{"title":"Conflict","authors":"Joe Ungemah","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvbtzm4c.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbtzm4c.36","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter tells the story of Sherif’s Robbers Cave experiment, where a group of boys were invited to a false summer camp to experience group dynamics in action. Split into two groups, conflict was purposely created and dispelled across a series of coordinated events, highlighting just how hardwired group designations are in the human psyche. The chapter continues by looking at The Troubles of Northern Ireland through the lens of social identity theory, which explains how social mobility, group categorization, and self-esteem influence the pervasiveness of group conflict. Together, these examples demonstrate that the creation of superordinate goals, blurring of social lines, and reducing the importance of group differentiators can have a marked impact on prejudice and unite people of different backgrounds.","PeriodicalId":259013,"journal":{"name":"Punching the Clock","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133147117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Punching the ClockPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0007
Joe Ungemah
{"title":"Helping","authors":"Joe Ungemah","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates why people will help in some circumstances and fail to act in others. The brutal murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964 was witnessed by 37 witnesses, yet no one intervened, kick-starting research into understanding what elements of the social context causes paralysis in people to act. This is compared to a 2015 accident in London, which saw 50 bystanders lift a bus off a cyclist. The chapter unearths the rules of helping behavior and how to overcome the diffusion of responsibility. When the need for help is apparent, interpreted correctly, and responsibility to act is clear, the chances to overcome paralysis is high. Taking advantage of these rules is especially important for the gig economy, where the connections between people are more tenuous and diffused across organizations.","PeriodicalId":259013,"journal":{"name":"Punching the Clock","volume":"1869 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128658575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Punching the ClockPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0013
Joe Ungemah
{"title":"Misdirection","authors":"Joe Ungemah","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter uncovers the psychological tricks used by con men, beginning with the tale of the famous spirit photographer William Mumler, said to have captured an image of Lincoln’s ghost. Playing on his customers’ emotional needs to see a lost loved one, Mumler claimed to be able do the impossible and capture a glimpse of the afterlife. Cons utilize a combination of seven psychological levers, including distraction, social compliance, herding behavior, dishonesty, deception, appealing to needs, and time constraint. An analogy is drawn between understanding the mechanics of cons and the psychology underlying workplace interactions. With understanding, employees and their managers can take action to improve the workplace and prepare for the unprecedented change being experienced in the gig economy.","PeriodicalId":259013,"journal":{"name":"Punching the Clock","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132382619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Punching the ClockPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0010
Joe Ungemah
{"title":"Conformity","authors":"Joe Ungemah","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter speaks about Asch’s classic study about how individuals will conform to the group even in the face of unambiguously true information. Similar trends were witnessed in the real world during the Bay of Pigs fiasco, where President Kennedy’s top advisors succumbed to groupthink and failed to recognize Cuba’s military strength and foresight in predicting the planned US invasion. Contrary to common sense, individuals tend to resolve the cognitive dissonance they experience when faced with group pressure by changing their deeply held (and objectively true) opinions. Conformity to work processes is necessary in any workplace environment, but when taken to the extreme, it can lead to false perceptions about agreement, a lack of speaking out, and ultimately poor decision-making.","PeriodicalId":259013,"journal":{"name":"Punching the Clock","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134118038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Punching the ClockPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0003
Joe Ungemah
{"title":"Reward","authors":"Joe Ungemah","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the strategies behind reinforcing and motivating behavior. The chapter begins with Petrovich Pavlov’s unwitting discovery of reinforcement triggers that lay at the foundation for how employers reward their workers. A study by B. F. Skinner on superstition demonstrates what happens when the links between behavior and reward are misaligned, while a consideration of the research on learned helplessness demonstrates how employees can become disenfranchised from their work after repeated failure or criticism. The chapter ends with delayed gratification and what preschool children taught us about restraint and future success. Despite an abundance of knowledge about reward, organizations utilize only the tip of the iceberg when motivating employees.","PeriodicalId":259013,"journal":{"name":"Punching the Clock","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124938523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Punching the ClockPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0001
Joe Ungemah
