Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal最新文献_第4页

Science Communication: A basic skill that needs to be developed in undergraduate and graduate programs 科学传播:在本科和研究生课程中需要培养的基本技能

Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal Pub Date : 2021-11-30 DOI: 10.15173/sciential.vi7.2922

David Rodrigues

引用次数: 1

Origins of Life 生命的起源

Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal Pub Date : 2020-03-31 DOI: 10.15173/sciential.v1i4.2241

Hannah Mahoney

{"title":"Origins of Life","authors":"Hannah Mahoney","doi":"10.15173/sciential.v1i4.2241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/sciential.v1i4.2241","url":null,"abstract":"When, where, and how did life on Earth originate? The origin of life problem involves multiple scientific disciplines and has spanned multiple decades. It can be summarized into three stages: (1) the origin of biological monomers, (2) the origin of biological polymers, and (3) the emergence and evolution of cells. While highly speculative, the connections between these stages are theorized by attempting to determine the geochemical situations which could have driven chemical evolution and allow for the emergence of specific chemical functions of biological systems. This review summarizes reported findings relevant to the early Earth environment and the main theories in the origin of life subject. Specific focus is placed on the metabolism first, RNA world, and compartmentalization first theories as they are involved in the origin of life paradox. The review then discusses submarine hydrothermal vents as a possible location for which life could have occurred. Understanding of information pertaining to the origin of life is important as it allows for advancement and discoveries in other fields of science and medicine. Overall, the aim of this review is to display the relevant information about the origin of life theory and highlight the importance of future research.","PeriodicalId":262888,"journal":{"name":"Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131948056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

COVID-19

Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal Pub Date : 2020-03-31 DOI: 10.15173/sciential.v1i4.2439

Youssef El-Sayes

引用次数: 0

Alternative Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease: Porphyromonas gingivalis Inhibitors 阿尔茨海默病的替代治疗:牙龈卟啉单胞菌抑制剂

Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal Pub Date : 2019-11-29 DOI: 10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2251

Pouriya Sadeghighazichaki

{"title":"Alternative Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease: Porphyromonas gingivalis Inhibitors","authors":"Pouriya Sadeghighazichaki","doi":"10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2251","url":null,"abstract":"Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), has been identified as a primary pathogen in causing chronic periodontitis, or gum inflammation. P. gingivalis was also isolated in brain samples of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. A virulence factor of P. gingivalis called gingipains, releases proteases responsible for neurodegeneration and has been identified in the brain of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s. Studies show that mice infected with P. gingivalis demonstrate an increase in amyloid plaque deposition in brain samples. Further investigation identified gingipains as a neurotoxic agent, both in vivo and in vitro, which impacts the structure of tau protein, responsible for the normal functioning of neurons. Small-molecule inhibitors targeting gingipains are utilized to prevent the neurotoxic effects of gingipains and facilitate neuronal regeneration. Inhibition of this virulence factor reduced the overall bacterial load, blocked amyloid-beta production, prevented neuroinflammation, and allowed for neuronal recovery. These findings provide a new outlook for the onset of Alzheimer’s disease and elucidate a much-needed potential treatment for the condition.","PeriodicalId":262888,"journal":{"name":"Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129425903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Determining the Rate of Development of Antibiotic Resistance to Streptomycin and Doxycycline in Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌对链霉素和强力霉素耐药率的测定

Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal Pub Date : 2019-11-29 DOI: 10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2265

D. Tertigas, Gemma Barber

{"title":"Determining the Rate of Development of Antibiotic Resistance to Streptomycin and Doxycycline in Escherichia coli","authors":"D. Tertigas, Gemma Barber","doi":"10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2265","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic resistance is a pressing issue in the medical field today. It is important to understand the development of bacterial resistance to implement effective preventative measures against antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study investigated the rate at which Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common pathogen, developed resistance to streptomycin and doxycycline, as Oz et al. (2014) showed differing levels of resistance in E. coli to these two antibiotics. The development of antibiotic resistance was measured by adding E. coli to 96-well plates in the presence of increasing doses of doxycycline, streptomycin, or a combination treatment. Successive generations were added to the same treatments to see whether they would grow at higher concentrations of antibiotic. The change in minimum inhibitory concentration for streptomycin and doxycycline was determined as the bacteria became increasingly resistant to each antibiotic. The fastest rate of antibiotic resistance was observed for streptomycin, with doxycycline resistance exhibiting a slower rate of development. The rate of resistance development for the combination treatment was the slowest, potentially due to small differences in target domains. Some cross-resistance was also observed. This study provides a small-scale methodological basis and preliminary insight on antibiotic resistance trends for two antibiotic classes and a combination treatment.","PeriodicalId":262888,"journal":{"name":"Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127821776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

