Chemical Engineering Science最新文献

{"title":"Novel bifunctional collector for efficient separation of low-grade ilmenite: selectivity enhancement and mechanistic elucidation","authors":"Yamin Kang ,&nbsp;Yijun Cao ,&nbsp;Yide Xu ,&nbsp;Zunmei Chen ,&nbsp;Peng Li ,&nbsp;Fanfan Zhang ,&nbsp;Baoyin Zhao ,&nbsp;Daoguang Teng ,&nbsp;Guosheng Li ,&nbsp;Guixia Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional collectors exhibited poor selectivity and difficulty in separating low-grade ilmenite. To enhance the selectivity performance of the collector, a novel bifunctional collector, 2-nonylglutar hydroxamic acid (NGHA), was designed and synthesized for separating ilmenite and forsterite. For low-grade ilmenite ore, under a low NGHA dosage of 1500 g/t and a short flotation process comprising one rougher and one cleaner stage, the flotation concentrate achieved a TiO₂ grade of 48.83% and a recovery of 58.74%. The use of NGHA resulted in an increase in the concentrate TiO₂ grade of more than 38%. Mechanistic studies revealed the structural flexibility of NGHA and its selective adsorption process on ilmenite surfaces: the oxygen atom spacing in NGHA can be dynamically adjusted through the two hydroxamic groups and precisely matched with Ti/Fe sites via bidentate chelation adsorption to form diverse bicyclic ring adsorption configurations. Electron donation from the p-orbitals of oxygen atoms in NGHA to the empty d-orbitals of Ti/Fe atoms facilitated the formation of O–Fe and O–Ti bonds. In contrast, its interaction with forsterite was dominated by electrostatic forces, exhibiting weak affinity toward Mg sites. These adsorption configurations rendered NGHA easier to selectively adsorb on the ilmenite surface, making the ilmenite surface more hydrophobic than the forsterite surface. Moreover, the flotation of actual ilmenite ore using the NGHA collector yields substantial economic benefits, thereby demonstrating significant potential for industrial application. In summary, the feasibility of using bifunctional collectors to match the ilmenite active sites to improve its flotation performance has also been verified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":271,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 123438"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146044726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Droplet deformation and breakup in 3D-printed millichannels featuring arrays of rectangular obstacles with different configurations","authors":"A.T.S. Cerdeira,&nbsp;J.B.L.M. Campos,&nbsp;J.M. Miranda,&nbsp;J.D.P. Araújo","doi":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigates the deformation and breakup of droplets in 3D-printed millichannels containing an array of rectangular obstacles with different configurations: transverse, longitudinal, and herringbone. Experiments were performed with two different viscosity ratios between phases (X = 0.026 and X = 30) under a range of flow conditions, with systematic variations of the flow rate ratio (Ø) and the Capillary number of the dispersed phase (Ca_d). Flow visualization combined with image processing techniques enables a quantitative characterization of droplet area and velocity distributions at the inlet, across the array of obstacles, and at the outlet region. The results show that, while the droplet area at the inlet region is determined by the flow rate, the outlet area distributions are predominantly governed by the configuration of the array of rectangular obstacles and porosity, with negligible influence from Ø. For a constant Ø, as Ca_d increases, viscous stresses become stronger relative to interfacial tension, promoting droplet deformation and breakup. Among the tested designs, the herringbone configuration produced the smallest droplets, followed by the transverse and longitudinal arrays. Additionally, porosity was found to play a critical role: lower porosity enhanced droplet confinement and promoted faster breakup, while higher porosity weakened droplet-obstacle interactions and reduced breakup efficiency. These findings highlight the effectiveness of array of obstacles as a passive strategy to promote droplet breakup and size uniformity, offering new design guidelines for droplet manipulation in millifluidic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":271,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 123493"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146095579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process parameters optimization of ohmic heat-assisted vacuum evaporation of sapodilla juice and quality modelling of its concentrate","authors":"Vasudeva Rao Vangapandu,&nbsp;Venkata S.P. Bitra","doi":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using an ohmic heat-assisted vacuum evaporation (OHVE) system, concentration of clarified sapodilla fruit juice was carried out and it was compared to rotary vacuum evaporation (VE) method in order to maximize total soluble solids (TSS) content of concentrated sapodilla juice and compare the quality of concentrated sapodilla juice using both methods. A laboratory-scale OHVE system was designed and fabricated to achieve the targeted objective. Using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology, optimized