The International journal of social psychiatry最新文献

{"title":"Life events and depressive symptoms among pregnant women in India: Moderating role of resilience and social support.","authors":"M Thomas Kishore,&nbsp;Veena Satyanarayana,&nbsp;Supraja Thirumalai Ananthanpillai,&nbsp;Geetha Desai,&nbsp;Binukumar Bhaskarapillai,&nbsp;Harish Thippeswamy,&nbsp;Prabha S Chandra","doi":"10.1177/0020764018789193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018789193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent life events may be significant risk factors for depression during pregnancy. However, its association with the individual's resilience and social support is not clear.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To understand the association between life events and depression during pregnancy and whether the association is moderated by resilience and social support.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is part of a prospective cohort study on perinatal mental health in an urban antenatal clinic, which included 589 women recruited in the first and early second trimester. Participants were administered the Life Events Checklist adapted from the Social Readjustment Rating Scale by the authors to assess life events; Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-10 to assess depression and resilience, respectively. The relationship between life events (12 months prior to the time of assessment) and antenatal depression and the moderating role of resilience and social support was analysed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-eight women (6.5%) who had depression (EPDS score ⩾ 11) had significantly higher number of life events (i.e. on average three; U = 3,826; p < .01), lower resilience scores ( U = 4,053; p < .01) and lower perceived social support ( U = 2,423; p < .01) as compared to those who were negative for depression on EPDS. Life events predicted depression during pregnancy; however, the relationship was moderated by social support but not by resilience.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The pregnant women who experienced life events may experience depression during the first trimester of pregnancy, but the effect could possibly be reduced by enhancing the social support.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"570-577"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764018789193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36326304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathways to care among psychiatric outpatients in a tertiary mental health institution in Singapore.","authors":"Anitha Jeyagurunathan,&nbsp;Edimansyah Abdin,&nbsp;Saleha Shafie,&nbsp;Peizhi Wang,&nbsp;Sherilyn Chang,&nbsp;Hui Lin Ong,&nbsp;Restria Fauziana Abdul Rahman,&nbsp;Vathsala Sagayadevan,&nbsp;Ellaisha Samari,&nbsp;Yi Chian Chua,&nbsp;Janhavi Ajit Vaingankar,&nbsp;Swapna Kamal Verma,&nbsp;Ker-Chiah Wei,&nbsp;Siow Ann Chong,&nbsp;Mythily Subramaniam","doi":"10.1177/0020764018784632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018784632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pathways to care studies in Singapore are of high interest given the cultural diversity and various sources of help available for those with mental illnesses, ranging from the more traditional to tertiary-level mental health care services.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The current study aimed to explore the associations of patients' socio-demographic characteristics with pathways to first contact and duration of untreated mental illness.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 402 participants were recruited through convenience sampling. A pathway to care form was used to gather systematic information about the sources of care utilized by participants before approaching a mental health professional. Data were analysed using multinomial logistic regression and multiple linear regression models to assess the associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Majority of participants reported primary care (36.0%) as their first point of contact, followed by non-formal sources of help (33.8%), specialist care (21.8%), police/court (4.0%), websites/media (3.3%) and religious/traditional treatment (1.3%). Those belonging to Malay and Indian ethnicity (vs Chinese) were more likely to make first contact with non-formal sources of help than primary care. Those who received a diagnosis of any mood or anxiety disorder (vs schizophrenia and related psychoses) were less likely to make first contact with specialist care or non-formal sources of help than primary care. Those who were separated/divorced/widowed were significantly associated with higher duration of untreated illness compared to those who were single. Participants whose family/relative initiated the first contact were significantly associated with a shorter duration of untreated illness compared to those who initiated first contact on their own.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings suggest the determinants of the pathways to first contact and duration of untreated illness included diagnosis, ethnicity, marital status and family initiating the first contact. The pathways adopted by these participants need to be kept in mind for planning mental health programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"554-562"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764018784632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36260726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of motives for Facebook use on Facebook addiction among ordinary users in Jordan.","authors":"Basil Alzougool","doi":"10.1177/0020764018784616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018784616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Facebook has become the most popular social networking site with more than 2.07 billion monthly active users. However, this popularity has its pains too reflected by some addictive behavior among its users. Although researchers have recently started to examine the factors that influence Facebook addiction, little research examined the links between motives for Facebook use and Facebook addiction. These studies mainly concentrate on students too. Also, little research has explored this issue among general public in general and among people in Jordan in particular.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This study therefore examined the impact of motives for Facebook use on Facebook addiction among ordinary users in Jordan.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A sample of 397 ordinary users is employed to achieve the study objective.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that 38.5% of the participants were addicted to Facebook. Facebook addiction was significantly associated with six motives, namely exhibitionism and companionship, entertainment, escapism and passing time, social curiosity, relationships formation and relationships maintenance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Among these six motives, escapism and passing time, exhibitionism and companionship, and relationships maintenance were the strong predictors of Facebook addiction.