Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes最新文献

{"title":"Implementing Regulation in an Emerging Industry: A Multi-Province Perspective","authors":"Alice J. de Koning, J. McArdle","doi":"10.3138/JCS-2020-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS-2020-0035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The decriminalization of cannabis in Canada has required a host of regulatory changes at the federal, provincial, and municipal levels. Provinces have operationalized the development of legal markets in very different ways, offering an opportunity to perform comparative analysis of business responses. This article outlines and delineates the various regulatory frameworks that have been employed at the provincial level, discusses how they have impacted the development of the legal cannabis market, and considers how they have resulted in some further regulatory changes. After reviewing coevolution as a conceptual framework, the implementation of legalization of recreational cannabis is discussed, followed by an exploration of different provincial approaches at a general level. The effects of that framework on the first phase of legal market operations are explored, with a focus on issues emanating from regulatory choices through discussions of five regions: British Columbia, the Prairies, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick; each section exemplifying different priorities in the regulatory choices. Several themes emerge in the discussion. First, provincial approaches to retail licence approval have created severe bottlenecks, affecting consumer access to legal recreational cannabis. Additionally, the regulatory framework for those licences has resulted in a chilling effect on many potential entrepreneurs. Second, a reduction in black market sales has not yet occurred, largely due to the failure of some provinces to adequately provide retail licences and support legal distribution channels, or to operationalize the retail sales network. Third, many provinces struggled with operationalizing wholesale distribution to the retail stores, initially leading to administrative restrictions on store licences. Finally, issues of fairness and equity, effective displacement of the illegal market, government's role as a market regulator and participant, and other issues that emerge from the critical comparison of the provincial markets are addressed.Résumé:La décriminalisation du cannabis au Canada a nécessité une multitude de changements aux réglementations fédérales, provinciales et municipales. Les provinces ont procédé de manière très différente à la mise en place de marchés légaux, ce qui permet d'effectuer une analyse comparative des réactions des entreprises. L'article décrit les divers cadres de réglementation utilisés à l'échelon provincial, examine leurs incidences sur le développement du marché légal du cannabis et étudie le fait qu'ils ont entraîné d'autres modifications à la réglementation. Après avoir présenté la coévolution comme cadre conceptuel, l'article traite de la mise en œuvre de la légalisation du cannabis récréatif, puis analyse les différentes politiques provinciales de manière générale. Il étudie les effets de ce cadre sur la première phase d'opération du marché légal et, à cette fin, se concentre sur cinq régions : la Colombie-B","PeriodicalId":265433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132163270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction—Critical Perspectives on Cannabis in Canada","authors":"M. Boudreau, Sarah E. Hamill","doi":"10.3138/JCS-55-2-001.EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS-55-2-001.EN","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116853627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corporate Cannabis at Home and Abroad: International Regulation and Neoliberal Legalization","authors":"Benjamin Bandosz, Tobias Wilczek","doi":"10.3138/JCS-2020-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS-2020-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century, economic interests and systemic racism ensured the prohibition of cannabis. Such socio-political implications resulted in the criminalization of innumerable consumers; the infringement on civil liberties, in this regard, has been considerable. To counteract such policing, the Liberal Party of Canada legalized cannabis on 17 October, 2018. Despite motivating factors like shrinking the black market and relieving the judicial system, no significant social reparations have been realized. Rather, the publicly traded sector of the cannabis industry was prioritized and has seen enormous upside leading up to and after legalization, with corporate cannabis companies growing domestically and internationally. In this sense, Canada's legalization continues patterns of prohibition: sacrificing civil liberties for economic interests. This prioritization of capital also affects countries in which cannabis companies established subsidiaries and partnerships—such as in Germany, Jamaica, and Colombia—where despite continued prohibition, companies receive special privileges while citizens are subject to the law. Although