the OHVE process parameters, including temperature (50, 60, and 70 °C), holding time (40, 80, and 120 min), voltage gradient (9, 12, and 15 V/cm), and vacuum pressure (400, 500, and 600 mmHg), to achieve the desired TSS for concentrated sapodilla fruit juice. Sapodilla juice concentrate was produced using both OHVE and VE methods. OHVE was performed under optimized conditions voltage gradient of 14.50  V/cm and vacuum pressure of 574  mm Hg (gauge) while varying the temperature (50–70 °C) and processing time (0–120  min) to assess their effects on the concentration process. Quality characteristics of OHVE sapodilla fruit juice concentrate were in the range of pH: 4.0 to 4.634, density: 1064 to 1098 kg/m³, ascorbic acid: 0.033 to 0.039 mg/100 mL, non-enzymatic browning index: 0.101 to 0.544 at OD_420nm, titratable acidity: 5.37% to 6.03%, viscosity: 5.37 to 35.1 cP, <em>L</em>*: 20.92 to 10.59, <em>a</em>*: 0.07 to 8.7, <em>b</em>*: 11.02 to 16.39, hue angle: 55.67° to 89.99°, and chroma: 11.06 to 15.42. Results showed that integrating ohmic heating with vacuum evaporation significantly improved juice quality retention compared to conventional rotary vacuum evaporation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":271,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 123561"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water state engineering of Nanodiamond-Modified hydrogels for antifreeze and high toughness","authors":"Jianan Xie ,&nbsp;Wenhao Ding ,&nbsp;Mingyu Yang ,&nbsp;Jingbo Xu ,&nbsp;Zhenjie Lu ,&nbsp;Xiao Cheng ,&nbsp;Shugang Pan ,&nbsp;Xin Wang ,&nbsp;Junwu Zhu ,&nbsp;Yongsheng Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The water contained within hydrogels can be categorized into bound water, intermediate water, and free water. Among these, free water readily freezes at subzero temperatures, leading to ice formation and ultimately compromising hydrogel performance. Conventional antifreeze hydrogel designs mainly rely on the introduction of exogenous antifreeze agents, while it often directly sacrifices the water content of the system, thereby neglecting the fundamental role of water state distribution within the polymer network and undermining the core properties that water imparts to hydrogels. In this study, we propose a “water state engineering” strategy that addresses the root cause of freezing by tailoring the interfacial water interactions. By incorporating amine-functionalized nanodiamonds (aND) as interfacial bound water regulators into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and xanthan gum (XG), we constructed a PVA/XG-aND double-network hydrogel. This structure facilitates the formation of a molecular-scale interfacial bound water network, effectively modulating the free-to-bound water ratio. The hydrogel prepared by this method exhibits biological non-toxicity, demonstrating superior tensile strength (2088 kPa) and fracture elongation (380%) while maintaining its original water content, along with a reduced freezing point of −26 °C. This work highlights the crucial role of water state regulation in enhancing the cryo-resistance of hydrogels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":271,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 123551"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of long aliphatic chains (C18)-based adhesive with strong underwater adhesion strength","authors":"Huizhen Jiang ,&nbsp;Bin Yang ,&nbsp;Yuhang Wu ,&nbsp;Funing Zhang ,&nbsp;Huaiyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Weina Kong ,&nbsp;Fatang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional adhesives typically form strong and durable bonds only on dry surfaces, and their adhesion effectiveness often weakens or disappears entirely in the presence of water at the bonding interface. Thus, developing high-performance adhesives suitable for underwater applications is crucial. In this study, we successfully developed a high-strength (4.13 MPa) epoxy-based underwater adhesive (called MGEO) using a simple one-step, solvent-free strategy. After underwater adhesion, the adhesive rapidly transforms from liquid to solid at room temperature, forming a strong adhesion that requires no additional processing. The hydrophobic effect of the long aliphatic chain (C18) effectively facilitated water displacement at the interface, while multiple intermolecular interactions enhanced interfacial adhesion, ensuring strong and reliable underwater performance. Additionally, the adhesive exhibited excellent adhesive stability after it was immersed in different aqueous solutions for 20 d [alkali (3.39 MPa), salt (4.37 MPa), and artificial seawater (4.28 MPa)]. Moreover, the adhesive exhibited outstanding long-term stability in water and a strength of 3.87 MPa after 50 d of immersion. After the adhesive underwent 50 cold-hot shock cycles, it exhibited a strength of 3.59 MPa. After it underwent five underwater adhesion cycles, its strength was 2.29 MPa. The long-term durability of MGEO adhesive underwater demonstrates its excellent application potential in underwater repair.