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Relative Efficiency, Scale Effect, and Scope Effect of Public Hospitals: Evidence from Australia 公立医院的相对效率、规模效应和范围效应:来自澳大利亚的证据
IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic) Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.956386
Jian Wang, Zhong Zhao, A. Mahmood
{"title":"Relative Efficiency, Scale Effect, and Scope Effect of Public Hospitals: Evidence from Australia","authors":"Jian Wang, Zhong Zhao, A. Mahmood","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.956386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.956386","url":null,"abstract":"Using the 1997-1998 New South Wales public-hospitals comparison data, we investigate the hospital-level inefficiency by applying a stochastic-frontier multiproduct cost function. We use a flexible translog cost function to reduce the measurement errors of the outputs of the hospital. The main findings are: First, inefficiency accounts for 9.3% of total hospital costs in large hospitals and 11.3% in small hospitals, when including complexity indicators. Second, diseconomies of scale exist in very large hospitals, whereas scale economies appear in very small hospitals. Third, scope effects are found in both large and small hospitals. Fourth, small hospitals are more labor-intensive than large hospitals are.","PeriodicalId":261871,"journal":{"name":"IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130988224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
Reconciling the Estimates of Potential Migration into the Enlarged European Union 调和扩大后的欧盟潜在移民的估计
IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic) Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.956385
A. Zaiceva
{"title":"Reconciling the Estimates of Potential Migration into the Enlarged European Union","authors":"A. Zaiceva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.956385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.956385","url":null,"abstract":"This paper briefly reviews the existing literature on potential migration into the enlarged European Union, reconciles the results with recent evidence and presents an additional migration scenario. The estimation procedure accounts for both sending and receiving countries' unobserved heterogeneity, and in the simulations a counterfactual scenario is calculated, in which all EU member states introduce free movement of workers simultaneously in 2011. The results suggest that the overall level of migration from the East will amount to around 1 per cent of the EU15 population within a decade after enlargement, and that the legal introduction of free movement of workers will not increase immigration significantly. These findings are compared both with the previous literature and emerging evidence.","PeriodicalId":261871,"journal":{"name":"IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127130788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 33
How General is Specific Human Capital? 特定人力资本有多普遍?
IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic) Pub Date : 2006-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.947274
Christina Gathmann, Uta Schönberg
{"title":"How General is Specific Human Capital?","authors":"Christina Gathmann, Uta Schönberg","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.947274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.947274","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies assume that labor market skills are either fully general or specific to the firm. This paper uses patterns in mobility and wages to analyze how portable specific skills are in the labor market. The empirical analysis combines data on tasks performed in different jobs with a large panel on complete working histories and wages. Our results demonstrate that labor market skills are partially transferable across occupations. We find that individuals move to occupations with similar task requirements and that the distance of moves declines with time in the labor market. Further, tenure in the last occupation affects current wages, and the effect is stronger if the two occupations are similar. Our estimates suggest that task-specific human capital is the most important source of wage growth for university graduates. For the low- and medium-skilled, returns to task human capital are also sizeable, though smaller than for labor market experience.","PeriodicalId":261871,"journal":{"name":"IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132875848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 27
Revisiting Inter-Industry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap: An Identification Problem 重新审视行业间工资差异和性别工资差距:一个识别问题
IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic) Pub Date : 2006-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.947083
Myeong-Su Yun
{"title":"Revisiting Inter-Industry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap: An Identification Problem","authors":"Myeong-Su Yun","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.947083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.947083","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a measure of the industrial gender wage gap which is free from an identification problem by using inter-industry wage differentials, or industrial wage premia. We draw on a recent literature showing that a normalized regression equation can be used to resolve the identification problem in detailed Oaxaca decompositions of wage differentials. By identifying the constant and the coefficients of dummy variables, including the reference category, the normalized equation can resolve the two key identification problems that arise in studying wage gaps: one in detailed Oaxaca decompositions; the other measuring industrial gender wage gaps.","PeriodicalId":261871,"journal":{"name":"IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134524149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Intentions to Return of Undocumented Migrants: Illegality as a Cause of Skill Waste 无证移民回归的意图:非法是造成技能浪费的一个原因
IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic) Pub Date : 2006-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.938995
N. Coniglio, Giuseppe De Arcangelis, L. Serlenga
{"title":"Intentions to Return of Undocumented Migrants: Illegality as a Cause of Skill Waste","authors":"N. Coniglio, Giuseppe De Arcangelis, L. Serlenga","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.938995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.938995","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we show that highly skilled undocumented migrants are more likely to return home than migrants with low or no skills when illegality causes “skill waste”, i.e. when illegality reduces the rate of return of individual capabilities (i.e. skills and human capital) in both the labor and the financial markets of the country of destination. This proposition is first illustrated in a simple life-cycle framework, where illegality acts as a tax on skills, and then is tested on a sample of apprehended immigrants that crossed unlawfully the Italian borders in 2003. The estimation confirms that the intention to return to the home country is more likely for highly skilled than low-skill illegal immigrants. The presence of migration networks in the destination country may lower the skill-waste effect. The empirical result of this paper contrasts with the common wisdom on return decisions of legal migrants, according to which low-skill individuals are more likely to go back home rather than highly skilled migrants.","PeriodicalId":261871,"journal":{"name":"IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129934048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Regulating Damage Clauses in (Labor) Contracts 规范(劳动)合同中的损害赔偿条款
IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic) Pub Date : 2006-10-01 DOI: 10.1628/093245607783242936
Gerd Muehlheusser
{"title":"Regulating Damage Clauses in (Labor) Contracts","authors":"Gerd Muehlheusser","doi":"10.1628/093245607783242936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1628/093245607783242936","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the role of damage clauses in labor contracts using a model in which a worker may want to terminate his current employment relationship and work for another firm. We show that the initial parties to a contract have an incentive to stipulate excessive damage clauses, which leads to ex post inefficiencies. This result is due to rent seeking motives a) between the contracting parties vis-a-vis third parties and b) among the contracting parties themselves. We then show that, by imposing an upper bound on the amount of enforceable damages, a regulator can induce a Pareto improvement; in some cases even the first best can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":261871,"journal":{"name":"IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122448580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Can Anyone Be 'the' One? Evidence on Mate Selection from Speed Dating 任何人都可以成为“那个”人吗?从速配中选择配偶的证据
IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic) Pub Date : 2006-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.941111
M. Belot, Marco Francesconi
{"title":"Can Anyone Be 'the' One? Evidence on Mate Selection from Speed Dating","authors":"M. Belot, Marco Francesconi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.941111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.941111","url":null,"abstract":"Marriage data show a strong degree of positive assortative mating along a variety of attributes. But since marriage is an equilibrium outcome, it is unclear whether positive sorting is the result of preferences rather than opportunities. We assess the relative importance of preferences and opportunities in dating behaviour, using unique data from a large commercial speed dating agency. While the speed dating design gives us a direct observation of individual preferences, the random allocation of participants across events generates an exogenous source of variation in opportunities and allows us to identify the role of opportunities separately from that of preferences. We find that both women and men equally value physical attributes, such as age and weight, and that there is positive sorting along age, height, and education. The role of individual preferences, however, is outplayed by that of opportunities. Along some attributes (such as occupation, height and smoking) opportunities explain almost all the estimated variation in demand. Along other attributes (such as age), the role of preferences is more substantial, but never dominant. Despite this, preferences have a part when we observe a match, i.e., when two individuals propose to one another.","PeriodicalId":261871,"journal":{"name":"IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129508965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 28
Multi-Levels Bargaining and Efficiency in Search Economies 搜索经济中的多层次议价与效率
IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic) Pub Date : 2006-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.944004
Olivier L’Haridon, Franck Malherbet
{"title":"Multi-Levels Bargaining and Efficiency in Search Economies","authors":"Olivier L’Haridon, Franck Malherbet","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.944004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.944004","url":null,"abstract":"In this note, we extend the traditional search and matching framework to take account of the different levels at which negotiations take place. We show that, in the absence of any distortion, sector-level bargaining ought to be less efficient than bargaining taking place at the other levels. It follows that the introduction of labor market policies as a combination of employment protection, hiring subsidy and payroll tax improves efficiency. This result suggests that the relationship between the level at which bargaining takes place and the labor market performance is far more conditional than most studies acknowledge.","PeriodicalId":261871,"journal":{"name":"IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic)","volume":"36 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132359587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Elasticity of Labor Demand and the Optimal Minimum Wage 劳动需求弹性与最优最低工资
IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic) Pub Date : 2006-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.939008
L. Danziger
{"title":"The Elasticity of Labor Demand and the Optimal Minimum Wage","authors":"L. Danziger","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.939008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.939008","url":null,"abstract":"Contrary to widespread belief, we show that low-pay workers might not generally prefer that the minimum wage rate be increased to a level where the labor demand is unitary elastic. Rather, there exists a critical value of elasticity of labor demand such that increases in the minimum wage rate make low-pay workers better off for higher elasticities, but worse off for lower elasticities. We demonstrate that the critical value decreases with the workers’ income-equivalent wage rate and increases with their risk aversion. It is also shown that there may not exist an optimal minimum wage rate, and if it does exist, may not be unique.","PeriodicalId":261871,"journal":{"name":"IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic)","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132601003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
First and Second Generation Immigrant Educational Attainment and Labor Market Outcomes: A Comparison of the United States and Canada 第一代和第二代移民受教育程度与劳动力市场结果:美国和加拿大的比较
IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic) Pub Date : 2006-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/S0147-9121(07)00006-4
A. Aydemir, Arthur Sweetman
{"title":"First and Second Generation Immigrant Educational Attainment and Labor Market Outcomes: A Comparison of the United States and Canada","authors":"A. Aydemir, Arthur Sweetman","doi":"10.1016/S0147-9121(07)00006-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-9121(07)00006-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":261871,"journal":{"name":"IZA: General Labor Economics (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126605159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 96
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