Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi最新文献_第4页

Looking at Life Differently After a Heart Attack: Post-traumatic Growth in Patients with Myocardial Infarction 心脏病发作后对生活的不同看法:心肌梗死患者的创伤后生长

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.7816/nesne-10-23-10

{"title":"Looking at Life Differently After a Heart Attack: Post-traumatic Growth in Patients with Myocardial Infarction","authors":"","doi":"10.7816/nesne-10-23-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-23-10","url":null,"abstract":"Myocardial Infarction (MI), commonly known as heart attack, is the primary cause of death in the world along with other coronary diseases and it is a significant trauma because of its unexpected and life-threatening nature. After traumatic experiences not only psychological problems but also positive changes such as posttraumatic growth (PTG), which is characterized by positive changes in attribution of self, others and the world, are experienced. The current study reviewed literature to combine the findings of empirical studies examining PTG in patients with MI. It is aimed to draw attention to the concept of PTG associated with this common and risky disease and to gain insight about developing psychological interventions specified to PTG in MI patients. Considering the findings, it can be said that PTG is experienced in patients with MI to a great extent and mostly in the manner of appreciating life with changes in world view and prioritizing spirituality. Moreover, MI is related to various variables such as illness perception, social support, sociodemographic variables and personality traits particularly extraversion. Besides rationalization, cognitive coping, positive-religious and problem-focused coping strategies contribute to PTG in patients with MI. Keywords Posttraumatic Growth, Myocardial Infarction, Heart Attack, Positive Changes, Coping Styles","PeriodicalId":262181,"journal":{"name":"Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116278238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGY USE OF YOUNG ADULTS AND THEIR CAREGIVERS: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 青少年及其照顾者情绪调节策略的使用:一项质性调查

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.7816/nesne-10-23-04

Z. Erdem, İlknur Dilekler Aldemir

{"title":"EMOTION REGULATION STRATEGY USE OF YOUNG ADULTS AND THEIR CAREGIVERS: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY","authors":"Z. Erdem, İlknur Dilekler Aldemir","doi":"10.7816/nesne-10-23-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-23-04","url":null,"abstract":"How emotions are regulated is significant to an individual's functioning. It is known that there is an association between individuals’ emotion regulation and how and to what extent their caregivers regulate their own emotions. However, research on how young adults describe emotion regulation strategies of themselves and their caregivers and how they reflect on the contributing factors to their emotion regulation processes is scarce. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to examine the ideas of young adults on their emotion regulation, on their caregivers' use of regulation strategies, and on the factors that affect their emotion regulation. Accordingly, information about emotion regulation processes of 14 participants was gathered through semi-structured in-depth interviews and online diaries applied every other day for two weeks after the interviews. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. It is comprehended that emotion regulation strategies of young adults and their caregivers show similarities. The strategies are grouped into three main themes which are strategies based on mental processes, interaction, and exposure. According to the diaries, strategies based on exposure are used most frequently in daily life, which was followed by strategies based on interaction and based on mental processes. As a result of the analysis, it was also observed that the participants defined complicated emotion regulation processes and they thought that their emotion regulation was influenced by many factors. Some strategies (e.g., suppression) differed from the definitions in the literature, and it was understood that factors such as being functional or non-functional and relational consequences of the method could play a role in the emotion regulation process, in addition to caregivers. Keywords Emotion, emotion regulation strategies, early adulthood, caregivers, thematic analysis","PeriodicalId":262181,"journal":{"name":"Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133069646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

THE POSTTRAUMATIC CHANGE SCALE: TURKISH ADAPTATION, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 创伤后改变量表:土耳其人的适应、效度和信度