History, Present, and Future of Age-Related Cataracts Surgery 老年性白内障手术的历史、现在和未来

Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal Pub Date : 2019-11-29 DOI: 10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2225

Suhaila Abdelhalim, Lyan Abdul Majeed Abdul Wadood

{"title":"History, Present, and Future of Age-Related Cataracts Surgery","authors":"Suhaila Abdelhalim, Lyan Abdul Majeed Abdul Wadood","doi":"10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2225","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty years ago, WHO and IAPB introduced an initiative called ‘The Right to Sight’, which set out to eliminate avoidable blindness universally by 2020. Age-related cataracts is a major contributor to treatable blindness worldwide and is increasing in global prevalence due to the growing proportion of individuals over 65 years of age. Cataracts refers to opacification of the lens inside the eye and clinically presents as a painless blurring and clouding of vision. From couching operations in 1200 B.C. to modern phacoemulsification, different approaches have been used to tackle this ancient disease over the centuries. Treatment today mainly involves surgery to replace the opaque lens with an artificial intraocular lens. Cutting-edge research into future therapies include investigating accommodating intraocular lenses, which hope to postoperatively restore accommodation. With the target year 2020 approaching, it is necessary to initiate discussion on age-related cataracts. This paper will provide a brief overview of this disease, discuss developments in treatment, and review innovations currently being pursued in the field.","PeriodicalId":262888,"journal":{"name":"Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130113335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Considerations for Chemotherapy Treatment in Platinum Resistant High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer 耐铂高级别浆液性卵巢癌化疗的考虑

Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal Pub Date : 2019-11-29 DOI: 10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2244

C. Reintjes

{"title":"Considerations for Chemotherapy Treatment in Platinum Resistant High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer","authors":"C. Reintjes","doi":"10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/sciential.v1i3.2244","url":null,"abstract":"Ovarian cancer is considered to be the most fatal type of any gynecological cancer. Prognosis for the disease is poor, with a median survival of only thirty-two months following diagnosis and a five-year survival rate of only 39%. Many of the most lethal ovarian cancer cases are classified as part of the high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) subtype, which is the most aggressive form of the disease. The primary concern with regards to treatment is that nearly 30% of patients will develop a resistance to forms of platinum chemotherapy, which is the main method of treatment. This suggests that a one-size fits all approach cannot be taken to treat ovarian cancer, and that further research must be done to understand how to treat the patients who present with platinum resistance. This literature review examines the mutations within two susceptible loci, specifically, the p53 and BRCA1/2 genes, in order to understand how platinum resistance develops and why it is present in some patients. The objectives of this review are to characterize the underlying genetic mechanisms affecting platinum resistance, specify the biomarkers associated with those mechanisms, and describe alternative methods for approaching the treatment of ovarian cancer on an individual scale.","PeriodicalId":262888,"journal":{"name":"Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115515014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Diagnosing Disorders of Consciousness 诊断意识障碍

Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal Pub Date : 2019-03-29 DOI: 10.15173/sciential.v1i2.2099

Netri Pajankar

引用次数: 0

Immortal Hydra as a Model Organism for Metal Toxicity Studies 水螅作为金属毒性研究的模式生物

Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal Pub Date : 2019-03-29 DOI: 10.15173/sciential.v1i2.2136

Alice Nykolay, Aiman Shahid

引用次数: 0

Artificial Intelligence Can Improve the Healthcare System 人工智能可以改善医疗保健系统

Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal Pub Date : 2019-03-29 DOI: 10.15173/sciential.v1i2.2097

A. Kuganesan

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Can Improve the Healthcare System","authors":"A. Kuganesan","doi":"10.15173/sciential.v1i2.2097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15173/sciential.v1i2.2097","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence (AI) is a computer system used to model human cognitive functions, intelligence, and behaviour. Components include both, a virtual and a physical aspect. Virtual aspects of AI include algorithms and neural networks instilled within the system to execute its assignments. Physical components include the entity in conjunction with a code. 1 AI is currently being developed by Nvidia Corporation, Alphabet, Twilio, Amazon, Micron Technology, Microsoft Corp., Baidu, Intel Corp., Facebook, and Tencent. 2 Expanding AI into the health care system can be beneficial for preventative care, patient safety, and reducing treatment costs for families. AI has proven to be useful in machine learning, thus, it can be programmed to complete specific tasks. By performing tasks such as data interpretation, the amount of time that it takes for a physician to consult patients regarding their results will be reduced. In addition, AI is capable of analyzing medical images to identify tumours and it has previously been used in various other branches of medicine such as neurology and cardiology. Overall, AI has great potential to improve the health care industry in North America and worldwide. However, potential violations while utilizing personal patient data must be addressed whilst modifying this technology.","PeriodicalId":262888,"journal":{"name":"Sciential - McMaster Undergraduate Science Journal","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115010381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0