regulations differ on a case-by-case basis, corporate motivations inform cannabis prohibition and legalization—market interests guide the international spread of legalization. This article approaches the implications of ongoing cannabis-prohibition, in contrast to its legalization in select geopolitical regions, to analyze the Kafkaesque nature of substance-control that is inherently tied to economic motivations, and which take precedence over social equity. In this sense, the regulation of plant-material works in tandem with regulation of society, by which a certain order is sought to be maintained for the sake of political power and economic profitability.Résumé:Tout au long du xxe siècle et au xxie siècle, les intérêts économiques et le racisme systémique ont veillé à l'interdiction du cannabis, ce qui a eu pour effet sociopolitique la criminalisation d'innombrables consommateurs. L'atteinte aux libertés civiles a ainsi été considérable. En réaction à ce maintien de l'ordre, le Parti libéral du Canada a légalisé le cannabis le 17 octobre 2018. Malgré des facteurs incitatifs comme la réduction du marché noir et le désencombrement du système judiciaire, aucune réparation sociale notable n'a eu lieu. On a plutôt priorisé les sociétés ouvertes productrices de cannabis, lesquelles ont connu un énorme essor avant et après la légalisation, celles-ci enregistrant une croissance à l'échelle nationale et internationale. En ce sens, la légalisation par le Canada perpétue une forme d'interdiction où les libertés civiles sont sacrifiées aux intérêts économiques. La priorité accordée au capital s'étend également aux pays dans lesquels les sociétés productrices de cannabis ont établi des filiales ou des partenariats—comme l'Allemagne, la Jamaïque et la Colombie—où, malgré la persistan","PeriodicalId":265433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116992712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trailer Park Boys and the Promotional Cultures of Cannabis in Canada: Audiences, Influencers, and Imminent Commodities","authors":"R. Phillips","doi":"10.3138/JCS-2020-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS-2020-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:While Canada, like most other nation states, has adopted various aspects of neoliberalism, the recent Cannabis Act presents ideological tensions and practical concerns given its advertising and promotional restrictions. Given the rise of neoliberalism within the dominant social, economic, and cultural system of consumer capitalism, it seems contradictory for the Canadian state to develop legislation that creates (or at least, legalizes) a new market wherein advertising and promotions (i.e., the driving forces of consumer capitalism) are effectively made absent. This article identifies and interrogates the existing tensions and contradictions between the Cannabis Act and the promotional cultures of consumer capitalism, as well as the ways in which the Trailer Park Boys (TPB) \"brand\" and performers (as promotional intermediaries) have attempted to circumvent the existing promotional restrictions. Beginning with a review of the existing literature regarding relevant theoretical perspectives and key concepts, the article provides a brief overview of the Cannabis Act, its promotional restrictions, and the exemptions and legal loopholes thereof. Finally, in presenting and engaging with a case study, this article concludes that the TPB brand has, effectively, circumvented the Cannabis Act's existing restrictions and subsequently become a multi-platform promotional intermediary.Résumé:Bien que le Canada, comme la plupart des autres États-nations, ait adopté divers aspects du néolibéralisme, la récente Loi sur le cannabis engendre des tensions idéologiques et des soucis pratiques vu ses restrictions en matière de publicité et de promotion. Étant donné la montée du néolibéralisme au sein du système social, économique et culturel dominant qu'est le capitalisme de consommation, il semble contradictoire pour l'État canadien de concevoir une loi qui crée (ou du moins, légalise) un nouveau marché privé, en fait, de publicité et de promotion (soit du nerf du capitalisme de consommation). Quelles sont les tensions et les contradictions existantes entre la Loi sur le cannabis et la culture promotionnelle du capitalisme de consommation, et de quelle manière la « marque » Trailer Park Boys (TPB) et les artistes (en tant qu'intermédiaires promotionnels) ont-ils tenté de contourner les restrictions ayant trait à la promotion, et quelles questions soulèvent-elles? Après un survol de la documentation existante concernant les perspectives théoriques pertinentes et les concepts clés, l'article donne un bref aperçu de la Loi sur le cannabis, de ses restrictions sur le plan de la promotion, ainsi que des dérogations et des échappatoires juridiques possibles. Enfin, en présentant une étude de cas, l'article conclut que la marque TPB a, effectivement, contourné les restrictions existantes dans la Loi avant de devenir un intermédiaire promotionnel multiplateforme.","PeriodicalId":265433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115255627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where