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.7816/nesne-10-23-03

{"title":"THE POSTTRAUMATIC CHANGE SCALE: TURKISH ADAPTATION, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY","authors":"","doi":"10.7816/nesne-10-23-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-23-03","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this study was to adapt the Post Traumatic Change Scale (PTCS) developed by Nordstrand and collegues (2017) into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties. The research group was consisted of 253 adult who have at least one traumatic experience. The data were collected Posttraumatic Change Scale, Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5 (PCL-5), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Criterion-related validity, confirmatory factor analysis were used for the validity of Turkish form of scale while the reliability of the Turkish form of the scale was examined with the Cronbach α coefficient. The confirmatory factor analysis results of the four-factor structure indicated that the model was compatible with the data (χ2(293) = 506.436, S-Bχ2/sd= 1.73, GFI=.946, AGFI=.935, CFI= .962, TLI=.957 ve RMSEA=.05). As a result of the analysis, it was found that the discrimination value of all items was above 0.30. Cronbach α reliability coefficient was calculated as .91 for the combined scale and over .70 for the subscales. It was found that Posttraumatic Change Scale and its subscales has significant positive relationship with the total scores of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. The results of this study showed that the Turkish form of Posttraumatic Change Scale may be used as a valid and reliable instrument in determining posttraumatic change. Keywords Traumatic event, Posttraumatic Change Scale, validity, reliability","PeriodicalId":262181,"journal":{"name":"Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi","volume":"11 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113967646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of the Multidimensional Self-Control Scale 土耳其多维自我控制量表的心理测量特征

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.7816/nesne-10-23-06

{"title":"Psychometric Properties of Turkish Version of the Multidimensional Self-Control Scale","authors":"","doi":"10.7816/nesne-10-23-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-23-06","url":null,"abstract":"Self-control can be defined as a self-regulation capacity which is a central feature of the self. The current literature on self-control implies that the self-control concept is not a unidimensional phenomenon and consists of related but various dimensions. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Multidimensional Self-Control Scale (MSCS). The MSCS is a tool developed to assess self-control with a multidimensional approach that aligns with the current literature. The sample consists of 308 volunteer undergraduate students (86.69% female; 13.31% male; Age x̅ = 21.50, SD = 2.07). The participants filled a demographic form, the MSCS, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form, and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-Short Form. To test the psychometric properties of the MSCS, we carried out a series of confirmatory factor analyses, correlational analyses and calculated the internal reliability coefficients. After modifications, all three levels of the scale and the short form had good fit indices. Internal consistency analysis revealed acceptable coefficients. As to convergent validity, the correlational analysis showed statistically significant coefficients. Overall, both the Turkish MSCS and the Turkish MSCS Short Form were found to have sufficient levels of reliability and validity, making it suitable for use in both practical and research settings. Keywords Self-control, self-regulation, validity, reliability","PeriodicalId":262181,"journal":{"name":"Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133256837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Emotional Eating: A Review of Assessment Methods 情绪性进食:评估方法综述

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.7816/nesne-10-23-09

{"title":"Emotional Eating: A Review of Assessment Methods","authors":"","doi":"10.7816/nesne-10-23-09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-23-09","url":null,"abstract":"Emotional eating is defined as eating behaviors that to weaken the effect of negative and uneasy emotions and experiences. Using food to avoid contact with negative emotions is considered a maladaptive coping strategy. Many studies have been focused to determine how this pattern emerges, for whom it poses a risk, and to what extent it is seen, due to factors such as making weight management difficult and causing additional problems as a dysfunctional coping strategy. However, the lack of a commonly accepted assessment measure and a defined criterion score for the detection of emotional eating in the literature has led to using different strategies in the studies. The use of different methods made it difficult to consistently reveal the effect of negative emotions on food consumption. The fact that emotional eating has not been consistently supported by empirical studies has caused doubts about the existence of this case in question and measures to evaluate emotional eating. Therefore, it was aimed in this study to make an examination on the methods used to determine emotional eating. For this purpose the methods used in the literature were introduced, the research results were reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods were discussed against each other. Consequently, it has been understood that each method used to determine emotional eating has different limitations in itself. Because of these limitations, emotional eating evaluations seem to be somewhat open to error. In the evaluation of emotional eating, it is recommended to consider many parameters in each method rather than accepting the validity of a single method. However, there is a need to develop and test new and creative measures in the evaluation of emotional eating. Keywords Emotional eating, self-reports measures, ecological momentary assessment, laboratory researches, implicit measures","PeriodicalId":262181,"journal":{"name":"Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114210446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER ESSENTIALISM SCALE AND ITS PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES 土耳其人对性别本质主义量表的改编及其心理测量学特征

