The International journal of social psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Electronic media: what are we teaching our children?","authors":"Ahsan Farid, Muhammad Osama Anwer, Mustafa Abbas","doi":"10.1177/0020764013497938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764013497938","url":null,"abstract":"As the media industry has progressed in the 21st century, it has had a dynamic impact on our daily lives. Television, in particular, has altered our lives immensely. However, it is essential to highlight that along with its innumerable advantages, it has brought a very important yet obscure problem – the promotion of violence. The amount of violence shown on television is on the rise (Paquette, 2003). A number of content analyses conducted over the years indicate that the depiction of physical violence is widespread in mass media, for example in feature films, comics, animation series, television news, popular music and computer games. Compared to statistics about real-life incidents, violence is by far overrepresented in various media products (Federman, 1998). The violence we witness today in our own country, or for that matter anywhere in the world, is perhaps to some extent a product of the violence that has gradually been impregnated in each one of us through the media. The American Association of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children older than two years should be allowed to watch no more than two hours of television per day, while those younger than two should be restricted from watching it all together. Despite this, a considerable number of children start watching television from a younger age and in greater amounts (Certain & Kahn, 2002). New researchers continue to debate upon the notion that simulating violence in video games may be contributing more to children’s aggression than simply watching violence on their television sets. However, over 100 studies conducted on media violence conclude that significant exposure to violence on television encourages aggressive behaviour in certain children. As a result, children might become immune to the horror of violence, accept violence as a way of solving problems or even imitate the violent acts that they witness on television (AACAP, 2011). Parents can play a vital part in curbing any violence in their child’s developing brain. It is suggested that parents should explore the contents of television programmes together with their children and help them learn to differentiate between reality and fantasy. The television set should be placed in a central living room where parents can keep a vigilant eye on what they watch. Moreover, television viewing should be kept at a minimum and parents must encourage their children more towards healthy sports and interaction with peers so as to utilize their leisure time in a more pragmatic way.","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"831"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764013497938","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31903081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social contacts and depression in middle and advanced adulthood: findings from a US national survey, 2005-2008.","authors":"Lindsey E McKenzie,&nbsp;Ram N Polur,&nbsp;Cholrelia Wesley,&nbsp;Jessica D Allen,&nbsp;Robert E McKeown,&nbsp;Jian Zhang","doi":"10.1177/0020764012463302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012463302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Empirical evidence has linked social contacts with mental stability. The aim is to assess how social contacts are associated with depression among the general population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analysed the data of 5,681 adults aged 40 or older, who completed a depression screening as a part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2008. Depression was ascertained using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), a nine-item screening instrument asking about the frequency of depression symptoms over the past two weeks. A PHQ score of 10 or higher was defined as depression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of depression was 5.54% (SE = 0.64) and 8.49% (SE = 0.71), respectively, among men and women. The association between social contacts and depression were more salient among men than women. The odds ratios (ORs) of depression were 2.43 (95% CI = 1.44-4.10), 2.42 (95% CI = 1.37-4.28), 1.00 (reference) and 1.94 (95% CI = 0.80-4.71), respectively, among men who never attended church, attended occasionally, weekly and more than weekly. The corresponding ORs were 1.79 (95% CI = 1.10-2.91), 1.72 (95% CI = 1.06-2.80), 1.00(reference) and 0.98 (95% CI = 0.52-1.84) for women. Compared with the respondents who had 10 or more friends, the ORs of depression were 4.01 (95% CI = 1.89-8.50) and 1.86 (95% CI = 0.92-3.79), respectively, for men and women who had no close friends.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current study concluded that traditional social contacts remain strongly associated with depression in the digital era. Digital social networking is one of the biggest growing industries, creating a new platform to make social contacts. There is an urgent need to explore how to maximize the potential of digital social networking to strengthen social bonds while minimizing its negative effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"627-35"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764012463302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40256580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A qualitative analysis of influences on recovery following a first episode of psychosis.","authors":"Deborah Windell,&nbsp;Ross M G Norman","doi":"10.1177/0020764012443751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012443751","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Understanding perceived influences on recovery following a first episode of psychosis could help improve services.</p><p><strong>Material: </strong>Thematic analysis was used to examine important influences on early recovery identified by 30 individuals receiving services in an early intervention programme.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Social support, medication, meaningful activities and lifestyle modification were identified as helpful, and stigma, substance abuse and medication side effects as harmful. Perceptions of benefits of social support and the negative effects of stigma were particularly prominent.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results suggest the importance of assistance with engagement in valued activities and relationships, and provision of messages of worth and hope for recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"493-500"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764012443751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40182673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Being satisfied at work does affect burnout among psychiatrists: a national follow-up study from New Zealand.","authors":"Shailesh Kumar,&nbsp;Paresha Sinha,&nbsp;Gaelle Dutu","doi":"10.1177/0020764012440675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012440675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Burnout and job satisfaction in psychiatrists has been an area of considerable interest. Longitudinal studies on the subject are lacking, rendering it difficult to establish whether burnout changes with time or whether low job satisfaction may predict high burnout with time in psychiatrists.