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":271,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 123558"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a compartment modeling framework from axisymmetric CFD models: Extracting flow topology for industrial fermenters","authors":"Parth Shah ,&nbsp;Satchit Nagpal ,&nbsp;Dong Hun Kwak ,&nbsp;Jung Ho Kim ,&nbsp;Jae Hoon Cho ,&nbsp;Sang Min Park ,&nbsp;Kosan Roh ,&nbsp;Jun-Woo Kim ,&nbsp;Joseph Sang-Il Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial-scale fermentation processes often suffer from insufficient mixing, which leads to significant spatial heterogeneity in key variables such as dissolved oxygen and substrate concentrations. These gradients adversely impact oxygen transfer, microbial physiology, and overall process productivity. While computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations offer detailed insights into flow behavior, their computational requirements limit their applicability to large-scale systems. This study presents the development of a computationally efficient compartment modeling (CM) framework as an alternative to CFD for industrial fermenters. To this end, first, an axisymmetric CFD model was constructed to represent the industrial fermenter geometry. This approach was chosen over a full three-dimensional model to leverage the symmetry inherent in many reactor designs, thereby reducing computational costs while still capturing essential hydrodynamic features, such as axial and radial velocity components and turbulent kinetic energy, across different time instances. These variables were extracted to define flow topology and intercompartment flow rates within the CM. By averaging velocity fields and smoothing gradients, a stable and scalable compartmental representation of reactor hydrodynamics was achieved. The model was validated against CFD data through visualizations of flow patterns and velocity profiles, demonstrating its ability to capture spatial heterogeneity while significantly reducing computational costs. This CM framework offers a versatile tool for integrating kinetic models, facilitating process optimization, and improving design in complex fermenter systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":271,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 123502"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ambient-temperature recovery of high-boiling solvent by solar-driven interfacial evaporation","authors":"Qiuyu Mei,&nbsp;Cailin Yang,&nbsp;Youzhou Jiang,&nbsp;Kai Han","doi":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The recovery of high-boiling solvents is significant due to their wide application in fields such as drug synthesis. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) technology is a green and energy-efficient technology with thermal localization, offering a promising strategy for separating and recovering high-boiling solvents. In this study, a black silicon-based evaporator was fabricated, achieving high evaporation rates of 4.25, 1.69, and 1.50 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ for the high-boiling solvents N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), respectively, under ambient temperature and pressure. During evaporation and recovery from a 1 wt% Clindamycin hydrochloride (Clin)/DMF solution under 1sun, the membrane interfacial temperature was only 72°C, while the bulk solution remained at ambient temperature. Consequently, the chemical structure of Clin remained stable during the DMF evaporation process. The high purity (97.44%) of the recovered DMF, with water detected as the sole residual impurity, underscores the efficiency and selectivity of this solar-driven evaporation process. Using a 40 mm-diameter photothermal membrane, 8 h of interfacial evaporation achieved a solvent recovery of 40%. This work provides a novel and effective SIE approach for ambient temperature and pressure recovery of high-boiling solvents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":271,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 123597"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146172546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetic study and reaction model of chlorotrimethylsilane hydrolysis to hexamethyldisiloxane","authors":"Yue Zhang ,&nbsp;Rui-Qi Jia ,&nbsp;Guang-Wen Chu ,&nbsp;Bao-Chang Sun ,&nbsp;Liang-Liang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jian-Feng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123542","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an important organosilicon intermediate, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) is widely used in the fabrication of silicone resins, functional coatings, and fine chemicals. However, the reaction kinetics remain insufficiently quantified, limiting process optimization. In this study, the reaction mechanism and pathway of HMDSO formation from chlorotrimethylsilane (CTMS) via hydrolysis were first elucidated using density functional theory simulations. The reaction network was simplified into two consecutive reactions: substitution and condensation. The reversibility and kinetic parameters of both reactions were experimentally determined using conductance and other methods, exhibiting that the substitution reaction is a rapid and irreversible