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.7816/nesne-10-23-02

{"title":"TURKISH ADAPTATION OF THE GENDER ESSENTIALISM SCALE AND ITS PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES","authors":"","doi":"10.7816/nesne-10-23-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-23-02","url":null,"abstract":"Gender essentialism refers to beliefs about innate, natural and fixed ‘essence’s that lead to fundamental differences between men and women. Since essentialist beliefs regarding social categories like gender relate to perceptions of and attitudes toward social inequalities, it is important for researchers to be able to measure such beliefs. The present research provides an adaptation of the Gender Essentialism Scale to Turkish and an examination of the psychometric properties of the Turkish scale. The scale has been translated into Turkish an used in three studies with university student samples (Study 1, n = 210; Study 2, n = 400; Study 3, n = 397). As expected, across all studies, gender essentialism was positively correlated with ambivalent sexism and both of its subscales (hostile and benevolent sexism). In two of the studies, in line with expectations, male participants scored higher on gender essentialism than female participants. Two items that had unacceptable factor loadings across all studies were removed from the scale. Results suggest that the Turkish version of the Gender Essentialism Scale can be used as a valid and reliable measure of gender essentialism. The adaptation of this measure to Turkish is expected to contribute to future studies on gender in Turkey. Keywords Gender essentialism, essentialism, validity, reliability","PeriodicalId":262181,"journal":{"name":"Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129774385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Nature of Language and Cognition Interactions in Color Perception 色彩感知中语言的本质与认知的相互作用

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.7816/nesne-10-23-08

{"title":"The Nature of Language and Cognition Interactions in Color Perception","authors":"","doi":"10.7816/nesne-10-23-08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-23-08","url":null,"abstract":"Perception of hue has been at the center of the debates on the relation between language and thought due to the diversity of color terms in the lexicon of different languages. In this article, we review empirical evidence on the language-cognition interface in the color domain. This discussion takes two theoretical positions regarding language and thought interactions, linguistic relativity and universalism, as a basis and asks whether color terms in language affect color perception or post-perceptual decision processes rather than perception itself. Several behavioral, developmental, electrophysiological, neuroimaging and neuromodulation studies have found language-related differences in color processing. In these studies, people have an advantage in visually discriminating colors labeled by different linguistic terms compared to colors labeled by the same linguistic terms. However, the fact that these differences disappear when access to verbal codes is prevented by behavioral methods or neuromodulation strongly suggests that this advantage does not stem from deep and permanent changes in color perception due to language. Taken together, these differences seem to be best explained by momentary and temporary interactions between visual and verbal codes during post-perceptual decisions during color processing. Keywords Color perception, language-cognition interface, language and thought, visual perception","PeriodicalId":262181,"journal":{"name":"Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129901533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Men’s Responses to Sexism: Justification, Self-Silencing, Confrontation, and Collective Action 男性对性别歧视的回应:辩护、自我沉默、对抗和集体行动

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.7816/nesne-10-23-07

{"title":"Men’s Responses to Sexism: Justification, Self-Silencing, Confrontation, and Collective Action","authors":"","doi":"10.7816/nesne-10-23-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-23-07","url":null,"abstract":"Many researchers, in general, have approached the responses to sexism issues from women's perspectives and experiences. However, it is important to understand how men percieve sexism and their responses to sexism in the traditional gender system in order to achieve gender equality. Accordingly, the aim of the current paper is to review literature on men's reactions to sexism that women experience. In order to reach the aim, the following dimensions of Sakallı’s (2021) review article are used: (I) being unaware or having a low level of awareness of sexism and, accepting and justifying the existing gender system; (II) being aware of sexism and not taking action even if one has negative feelings about sexism; (III) being aware of sexism and responding sexist behavior and incidents individually; (IV) being aware of sexism and engaging in collective action. In addition, some social psychological variables that may be associated with men’s responses to sexism such as hostile and benevolent sexism, masculinity, manhood, masculine honor, stereotypes about feminist men, social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, system justification orientation and belief in a just world are examined. Possible future studies are suggested. Keywords men’s responses to sexism, sexism, masculinity, feminism","PeriodicalId":262181,"journal":{"name":"Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123334966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL DISTANCE FROM A CONSTRUAL LEVEL THEORY PERSPECTIVE: THE ROLE OF SELF-COMPASSION 解释水平理论视角下的社会距离效应:自我同情的作用