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This longitudinal study of burnout and job satisfaction in a cohort of New Zealand psychiatrists was conducted to examine if initial scores on the Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) predicted scores on the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) three years later and vice versa.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three questionnaires (a socio-demographic questionnaire, the JDS and the MBI) were sent to all registered psychiatrists in 2008, which included all those who had participated in a study three years earlier. Scores on these three questionnaires were compared for those who had participated in both studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall number of psychiatrists reporting a high level of emotional exhaustion (EE) did not change across the two phases. The number of psychiatrists reporting high levels of depersonalization (DP) increased from 31 (13%) to 45 (20.2%); the mean DP score for the cohort significantly increased by 17.5% (p < .01). Those reporting reduced personal accomplishment (PA) increased from 90 (37.7%) to 98 (43.9%); the mean PA score for the cohort significantly reduced by 14.5% (p < .001). Low scores on skill variety, task Identity, and feedback of the JDS were significantly correlated with high EE scores three years later, whereas low scores on skill variety were significantly correlated with high scores on DP, and low scores on task significance and feedback were correlated with low scores on PA three years later.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Paying attention to aspects of job satisfaction may assist us in developing specific interventions for psychiatrists who may score high on different dimensions of burnout.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"460-7"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764012440675","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40167592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parameters of education and the course of depression: an analysis in the Turkish sociocultural context.","authors":"Michael Kraus,&nbsp;Taha Karaman","doi":"10.1177/0020764012437122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012437122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Major depression (MD) is often marked by an unfavourable course. Education repeatedly was found to be associated with better mental health variables, but longitudinal data are scarce. This evaluation seeks to identify the predictive role of specific aspects of education on the course of depression in a socioculturally defined setting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of 69 unipolar MD outpatients in university and primary health care in Antalya, Turkey were observed naturalistically for a mean 11-month period. The baseline examination included several psychosocial variables, among them the highest attained schooling degree (DEG), possible further but unfulfilled educational aspirations (UEA), and the participants' parental educational level (PEL). The depressive symptomatology was assessed with the HAM-D-17 at baseline and at four-monthly follow-ups. A binary variable differentiated 'non-remissive' from 'remissive' courses, the latter displaying at least temporal partial remissions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-two per cent of the sample displayed a non-remissive one-year course of MD. Half of the participants reported UEA. This was more prevalent among women, and qualitative information added causal gender-specific perceptions. In logistic regression, DEG proved prognostic impact, but was exceeded by the combination of UEA and PEL as the strongest predictor model (Cox & Snell R(2) = 0.217). This remained when controlled for place of examination, gender and initial severity of depression. As risk factors for low education, a pattern of female gender and large family size (itself predicted by rural descent) emerged.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Low education proved to be a risk factor for an unfavourable course of MD. Not only actual experienced schooling, but also unfulfilled academic aspirations and a low parental educational level appear to be of crucial impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"318-31"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764012437122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40156539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social isolation associated with depression: a case report of hikikomori.","authors":"Alan R Teo","doi":"10.1177/0020764012437128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012437128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Social isolation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A severe form of social isolation or social withdrawal, called hikikomori in Japan, has been described, but controversy over the etiology and universality of the phenomenon remains.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Case report.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Diagnostic assessment by structured clinical interview and psychometric tools revealed hikikomori and underlying bipolar disorder, in which the patient's social withdrawal occurred exclusively during major depressive episodes. The patient declined pharmacotherapy, but his hikikomori and depression went into remission after 25 sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy targeting his social isolation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This is the first reported case of hikikomori in the Americas. It illustrates the association between hikikomori and a mood disorder, and suggests the importance of international study of the prevalence and potential treatment strategies for severe social isolation.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"339-41"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764012437128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40156596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of outpatient mental health care services of migrants vis-a-vis Dutch natives: equal access?","authors":"G T Koopmans,&nbsp;E Uiters,&nbsp;W Devillé,&nbsp;M Foets","doi":"10.1177/0020764012437129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012437129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although the use of outpatient mental health care services by migrants in the Netherlands has increased in recent years, whether it aligns with the need for care is unclear.