{"title":"Live and Let Die: Peeling Back on Municipal Bond Regulation after the 2008 Financial Crisis","authors":"Heita Miki","doi":"10.7916/D8-SZS9-1Y75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7916/D8-SZS9-1Y75","url":null,"abstract":"Municipal bonds have traditionally been considered, rightly or wrongly, mundane assets that require little regulation. However, the most recent financial crisis did not leave municipal bonds untouched. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and liquidity requirements for banks, enacted in response to the 2008 financial crisis, have had far-reaching effects in the banking industry as well as the municipal bond market. While the registration requirements for municipal advisors have garnered much attention, other provisions may negatively impact the liquidity of the municipal bond market and raise the costs of raising capital for municipalities.This Note focuses on three provisions, all of which increase the cost of raising capital for municipalities without a meaningful improvement in the safety of the banking system: the Liquidity Coverage Ratio, the Volcker Rule, and the Risk Retention Rule. Secondarily, this Note makes mitigating suggestions. This Note concludes that the most liquid municipal bonds should qualify as eligible for high-quality liquid asset status, which would be consistent with international standards. Additionally, exemptions should be granted under the Volcker Rule and the risk retention provisions for tender option bonds.","PeriodicalId":266240,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Government Regulation of Financial Markets (Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122332970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Анализ Мировой Практики Государственного Регулирования Деятельности в Сфере Азартных Игр и Практики Управления Игорными Зонами (Analysis of the Global Practice of State Regulation of Activities in the Field of Gambling and Gaming Zone Management Practices)","authors":"O. Izryadnova","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2767341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2767341","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: В работе анализируются следующие проблемы: основные тенденции развития современного рынка азартных игр; общие и специфические особенности правового регулирования деятельности по организации и проведению азартных игр; основные принципы создания, управления и регулирования деятельности по организации и проведения азартных игр; механизм регулирования деятельности игорных зон.English Abstract: The paper examines the following issues: the basic tendencies of development of modern gambling market; general and specific features of the legal regulation of the organization and conduct of gambling; the basic principles of the creation, management and regulation of activities of the organization and conduct of gambling; mechanism of regulation of the activity of gambling zones.","PeriodicalId":266240,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Government Regulation of Financial Markets (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131162460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High Frequency Trading and the 2008 Short Sale Ban","authors":"Jonathan Brogaard, T. Hendershott, Ryan Riordan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2509376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2509376","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the effects of high-frequency traders (HFTs) on liquidity using the September 2008 short sale-ban. To disentangle the separate impacts of short selling by HFTs and non-HFTs, we use an instrumental variables approach exploiting differences in the ban's cross-sectional impact on HFTs and non-HFTs. Non-HFTs’ short selling improves liquidity, as measured by bid-ask spreads. HFTs’ short selling has the opposite effect by adversely selecting limit orders, which can decrease liquidity supplier competition and reduce trading by non-HFTs. The results highlight that some HFTs’ activities are harmful to liquidity during the extremely volatile short-sale ban period.","PeriodicalId":266240,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Government Regulation of Financial Markets (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116325622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Proposed Rule 18f-4 on the Use of Derivative Instruments by Registered Investment Companies: Data and Economic Analysis","authors":"James A. Overdahl","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2754153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2754153","url":null,"abstract":"I present data and analysis suggesting that the SEC’s proposed rule 18f-4, in its current form, is an inefficient and ineffective way for the Commission to achieve its regulatory goals of protecting investors and limiting the extent to which registered investment companies can take leveraged exposure to market risks. The rule as proposed uses a limit on risk exposure based on gross notional amounts which places an equal restriction on the use of derivatives whether they are used to take highly speculative positions or whether they are used as part of conservative, low-risk strategies. The proposed rule is likely to have unintended consequences, such as inducing certain types of funds to take on risk exposures using less liquid instruments. Alternative approaches that take risk into account can achieve the Commission’s regulatory goals without depriving investors of the benefits of efficient access to low-volatility, low-correlation strategies achievable through the responsible use of derivative instruments.","PeriodicalId":266240,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Government Regulation of Financial Markets (Topic)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134305491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Housing, Housing Policy, and Housing Finance: Time for a Re-Assessment","authors":"L. White","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2749633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2749633","url":null,"abstract":"Although the topic of housing – housing prices, housing policy, housing finance – has largely fallen by the wayside as a “hot” news item, these issues remain largely unresolved. This paper reviews the recent history of housing finance and housing policy, examines the realistic policy choices, and offers some recommendations.","PeriodicalId":266240,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Government Regulation of Financial Markets (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120989275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Federal Reserve's Financial Crisis Response A: Lending & Credit Programs for Depository Institutions","authors":"Rosalind Z. Wiggins, Andrew Metrick","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2723526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2723526","url":null,"abstract":"Beginning in the summer 2007 the Federal Reserve (the Fed) was called upon to address a severe disruption in the interbank lending markets sparked by a downturn in the subprime mortgage market. As these developments began to impact the ability of banks to raise adequate funding, the Fed encouraged them to utilize the Discount Window (DW), its