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.7816/nesne-10-23-01

{"title":"THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL DISTANCE FROM A CONSTRUAL LEVEL THEORY PERSPECTIVE: THE ROLE OF SELF-COMPASSION","authors":"","doi":"10.7816/nesne-10-23-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-23-01","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to examine the role of self-compassion in construing socially distant or near events within the framework of Construal Level Theory (CLT). It is hypothesized that as self-compassion scores increase, people who make decisions for themselves will give less importance to low-level features, and those who make suggestions for another person will give less importance to high-level features. In this study, the Self-Compassion Scale, the Behavior Identification Form and the task of choosing an assignment partner was used. Participants who were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions, were asked to either choose an assignment partner themselves or suggest an assignment partner for another person. In addition, they were asked to evaluate the importance of some characteristics of the two possible partners. The participants were 187 students (107 females, 80 males; Mage= 22.37, SDage = 3.10). The mixed ANOVA indicated that the effect of social distance on construal level was in an unexpected direction. Specifically, when individuals chose an assignment partner for themselves, the importance of the high-level feature was significantly greater as compared to the importance of the low-level feature. However, there was no significant difference between attribute importance when individuals made suggestions for another person. Hence, this study did not provide support for the premises of the CLT in general. Bootstrap analyses revealed that the interaction effect of social distance and self-compassion on the importance of the low-level feature was significant. In addition, regression analysis showed the relationship between self-compassion and trait construal level. It can be argued that this study presents a preliminary finding regarding the relationship between self-compassion and construal level.","PeriodicalId":262181,"journal":{"name":"Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125063812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

THE EFFECT OF PSYCHODRAMA ON THE MINDFULNESS LEVEL OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS 心理剧对大学生正念水平的影响

Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.7816/nesne-10-23-05

{"title":"THE EFFECT OF PSYCHODRAMA ON THE MINDFULNESS LEVEL OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS","authors":"","doi":"10.7816/nesne-10-23-05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-10-23-05","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of mindfulness, which has its roots in eastern culture, is defined as an extrajudicial focus only on what is happening at the present time. Nowadays, various researches and practices are carried out to increase the mindfulness skills of individuals. Psychodrama, a psychotherapy method developed by J.L. Moreno, is an approach that explores and investigates human experiences through drama. What is essential during role play is how the problem is perceived here and now. Thus, different perspectives and new ways of dealing with the problem are recognized. It is thought that psychodrama can be an effective method to increase the mindfulness levels of individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 16-session psychodrama group experience on mindfulness level of university students through quantitative and qualitative methods. The study group of the study consisted of 12 university students (10 girls, 2 boys) with an average age of 25. Quantitative data were collected with the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale and analyzed by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. Qualitative data were obtained from the evaluation reports written by the students and evaluated with content analysis. On the other hand, the sound recordings played as pre-test and post-test to the group members and the evaluation of the common drawing game was the psychodramatic findings of the research. Although the findings obtained from the quantitative data show that the mindfulness posttest mean scores of the group members increased compared to the pre-test scores, but this increase was not significant, the qualitative and psychodramatic findings showed that psychodrama group life was effective on emotions, relationships and awareness related to mindfulness. Keywords Psychodrama,mindfulness, university students, group therapy","PeriodicalId":262181,"journal":{"name":"Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124090716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0