Is the Fairness in Canadian Cannabis Legalization? Lessons to be Learned from the American Experience","authors":"Akwasi Owusu-Bempah","doi":"10.3138/JCS-2020-0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS-2020-0042","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Canada has received praise and international attention for its departure from strict cannabis prohibition and the introduction of a legal regulatory framework for adult use. In addition to the perceived public health and public safety benefits associated with legalization, reducing the burden placed on the individuals criminalized for cannabis use served as an impetus for change. In comparison to many jurisdictions in the United States, however, Canadian legalization efforts have done less to address the harms that drug law enforcement has inflicted on individuals and communities. This article documents the racialized nature of drug prohibition in Canada and the US and compares the stated aims of legalization in in both jurisdictions. The article outlines the various reparative measures being proposed and implemented in America and contrasts those with the situation in Canada, arguing, furthermore that the absence of social justice measures in Canadian legalization is an extension of the systemic racism perpetuated under prohibition.Résumé:Le Canada a reçu des éloges et attiré l'attention du monde entier pour avoir renoncé à l'interdiction stricte du cannabis et introduit un cadre de réglementation juridique visant la consommation chez l'adulte. Si les avantages en matière de santé et de sécurité publiques associés à la légalisation sont évidents, le désir de réduire le fardeau imposé aux personnes criminalisées pour consommation de cannabis a lui aussi poussé au changement. Le Canada s'est cependant montré moins efficace sur le plan législatif que de nombreux États américains pour remédier aux préjudices infligés aux particuliers et aux collectivités par l'application de la loi sur les stupéfiants. Cet article montre le caractère racialisé de l'interdiction des stupéfiants au Canada et aux États-Unis et compare les objectifs déclarés de la légalisation dans les deux pays. Il décrit les diverses mesures de réparation proposées et mises en œuvre aux États-Unis et les compare à la situation au Canada. Il soutient en outre que l'absence de mesures de justice sociale dans la légalisation canadienne constitue une extension du racisme systémique qui avait cours à l'époque de l'interdiction.","PeriodicalId":265433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122331669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxing Disability: A Critical Look into the Medical Cannabis Regime under the New Cannabis Act, 2018","authors":"Rachel Rohr","doi":"10.3138/JCS-2020-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS-2020-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Medical marijuana users represent many people with disabilities in Canada. Recent legislative attempts have allowed people with disabilities to access cannabis as medicine, however the landscape is ever changing. The Cannabis Act was recently introduced, legalizing marijuana for all; however, people with disabilities have not been accounted for when it comes to the issue of access to medicine. Those who rely on cannabis as medicine and those who enjoy it recreationally are now part of the same system, for better or worse. The new medical marijuana regime, under the new Cannabis Act, boasts a \"two-stream\" process, and it claims that it will be maintaining and improving the old medical regime alongside the new recreational regime. The applicable taxes tell a different story. Medical marijuana has always been subject to sales tax despite being effectively prescribed by doctors to manage and treat many disabilities and illnesses. Now, with the enactment of the Cannabis Act, medical marijuana is subject to an excise tax too—colloquially known as the \"sin tax.\" Recreational and medical marijuana are subject to the same taxation scheme, making any notion of a \"two-stream\" process nonsensical and blatantly unfair. The purpose of this article is to provide insight into the varying faults concerning the medical marijuana regime in Canada, with specific emphasis on the issue of taxation. In the simplest terms, taxing medical marijuana is taxing medicine and effectively taxing people with disabilities. Broken down into five parts, this article discusses the underlying reasons for the taxes surrounding medical marijuana, provides a case study of the most important tax case for medical marijuana users, scrutinizes the lack of recognition of medical marijuana as a proper prescription, outlines the ways to improve legislation, and, finally, explores a potential Charter challenge that can be effectively brought against this taxation.Résumé:De nombreuses personnes handicapées figurent parmi les utilisateurs de marijuana médicinale au Canada. Ces dernières années, diverses tentatives législatives leur ont permis d'avoir accès au cannabis thérapeutique; toutefois, la situation évolue