The traditional sliding mode observer is improved, and the variable cut-off frequency filter is used instead of the low-pass filter in the filtering process to filter the signals of each speed band. At the same time, in order to estimate the disturbances in the system, the LESO is designed to observe and compensate for the unknown disturbances, which improves the robustness of the system. The simulation results show that the control strategy in this paper solves the problems of traditional sliding mode control, which not only shortens the response time of the system, but also significantly improves the anti-disturbance performance of the system, and the overall effect is significantly improved.","PeriodicalId":272133,"journal":{"name":"Science and Technology for Energy Transition","volume":"41 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139868579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}