{"title":"Risk-aware vulnerability analysis of electric grids from attacker's perspective","authors":"Yihai Zhu, Jun Yan, Y. Sun, Haibo He","doi":"10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497817","url":null,"abstract":"Electric grid is one of the largest interconnected networks on the earth, and is vital to the operation of modern society. Within recent decades, the occurrence of several large scale power blackouts raised many concerns from different aspects. For example, the most recent India power blackout in July 2012 affected 620 Million people. Investigating the vulnerability of electric grids becomes increasingly important and urgent. In this paper, we study the vulnerability of electric grids from attacker's point of view. First, the extended model based on DC power flow analysis is adopted to simulate cascading failures in electric grids; then a novel metric, called the risk graph, is proposed to reflect the hidden relationship among substations in terms of vulnerability; finally a practical multiple-node attack strategy is developed and proved to be stronger than the traditional load based approach on IEEE 57 and 118 bus systems. This work provided a new point of view toward understanding cascading failures in electric systems.","PeriodicalId":268687,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127750137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling the last mile of the smart grid","authors":"G. Pagani, Marco Aiello","doi":"10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497816","url":null,"abstract":"The energy market is changing as it is undergoing unbundling, accommodating renewable sources in the grid and allowing for micro-production to be part of the smart grid. Such changes will have a major impact on the underlying transport and distribution infrastructures. These have been traditionally hierarchical, unidirectional and capillary, though the new smart grid scenario calls for an infrastructure that has higher connectivity, that is bidirectional and naturally complex. In this paper, we look at ways of modeling the distribution grid as a complex network taking into account all voltage levels, that is, including the last mile of the grid reaching the end user. We provide and argue for design principles for such smart grid models and present results that call for a denser Medium and Low Voltage power grid. The design principles come from an analysis of an existing grid portion and consider its evolution into a smart grid.","PeriodicalId":268687,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128254417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconstruction of phasor dynamics at higher sampling rates using synchrophasors reported at sub-Nyquist rate","authors":"Sarasij Das, T. Sidhu","doi":"10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497808","url":null,"abstract":"The IEEE standard C37.118.1-2011 specifies performance requirements for the synchrophasor measurements. In this standard, the maximum modulation frequency for the phasor domain oscillations is 5 Hz. The synchrophasor reporting rates below 10 frames/s are exempted from the dynamic requirements of the standard. Synchrophasors reported below 10 frames/s cannot be used in the dynamics monitoring applications due to violation of the Nyquist theory (considering maximum 5 Hz oscillation frequency). Recently, compressive sampling (CS) theory has generated significant interest in the signal processing community because of its potential to enable signal reconstruction from fewer samples than suggested by the Nyquist rate. In this paper, the CS theory has been used to reconstruct the signal dynamics at higher rates using synchrophasors reported at the sub-Nyquist rate. This cannot be achieved in the conventional interpolation theory due to aliasing. As an example, in this paper, synchrophasors of an amplitude and frequency modulated (5 Hz) waveform are reported at 8 frames/s; thus causing aliasing. This aliased data is used in the phasor data concentrators (PDCs) to accurately (low TVE) reconstruct the synchrophasors at 24 frames/s rate using CS theory. The results indicate that the CS theory may also be useful in reducing the communication bandwidth requirements.","PeriodicalId":268687,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124611715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"State estimation with consideration of PMU phase mismatch for smart grids","authors":"Peng Yang, Zhao Tan, A. Wiesel, A. Nehorai","doi":"10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497833","url":null,"abstract":"Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are time synchronized sensors for power system state estimation. Despite their promising advantages, large scale deployment of PMUs is still limited. One of the reasons is the high cost of their exact synchronization. In this paper, we consider the use of cheaper and less accurately synchronized PMUs, but compensate for these imperfections via signal processing methods. We introduce a statistical model for power state estimation using these impaired units. We then derive an alternating minimization technique and a parallel Kalman filter for static and dynamic estimation, respectively. Numerical examples demonstrate the improvement in estimation accuracy of our algorithm compared with traditional algorithms when phase mismatch is present. Our results suggest that the phase mismatches can be largely compensated as long as there is a sufficient number of PMUs and the delays are small.","PeriodicalId":268687,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127332388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Jampala, J. Giri, V. Madani, M. Glavic, R. King
{"title":"Practical challenges of integrating synchrophasor applications into an EMS","authors":"A. Jampala, J. Giri, V. Madani, M. Glavic, R. King","doi":"10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497847","url":null,"abstract":"With the exploding growth of synchrophasor PMU data in utility control centers, there is an increased emphasis on successful integration of existing model-based Energy Management Systems (EMS) applications with the new complementary PMU measurement-based applications. This is necessary to gain confidence of the newly integrated data, while embracing these new measurement-based tools and techniques. These new generation of synchrophasor applications have moved beyond prototype to the Proof of Concept (PoC) stage. Once validated and accepted by end users, field installation and training, the tools will become part of the day-to-day, production EMS. The synchrophasor applications include Linear State Estimator (LSE), Oscillation Detection, Voltage Stability indicators, etc. Enhanced tools to validate results and advanced simulation tools for training are other areas for development. The integration tasks pose many challenges and are addressed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":268687,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122408299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advanced photovoltaic inverter functionality verification using 500kw power hardware-in-loop (PHIL) complete system laboratory testing","authors":"B. Mather, M. Kromer, L. Casey","doi":"10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497862","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing penetration of distribution connected photovoltaic (PV) systems, more and more PV developers and utilities are interested in easing future PV interconnection concerns by mitigating some of the impacts of PV integration using advanced PV inverter controls and functions. This paper describes the testing of a 500kW PV inverter using Power Hardware-in-Loop (PHIL) testing techniques. The test setup is described and the results from testing the inverter in advanced functionality modes, not commonly used in currently interconnected PV systems, are presented. PV inverter operation under PHIL evaluation that emulated both the DC PV array connection and the AC distribution level grid connection are shown for constant power factor (PF) and constant reactive power (VAr) control modes. The evaluation of these modes was completed under varying degrees of modeled PV variability.","PeriodicalId":268687,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122052450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liu Ling, Tan Xiaobin, Yu Kai, Bu Zhiyong, Chen Shi, W. Haifeng