constamment. La Loi sur le cannabis introduite récemment a légalisé la marijuana pour tous; cependant, les personnes handicapées n'ont pas été prises en compte en ce qui concerne l'accès à un médicament. Qu'ils utilisent le cannabis à des fins thérapeutiques ou récréatives, tous les utilisateurs font désormais partie du même système, pour le meilleur ou pour le pire. Le nouveau régime instauré par la Loi s'affiche comme un processus à « deux volets », qui maintiendra et améliorera l'ancien régime médicinal parallèlement au nouveau régime récréatif. Or les taxes applicables contredisent cette affirmation. La marijuana médicinale a toujours été soumise à la taxe de vente, même si elle est en fait prescrite par des médecins pour gérer et traiter de nombreuses déficiences ou affect","PeriodicalId":265433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117145889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction—Perspectives critiques sur le cannabis au Canada","authors":"Michael A Boudreau, Sarah E. Hamill","doi":"10.3138/JCS-55-2-001.FR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS-55-2-001.FR","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":265433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130098288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating Private and Public Places of Non-Medical Cannabis Consumption in North America: Public Health and Public Safety Issues","authors":"C. Gourdet, F. Gagnon, Craig W. Moscetti, I. Obradović","doi":"10.3138/JCS-2020-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS-2020-0037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The legalization of cannabis has necessitated a debate about the specific public or private places in which the consumption of cannabis should be lawfully allowed. Relevant federal, and state or provincial, laws governing the public consumption of cannabis as of April 2020 were retrieved through primary legal research in LexisNexis and official government websites. Across various states and provinces within the United States and Canada, three types of cannabis-related regulatory regimes have emerged. Quebec has adopted the most restrictive type of regulatory framework. Quebec generally prohibits the smoking or vaping of cannabis in both indoor and outdoor public places, by extending the restrictions on the use of tobacco and alcohol products to cannabis consumption. Slightly less restrictive are jurisdictions such as Ontario and British Columbia, which allow cannabis consumption in most outdoor public spaces, such as streets or parks. Certain local-level jurisdictions within the US states of California and Colorado have adopted the least restrictive local-level regulatory regime, by authorizing the operation of indoor cannabis consumption sites at certain fixed locations or within mobile spaces. The degree to which private consumption is allowed or prohibited also varies widely. An individual who lives or works in a jurisdiction such as Quebec that has prohibited the smoking or vaping of cannabis in almost all public places will be left with limited spaces in which to consume inhalable cannabis products. By contrast, a non-medical cannabis user who lives in Colorado, which authorizes on-site consumption at certain licensed establishments, has far more options to consume inhalable cannabis outside of the home. In this article, we will examine a range of federal-, state- or provincial-, and local-level laws that regulate cannabis consumption in certain public and private places and consider some of the potential public health and safety implications of these laws.Résumé:La légalisation du cannabis a souligné la nécessité d'un débat au sujet des lieux publics ou privés précis dans lesquels la consommation de cannabis devrait être légalement autorisée. Une recherche dans LexisNexis et sur les sites Web officiels des gouvernements a permis de repérer les lois fédérales, provinciales ou des États qui, en avril 2020, régissaient la consommation de cannabis en public. Dans divers États des États-Unis et diverses provinces du Canada, trois types de régimes de réglementation relatifs au cannabis se dégagent. Le Québec a adopté le cadre de réglementation le plus restrictif. Il interdit généralement de fumer ou de vapoter du cannabis dans les lieux publics intérieurs ou extérieurs, interdiction qui étend les restrictions s'appliquant déjà au tabac et à l'alcool. Des provinces comme l'Ontario ou la Colombie-Britannique sont légèrement moins restrictives, car elles autorisent la consommation de cannabis dans la plupart des espaces publics extérieurs, ","PeriodicalId":265433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes","volume":"285 1-2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116857016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Well Is Cannabis Legalization Curtailing the Illegal Market? A Multi-wave Analysis of Canada's National Cannabis Survey","authors":"A. Hathaway, G. Cullen, David L. Walters","doi":"10.3138/JCS-2020-0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/JCS-2020-0056","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In 2018, the government of