process, while the condensation reaction is reversible and the rate-limiting step. Moreover, an apparent reaction model coupling reaction and mass transfer was developed for the practical liquid–liquid heterogeneous CTMS hydrolysis process. The predicted performance of the reaction by the model, including conversion ratio and reaction time, was in good agreement with experimental results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":271,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 123542"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the synergistic effect between dielectric barrier discharge plasma and ZSM-5 in cracking of n-hexane: experimental and mechanistic study","authors":"Ketao Shi ,&nbsp;Nianming Jiao ,&nbsp;Youbing Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhen Xu ,&nbsp;Ningjing Tang ,&nbsp;Hui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plasma, with its highly energetic and reactive nature, was proposed as an effective external field to intensify the catalytic cracking of <em>n</em>-hexane over ZSM-5 zeolite. The effects of zeolite acidity, reaction temperature, plasma power, catalyst bed location <em>vs</em> the discharge region, and discharge atmosphere were systematically investigated. It was found that plasma significantly enhanced the cracking of <em>n</em>-hexane, and when the catalyst was placed in the plasma discharge region the reaction performance was the best, indicating a synergistic effect between plasma and ZSM-5. Compared with conventional catalytic cracking, the introduction of plasma increased the <em>n</em>-hexane conversion from 20.8% to 59.3% and the light olefins yield from 6.3% to 27.1% at 400 °C in the argon atmosphere. <em>In-situ</em> optical emission spectroscopy (OES), <em>n</em>-hexane-TPD, and electron collision reaction calculations based on the Boltzmann equation demonstrated that plasma effectively promoted the cleavage of C–C/C–H bonds, facilitating the formation of reactive radicals (<em>e.g.</em>, <img>CH, <img>C₂, and <img>H) and leading to the formation of smaller species. These reactive intermediates were more likely to undergo subsequent transformations over zeolite acid sites, thereby enhancing the radical-driven reaction pathway and significantly increasing the yield of light olefins. These findings demonstrate the synergistic effect between plasma and catalysts in promoting alkane cracking under moderate conditions, offering a promising strategy for the production of light olefins in an energy-efficient way.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":271,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 123548"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146138484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled evolution of pore and carbon skeleton structure during coal and biomass pyrolysis up to 1400 °C: Mechanistic Insights and predictive Modeling","authors":"Dezhi Chen ,&nbsp;Junmeng Li ,&nbsp;Ji Long ,&nbsp;Shihao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jun Xu ,&nbsp;Kai Xu ,&nbsp;Long Jiang ,&nbsp;Yi Wang ,&nbsp;Sheng Su ,&nbsp;Song Hu ,&nbsp;Jun Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123552","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ces.2026.123552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the nonlinear evolution of pore structure and its coupled mechanism with chemical structural changes of the char from the pyrolysis of six biomass and three coal samples across 350–1400 °C. The results revealed that the BET surface area (S_BET) and pore volume (V_total) exhibit a distinct three-stage trend of “increase–decrease-increase” with increasing temperature, whereas the average pore diameter (D_average) follows the opposite trend. The first inflection point (FIP) and second inflection point (SIP) are primarily observed at 600 °C and 1000 °C for biochar, whereas around 700 °C and 1100 °C for coal chars. FIP and SIP correlate closely with the sum of the raw sample’s moisture and volatile contents, and the ratio of small to large aromatic rings of the char, respectively. In addition, in Stage I (350 °C-FIP), the increase in S_BET is strongly governed by the decline in H/C atomic ratio, Raman parameter α and A_(GR+VL+VR)/A_D, indicating that volatile release and the breakdown of aliphatic structures dominate pore generation. In Stage Ⅱ (FIP-SIP), the magnitude of S_BET reduction correlates positively with A_(GR+VL+VR)/A_D, reflecting partial collapse of pores induced by carbon skeleton compression. In Stage Ⅲ (SIP-1400 °C), S_BET exhibits strong positive correlation with structural index A_(GR+VL+VR)/A_G·C_RM, Mg and Ca volatilization disturbs carbon layers, creating inter-cluster dislocations, promoting new pores. Based on these findings, a three-stage mechanistic model was established. Furthermore, a unified pore structure prediction model across wide temperature range was constructed and validated, with S_BET average absolute error of only 5.41 m²/g.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":271,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Engineering Science","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 123552"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}