{"title":"Imitation","authors":"Joe Ungemah","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter follows the short, troubled history of Uber’s corporate culture and how a leader’s behavior can permeate an entire organization, turning the workplace environment toxic and hostile to underrepresented groups of employees. A deeper look at role modeling via the classic Bobo doll study demonstrates how simply observing someone else’s behavior can lead to either socially beneficial or harmful outcomes. On a subtler level, expectations held by others, and particularly those in power, can result in their fulfillment through unconscious words and action, termed the Pygmalion effect, as demonstrated with a study of teacher expectations and student IQ. Imitation, through either role modeling or conforming to expectations, lies at the heart of a culture’s establishment and rigidity.","PeriodicalId":259013,"journal":{"name":"Punching the Clock","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114489770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Punching the ClockPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0006
Joe Ungemah
{"title":"Power","authors":"Joe Ungemah","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter replays the Stanford Prison Experiment by Philip Zimbardo, going into detail about how the arbitrary assignment of guard and prisoner roles led to some of the most sadistic behavior witnessed in a laboratory environment. The study demonstrated how behavioral scripts are put in motion, where people conform to social stereotypes and role expectations as driven by power and influence differentials. The experiment is juxtaposed against the 2016 Academy Awards, where indirect forms of power resulted in a lack of minority nominations, bringing to light a multitude of signs pointing to indirect discrimination. The outcry led to a commitment to both overhaul membership in the academy and improve the mechanics of the awards process. Implications for the workplace extend to diversity and inclusion practices and policies to safeguard against harassment and bullying.","PeriodicalId":259013,"journal":{"name":"Punching the Clock","volume":"119 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131942124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Punching the ClockPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0002
Joe Ungemah
{"title":"Connection","authors":"Joe Ungemah","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter brings to life how successful relationships in and outside the workplace are established and maintained. The chapter recounts the development of attachment theory and how our earliest interactions set the stage for all our future relationships. Individuals who benefited from secure relationships are likely to navigate the tenuous nature of the modern workplace more effectively. The chapter also takes a tour of John Gottman’s Love Lab, which has become famous for its ability to break down the ingredients of long-lasting and happy marriages, a finding that has profound implications for professional relationships. When the Magic Ratio of positive to negative interactions becomes unbalanced or if any of the Four Horsemen of criticism, contempt, defensiveness, or stonewalling rear their ugly heads, those in a relationship are forewarned to act quickly and decisively.","PeriodicalId":259013,"journal":{"name":"Punching the Clock","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127035547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Punching the ClockPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0011
Joe Ungemah
{"title":"Identity","authors":"Joe Ungemah","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter tells the story of the North Pond Hermit who lived without social contact for 30 years and the subsequent effect on his identity. As a result of his severe social isolation, Christopher Thomas Knight lost his bearings on where he fit into society and how he should interact with others. The freedom he gained in not being defined came at the cost of becoming disjointed from the world around him. The way social labels and multiple group memberships define personal identity can be understood by the Twenty Statements Test and is brought to life through the case study of Tim Fischer, the former head of diversity and inclusion at Marathon Oil, a company where the average employee is said to “bleed blue.” Identity is in constant flux and, as such, shared identities should be enjoyed for as long as they last.","PeriodicalId":259013,"journal":{"name":"Punching the Clock","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132927708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Punching the ClockPub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0005
Joe Ungemah
{"title":"Confidence","authors":"Joe Ungemah","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190061241.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter retells the story of Captain Chesley Sullenberger who successfully crash-landed US Airways Flight 1549 on the Hudson, demonstrating how confidence, skill, and composure can lead to amazing results. This is contrasted to the follies of Nick Leeson who single-handedly broke Barings Bank (the oldest merchant bank) through a combination of greed and fear, demonstrating what happens when confidence outpaces true capability. The chapter is rounded out by a recent study about final salary arbitrations in Major League Baseball, highlighting how confidence, individual capability, and ego-threat interact to predict who chokes under pressure both in and out of the workplace. Those who have the most to lose tend to fall the hardest.","PeriodicalId":259013,"journal":{"name":"Punching the Clock","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124988021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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