standing facility for lending to depository institutions, and repeatedly decreased the lending rate to make the facility more accessible. Despite the Fed’s efforts, for a number of reasons, including historical perceptions of stigma, banks were reluctant to utilize the DW. In December 2007, the Federal Reserve introduced the Term Auction Facility (TAF), which provided term loans via auction utilizing the same collateral that could have been used at the DW. The TAF was immediately and aggressively utilized and would become one of the largest facilities employed by the Fed to combat the financial crisis. Ultimately, the Fed lent a total of $3.8 trillion to 416 banks under the TAF. This case examines the Fed’s use of the DW and the TAF to provide liquidity to depository institutions in fighting the financial crisis.","PeriodicalId":266240,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Government Regulation of Financial Markets (Topic)","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124139212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"U.S. Experience with Futures Transactions Taxes: Effects in a Highly Intermediated Market","authors":"Scott Mixon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2723602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2723602","url":null,"abstract":"The transactions tax on futures sharply reduced trading volume on wheat and corn contracts during the 1920s and 1930s but had no apparent effect on volatility or market quality. I find no evidence of a tax effect on open interest: I hypothesize this is because the relative magnitude of the tax was significantly higher for intermediaries than for other participants. Instead, the tax appears to have substantially reduced intra-day trading but not longer-term positioning. Volume-related proxies of liquidity therefore exhibit a strong relation with tax rates, but other measures of market quality show no relation to tax rates. In the long-run, however, exchange members doubled the minimum tick size in order to retain a large number of market makers and offset the impact of the tax.","PeriodicalId":266240,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Government Regulation of Financial Markets (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115303653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhanced Equity-Credit Modeling for Contingent Convertibles","authors":"T. Chung, Y. Kwok","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2664518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2664518","url":null,"abstract":"Contingent convertible (CoCo) bonds are characterized by forced equity conversion under either accounting or regulatory trigger. Accounting trigger occurs when the capital ratio of the issuing bank falls below some contractual threshold. Under the regulatory trigger, sometimes called the point-of-non-viability (PONV) trigger, the regulatory authority may enforce equity conversion when the financial health of the bank deteriorates to certain distressed level. In this paper, we propose an equity-credit modeling of the joint process of the stock price and capital ratio that integrates both the structural approach of accounting trigger and reduced form approach of PONV trigger of equity conversion. We also construct effective Fortet algorithms and finite difference schemes for numerical pricing of CoCo bonds under various forms of equity conversion payoff. The pricing properties of the CoCo bonds under different assumptions of the state dependent intensity of PONV trigger, contractual specifications and market conditions are examined.","PeriodicalId":266240,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Government Regulation of Financial Markets (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129597652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Global Settlement, All-Star Analyst Departures and Their Impact on the Capital Markets","authors":"Xin Wu Mahaney-Walter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2690492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2690492","url":null,"abstract":"The Global Research Analyst Settlement prohibited twelve large investment banks from tying equity analysts’ compensation to investment banking revenues, causing a large number of Institutional Investor “all-star” analysts to exit the sell-side industry. Using a difference-in-differences specification, I find that the departure of all-stars caused their bank-industry underwriting groups to lose equity issuance market share. Market share losses were more severe for IPOs than for IPOs and follow-on underwritings combined. The higher the average quality of all-stars in a bank-industry, the more severe were the bank-industry’s losses. Additionally, the departure of all-stars raised the cost of equity capital for IPOs underwritten by their bank-industry groups, particularly for IPOs that were more difficult to value. Ultimately, the loss of sell-side research talent, an unintended consequence of regulation, forced issuers to accept research coverage of inferior quality, raising the cost of obtaining public capital.","PeriodicalId":266240,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Government Regulation of Financial Markets (Topic)","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121105773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bank Leverage Ratios and Financial Stability: A Micro- and Macroprudential Perspective","authors":"E. Avgouleas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2682675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2682675","url":null,"abstract":"Bank leverage ratios have made an impressive and largely unopposed return; they are mostly used alongside risk-weighted capital requirements. The reasons for this return are manifold, and they are not limited to the fact that bank equity levels in the wake of the global financial crisis (GFC) were exceptionally thin, necessitating a string of costly bailouts. A number of other factors have been equally important; these include, among others, the world's revulsion with debt following the GFC and the eurozone crisis, and the universal acceptance of Hyman Minsky's insights into the nature of the financial system and its role in the real economy. The best examples of the causal link between excessive debt, asset bubbles, and financial instability are the Spanish and Irish banking crises, which resulted from nothing more sophisticated than straightforward real estate loans. Bank leverage ratios are primarily seen as a microprudential measure that intends to increase bank resilience. Yet in today's environment of excessive liquidity due to very low interest rates and quantitative easing, bank leverage ratios should also be viewed as a key part of the macroprudential framework. In this context, this paper discusses the role of leverage ratios as both microprudential and macroprudential measures. As such, it explains the role of the leverage cycle in causing financial instability and sheds light on the impact of leverage restraints on good bank governance and allocative efficiency.","PeriodicalId":266240,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Econometric Studies of Government Regulation of Financial Markets (Topic)","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126169916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}