{"title":"Multi-hop aided wireless data collection based on flow priority","authors":"Liu Ling, Tan Xiaobin, Yu Kai, Bu Zhiyong, Chen Shi, W. Haifeng","doi":"10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497836","url":null,"abstract":"In traditional power grid, Data Aggregator (DA) and Distribution Box (DB) send the data collected by sensors to Base Station (BS) through cellular interface, which is called Single-hop Communication Mode (SCM). There are too many nodes with different data packets which need to be delivered to BS. But BS can't satisfy the delay requirements of different data because of limited resources through SCM. In order to meet the QoS requirements of different priority data, we introduce Multi-hop Communication Mode (MCM) into this scenario to improve the network's performance by adding another wireless interface on each node (DA or DB), such as wifi or zigbee. We present a framework in which a relay node is chosen according to the node's energy consumption and its residual energy, and DB equipped with large capacity battery is chosen as the cluster header, which helps to forward DAs' data to BS. Our main idea is that each node decides which communication mode the packet should use based on its priority and Residual Life Time (RLT). According to packet's RLT, one node can decide whether it should send it right now through single-hop, or put it into the corresponding queue and then send it to the next hop (multi-hop), or drop the packet. In a node, different priority data packets are put into different priority queues. In each queue, packet is sorted according to its RLT. When the first packet needs to be sent out, the node combines the first few packets in the same queue into a large packet, and then sends it out. The simulation shows our scheme can satisfy the performance requirement of smart grid.","PeriodicalId":268687,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128413834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive control for an HVDC transmission link with FACTS and a wind farm","authors":"Yufei Tang, Haibo He, J. Wen","doi":"10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497897","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the nonlinearity, uncertainty and complexity of the power system, it is a challenging task to design an effective control approach based on the exact model using traditional methods. In this paper, we investigate the application of a novel approximate dynamic programming (ADP) architecture, goal representation heuristic dynamic programming (GrHDP), to a large benchmark power system. Unlike traditional ADP design with an action network and a critic network, GrHDP integrates the third network, a goal network, into the actorcritic design (ACD) to automatically and adaptively build an internal reinforcement signal representation to facilitate learning and optimization. Then the GrHDP is employed to control the benchmark power system including a DFIG based wind farm and a STATCOM with HVDC transmission. Various power system states, including the voltage of STATCOM, current of DFIG and DC current of HVDC inverter, are provided to the GrHDP controller to generate three adaptive supplementary control signals. These adaptive supplementary control signals are then provided to the STATCOM controller, DFIG rotor side controller and HVDC master control, respectively. This control structure is validated in Matlab/Simulink to demonstrate its effectiveness in power system control.","PeriodicalId":268687,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128249969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gerardo Sanchez-Ayala, Julio Romero Aguerc, D. Elizondo, M. Lelic
{"title":"Current trends on applications of PMUs in distribution systems","authors":"Gerardo Sanchez-Ayala, Julio Romero Aguerc, D. Elizondo, M. Lelic","doi":"10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497923","url":null,"abstract":"Distribution systems are evolving at a high pace largely due to the proliferation of DER, the growing utilization of DA, AMI, DMS, and the expected propagation of PEVs. This evolution is also leading to new challenges, for instance large penetration of intermittent DG can lead to noticeable impacts on distribution feeders. The coordinated implementation of Smart Grid technologies is called upon to handle these challenges. This paper explores the contribution that PMUs can provide to handling these challenges by examining recent research results on applications of synchrophasors in distribution systems. This review includes descriptions of representative works in a wide range of applications designed for smart distribution feeders, and some developments originally proposed for transmission level, but with equivalent applicability to distribution systems.","PeriodicalId":268687,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","volume":"69 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129051107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Yi, Ting Zhu, Guangyu Lin, Xiuchen Jiang, Guojie Li, Liangqi Si, M. Begovic
{"title":"Energy scheduling and allocation in electric vehicle energy distribution networks","authors":"P. Yi, Ting Zhu, Guangyu Lin, Xiuchen Jiang, Guojie Li, Liangqi Si, M. Begovic","doi":"10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT.2013.6497886","url":null,"abstract":"The energy storage of Electric Vehicles (EVs) can be utilized by Smart Grid through Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) that allows EVs to feed energy stored in their batteries back to the grid as needed. Combining V2G and the mobility of vehicles, EVs can provide a natural energy transmission system called EV energy network. The main idea of this paper focus on how to schedule and allocate energy from energy sources to places where energy is needed. The features of energy route in EV energy network are analyzed and a greedy algorithm based on the hypergraph is presented. Simulations using real-world transporting data in Manhattan and the Pioneer Valley Transit Authority(PVTA). Simulations show that this method is efficient.","PeriodicalId":268687,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT)","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124694632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}