{"title":"Insurrection","authors":"Andrew F. Lang","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660073.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660073.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Emancipation was the signal, transformative event of the American Civil War, engulfing most wartime contemporaries in a social, political, and cultural revolution. From the war’s outset, African Americans insisted that the Lincoln administration wage an uncompromising abolitionist war. Black men petitioned to serve in Union armies. Eventually, once the Union determined the military and political necessity of emancipation, African Americans poured into the Union army, waging war against former enslavers and the Confederacy’s slaveholding cornerstone. No group of Americans depended more on conquering the slaveholders’ rebellion. But the very act of emancipation radicalized Confederates who alleged that Black men enlisting in Union armies violated the laws of war and the Confederacy itself. Declaring this enslaved “insurrection” as the world’s largest enslaved revolt, Confederates condemned Black Union soldiers and their white officers to death. African American military service, however, convinced loyal white Unionists of the moral imperative of emancipation, aligning loyal white and Black in a common cause against the Confederacy.","PeriodicalId":262145,"journal":{"name":"A Contest of Civilizations","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132832037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Union","authors":"A. Lang","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660073.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660073.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Nineteenth-century contemporaries held their Union created from the American Revolution as the pinnacle of modern political accomplishments. In a monarchical, aristocratic, and oligarchic world, the Union stood as a unique experiment in democratic self-government, restrained by constitutional procedure and popular deference. To destroy the Union was thus to obliterate the American citizenry’s providential calling to display the virtues of liberty to a world governed by tyranny. The Union was nevertheless a striking paradox: it was a republic of liberty and slavery, a nation of democratic inclusion and racial and ethnic exclusion. Marginalized, subordinate, and enslaved Americans thus charged the nation with rank hypocrisy. They employed exceptionalist rhetoric to protest and advocate for equal inclusion in a more perfect Union. Only then, they argued, could the United States be a truly exceptional nation.","PeriodicalId":262145,"journal":{"name":"A Contest of Civilizations","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126660791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Causes","authors":"A. Lang","doi":"10.7551/mitpress/12307.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/12307.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter surveys the principal political events that contributed to the crisis of Union. Rather than portraying a sectional South vs. a nationalist North (an old historiographical trope long displaced by current scholarship), the chapter features slaveholders, antislavery activists, and multiracial abolitionists all laying claim to the American Union. Proponents of slavery considered the United States unique because most of the world by mid-century had abolished forms of unfree labor. Only in the Union, so went the thinking, could slavery thrive and expand. But antislavery critics argued that a slaveholding Union violated the spirit of the American founding, tarnishing the republic’s unique democracy. Competing claims to American exceptionalism rooted in irreconcilable debates about slavery gave voice to Lincoln’s belief that “a house divided against itself cannot stand.” The Union had to be either all slave or all free, a proposition that the political system strained to resolve.","PeriodicalId":262145,"journal":{"name":"A Contest of Civilizations","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132637331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epilogue","authors":"Andrew F. Lang","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660073.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660073.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"The epilogue uses speeches and writings in 1880s from Frederick Douglass, Albion Tourgée, and Ulysses S. Grant to explore the contested meanings, outcomes, and implications of the American Civil War Era. Each correspondent explained that the era’s noble verdicts—Union, emancipation, and civil rights—were at once mutually reinforcing and antagonistic. To uphold the foundational ideals of Union required emancipation and the Reconstruction amendments. But biracial equality itself required enforcement from a large, mobilized, federal and military state that allegedly undermined the United States’ claim as a decentralized, antimilitaristic republic. The era was thus a referendum on the attributes of nineteenth-century American exceptionalism, just as those very attributes conflicted with the idealistic purposes of the era.","PeriodicalId":262145,"journal":{"name":"A Contest of Civilizations","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124412045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Endings","authors":"A. Lang","doi":"10.4324/9781351211109-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351211109-34","url":null,"abstract":"The final chapter of Part II explores the nature of Confederate surrender. While Union political and military leaders insisted that Confederates unconditionally end the rebellion, dismantle their government, dissolve their armies, and consent to emancipation, the Union also maintained policies in accordance with Lincoln’s pledge in his Second Inaugural Address of “malice toward none.” This chapter thus probes a controversial question about the end of the American Civil War: should the United States have extended far greater punishment to Confederates to avoid the forthcoming horrific white southern counterrevolution against Reconstruction? While some did, many loyal citizens believed that excessive retribution violated the purpose of waging a war for Union, emancipation, and the preservation of self-government. With the slaveholding class destroyed and seemingly no longer a threat to national accord, future rebellions against federal authority seemed unlikely. Former Confederates realigning in the nation alongside formerly enslaved people, according to myriad white loyal citizens, contrasted the Union’s peaceful, moral restraint to a world governed by state-sponsored reprisals.","PeriodicalId":262145,"journal":{"name":"A Contest of Civilizations","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128630656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conduct","authors":"A. Lang","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt20krzg8.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt20krzg8.18","url":null,"abstract":"Confederates and Unionists would never achieve their stated national purposes without the triumph of their respective armies. Each nation’s standing—including emancipation in the United States—depended entirely on the conduct of military institutions populated largely by common citizens of each republic. This chapter demonstrates how each government subscribed to notions of just war theory: how nations justified, explained, limited, and expanded military conduct in accordance with the laws of war and the self-defined standards of “civilization.” To exceed or ignore a just war delegitimized a national cause before a reproving global community. Both the United States and Confederacy claimed principal standing among the western community of nations, influencing how both republics restrained military conduct while always being mindful that escalation and destruction necessitated legal and martial justification. Ultimately, the chapter questions the veracity of the American Civil War as a “total war,” contributing to a decades-long scholarly debate.","PeriodicalId":262145,"journal":{"name":"A Contest of Civilizations","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123300713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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