Canada legalized cannabis for non-medical use. In addition to safeguarding public health, the main objective was to divert profits from the illicit market and restricting its availability to youth. This dramatic shift in policy direction introduces new challenges for the criminal justice system due to the persistence of unlawful distribution among persons who refuse to abide by the new law. Continuing unlawful distribution is foreseeable, in part, because of stringent measures to reduce availability by targeting participants in the illegal market. Recognizing that the most heavy, frequent, users account for the majority of cannabis consumed—and are the group most likely to keep purchasing from dealers because of lower costs and easy access—the illegal market will continue to provide a substantial (albeit unknown) proportion of the total volume. The recent change in policy in Canada provides new opportunities for research to assess how legalization of cannabis affects its use and distribution patterns. The National Cannabis Survey (NCS), administered at three-month intervals, allows for multi-wave comparison of prevalence statistics and point of purchase information before and after legalization. Drawing on the NCS, this article examines the extent to which the primary supply source has changed across the provinces, controlling for other factors and consumer characteristics. Findings are interpreted with reference to studies of cannabis law reform in North America informing research and policy observers in these and other jurisdictions, undergoing or considering, similar reforms.Résumé:En 2018, le gouvernement du Canada a légalisé le cannabis à usage récréatif. Outre la préservation de la santé publique, cette mesure visait surtout à détourner les profits du marché illicite et à réduire l'accessibilité du produit aux jeunes. Ce changement radical d'orientation politique soulève de nouvelles difficultés pour le système de justice pénale à cause de la poursuite de la distribution illégale à des personnes qui refusent de se conformer à la nouvelle loi. On peut s'attendre à ce que cette forme de distribution se poursuive, en partie à cause des mesures rigoureuses visant à réduire l'accessibilité, mesures axées sur les contrevenants. Sachant que la majeure partie de la consommation est le fait de grands consommateurs de cannabis, ceux qui en consomment le plus souvent, et que ce groupe est le plus susceptible de continuer à s'approvisionner auprès des revendeurs de rue en raison du coût moindre et de la facilité d'accès, le marché illégal continuera à fournir une proportion substantielle (bien qu'indéterminée) du volume total. Le récent changement de politique au Canada offre aux chercheurs de nouvelles occasions d'évaluer comment la légalisation du cannabis a joué sur les modes de consommation et de distribution. L'Enquête nationale sur le cannabis (ENC), faite tous les trois mois, permet de comparer plusieurs vague","PeriodicalId":265433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131803369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benjamin Drew and Samuel Gridley Howe on Race Relations in Early Ontario: Mythologizing and Debunking Canada West’s “Moral Superiority”","authors":"Donna Palmateer Pennee","doi":"10.3138/jcs.2020-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs.2020-0025","url":null,"abstract":"This essay examines the respective mythologizing and debunking of Canada’s “moral superiority” over the United States on matters of white-Black race relations in Benjamin Drew’s 1856 The Refugee: or the Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada and Samuel Gridley Howe’s 1864 The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West. Their accounts of the impact of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and American Civil War on Canadian and American political reputations are instructive. The historical presence of Black people in the making of Ontario’s history and its relationship to American ante-bellum history helps to understand in part from where the superiority myth originates. The impact of the American Civil War on the making of Canada as a political entity has been studied by historians but its cultural force is less studied, particularly in literary studies. The relative absence of such knowledge seems part and parcel of the negative definition of Canada as not-American, indeed anti-American, and has helped to continue the mythology of Canada’s moral superiority over the US on matters of white-Black relations. Drew’s and Howe’s work on the substantial presence of Black settlers in early Ontario has been invaluable for the study of both the diaspora and settlement of Black freedom seekers in Upper Canada/ Canada West in the antebellum period. Analysis of the rhetoric of national differences on racism in Drew’s The Refugee (1856) and Howe’s The Refugees (1864), particularly on education and law, counters, as does a wealth of scholarship by Black scholars, the myth of Canada’s racial benevolence.","PeriodicalId":265433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134050832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}