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To investigate ethnic-related differences in utilization in outpatient mental health care, taking need into account, and to examine whether socio-economic or cultural barriers explain such differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data for the native population was taken from the second Dutch National Survey of General Practice (N = 7,772). An additional random sample was drawn (N = 1,305) from four migrant groups (Surinamese, Dutch Antilleans, Moroccans and Turks) living in the Netherlands. Participants were surveyed on mental health care utilization, indicators of need, educational level, proficiency in Dutch and acculturation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Use of outpatient mental health care was about 5% for the indigenous population. Among migrants, percentages of use ranged from 6.5% (Moroccans) to 9.0% (Turks). Corrected for need, however, all non-Dutch groups had a lower chance of service utilization than the native group. Acculturation predicted utilization but did not explain all ethnic-related differences; proficiency in Dutch and health beliefs were not explanatory factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In non-Dutch-speaking migrant groups, utilization is about half the level of the native Dutch, suggesting that a substantial gap exists. Our study found that acculturation only partially explains the differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"342-50"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764012437129","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40143258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental illness among journalists: a systematic review.","authors":"Yuta Aoki, Estelle Malcolm, Sosei Yamaguchi, Graham Thornicroft, Claire Henderson","doi":"10.1177/0020764012437676","DOIUrl":"10.1177/0020764012437676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mass media depictions of people with mental illness have a strong influence on public attitudes, to the extent that changes in these depictions can reduce public stigmatization of people with such illness. Journalists' mental health may influence their depiction of those with mental illness, but little is known about this.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To investigate mental illness among journalists in five key areas: (1) journalists' mental health status; (2) journalists' personal attitudes towards mental illness; (3) attitudes and support journalists expect or have experienced from colleagues when they have a mental health problem; (4) effect of journalism's professional culture on the course of mental illness; and (5) effect of journalism's professional culture on mass media depictions of people with mental illness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a systematic screening of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library regarding the study aims.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We identified 19, 12, seven and four studies for aims 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. No articles were found for aim 5.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among journalists is higher than that among the general population. Journalists have positive personal attitudes towards mental illness, but there are perceived workplace disincentives to disclose mental health problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"377-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40156540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Religiousness, religious coping methods and distress level among psychiatric patients in Malaysia.","authors":"M S Nurasikin,&nbsp;L A Khatijah,&nbsp;A Aini,&nbsp;M Ramli,&nbsp;S A Aida,&nbsp;N Z Zainal,&nbsp;C G Ng","doi":"10.1177/0020764012437127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012437127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients having psychiatric diagnoses often experience high level of distress. Religiousness is often used by them as part of their coping mechanism and problem-solving strategies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the level of religious commitment and coping methods in psychiatric patients and its relationship with distress level.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Religious commitment and coping patterns were measured with the Duke University Religious Index (DUREL) and Brief RCOPE, respectively. Psychopathology was assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and distress level was assessed with the Depressive, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS). Social support and experiences of recent threatening events were measured with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and Life Threatening Events (LTE).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 228 patients were included in this study with a mean age of 40.2 years. The majority were male, Malay, Muslim, single and with psychotic disorder. The subjects had a high level of religious commitment and had used more positive coping methods. Negative religious coping, psychiatric symptoms and diagnosis of anxiety disorder or major depression were significantly associated with high distress level. Higher religious commitment was significantly associated with lower distress (p < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Psychiatric patients were religiously committed and used more positive religious coping methods. Practices of negative religious coping, severe psychiatric symptoms and anxiety/depression were associated with higher distress.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"332-8"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764012437127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40156538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depression risks in mothers of children with developmental disabilities: a cross-cultural comparison of Brazil, Colombia, Malaysia and Thailand.","authors":"Hirokazu Osada,&nbsp;Annibal Coelho de Amorim,&nbsp;Andrea Velosa,&nbsp;Wong Poh Wan,&nbsp;Panpimol Lotrakul,&nbsp;Hitoshi Hara","doi":"10.1177/0020764012438477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012438477","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Compared with US or European countries, there are fewer mental health services for mothers of children with developmental disabilities in Latin American and/or Southeast Asian countries.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To explore the risk of depression in mothers of children with developmental disabilities in countries with a lack of mental health professionals, we conducted cross-cultural comparisons for four countries: Brazil, Colombia, Malaysia and Thailand.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the CES-D, we compared the participants' depressive symptoms, by which we also estimated the probability of morbid depression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In every country, participants tended to show depressive symptoms. In the CES-D total scores and the numbers of mothers who were observed to have a high level of depressive symptoms, there were significant differences among countries (F = 4.36, p = .006; χ2 = 10.3, p = .015).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Considering cultural models, we could apply evidence-based intervention to depressive mothers of children, and conduct intervention and treatment for those mothers and evaluate ways of providing better mental health services to these individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"398-400"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764012438477","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40156543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}