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"528-535"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764018784616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36254138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How the West can help to develop mental health services in resource-limited settings.","authors":"Miyuru Chandradasa,&nbsp;Layani Champika Rathnayake","doi":"10.1177/0020764018785402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018785402","url":null,"abstract":"To the Editors, South Asia is densely populated and is home to a quarter of the world’s population. The treatment gap is wide for mental health, and the psychiatric services lag behind physical health facilities (Fernando, Suveendran, & de Silva, 2017). This article intends to highlight ways in which the Western world can contribute to better mental health for people living in resource-limited settings apart from providing direct financial aid. The psychiatrist to population ratio is low in South Asia and the time that could be allocated to an individual patient is limited (World Health Organization (WHO), 2015). Therefore, there is a huge need for culturally validated screening tools. However, the number of validated psychometric instruments are limited and even they are not freely available to be used. For example, the Beck Depression Inventory has been validated to detect depressive symptoms among war-affected communities in Sri Lanka (Jayawickreme, Verkuilen, Jayawickreme, Acosta, & Foa, 2017). Even though the cost of using such a scale is minimal by Western standards, a community screening of 100 patients in a Sri Lankan setting would cost more than 1 month salary of a psychiatrist (Chandradasa & Champika, 2018a). Since the governments do not routinely fund screening instruments, making special provisions in the copyright laws would help to use these instruments free of charge in resource-limited settings. For example, the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) allows well-recognized tools such as the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) to be used free of charge for authors in resource-limited settings after obtaining permission (ASEBA, 2018). Worldwide organizations such as the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) should inform and encourage their members to make provisions to allow better access to psychometric tools to researchers from resource-limited settings. Many Western nations have established subspecialist services for unique populations. However, the subspecialisation in psychiatry is in its infancy in the developing world. This deprives appropriate mental health care for special groups such as children, adolescents, women, elderly and offenders (Chandradasa & Champika, 2018b). The affluent countries could provide opportunities for mental health specialists of resource-limited settings to obtain advanced training in specialized units. These arrangements need to be time limited and should ensure the trained professional’s return to their countries, preventing further brain drain, which has been a substantial drawback for the mental health development in Asia and Africa (Oladeji & Gureje, 2016). There is still a shortage of mental health professionals in regional areas of Western countries, and advanced trainees from the developing world could help to minimize this (Cook & Hoas, 2007). The United Kingdom through the Medical Training Initiative (MTI) scheme of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and Australia through the","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"610-611"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764018785402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36264851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disability and socio-economic impact of mental disorders in the state of Punjab, India: Findings from national mental health survey, 2015-2016.","authors":"B S Chavan,&nbsp;Subhash Das,&nbsp;Rohit Garg,&nbsp;Sonia Puri,&nbsp;Aravind Ba Banavaram","doi":"10.1177/0020764018792590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018792590","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mental illness results in a plethora of distressing issues, has tremendous socio-economic impact and causes socio-occupational dysfunction in the individual as well as the caregivers. There is a felt need to explore the disability caused by mental illness and the associated socio-economic impact at the population level in a developing nation like India.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To elucidate the disability and socio-economic impact associated with mental illness at the individual and household levels for the state of Punjab in India.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This was a multisite cross-sectional study carried out during 2015-2016 (as a part of the National Mental Health Survey of India) in three districts and one urban metro area of Punjab. The sample was selected using multi-stage, stratified, random cluster sampling technique, with random selection based on Probability Proportionate to Size (PPS) at different stages. A validated set of questions was used to assess the socio-economic impact of mental illness and the Sheehan Disability Scale was used to document self-perceived disability among individuals with mental morbidity. Median (IQR) and proportions were used to summarize quantitative and qualitative data, respectively Results: Subjects with any mental morbidity reported disability of varying severities across different domains of life; family life was affected the most (70.1%). One in every six persons reported that their mental illness interfered with their daily activities to a large extent. Economic burden was high and a typical family would spend about INR 1500/month (US$23) towards the treatment of its member with mental morbidity. Family members had to forego their work for at least 7 days in 3 months to take care of their relative with mental illness.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mental illness causes disability in the individual and has tremendous socio-economic impact on the family, incapacitating a family's productivity to a large extent and thus affecting the society.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"589-596"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764018792590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36363517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caregiver depression: The contributing role of depression in patients, stigma, social support and religiosity.","authors":"Yee Chin Chai,&nbsp;Raynuha Mahadevan,&nbsp;Chong Guan Ng,&nbsp;Lai Fong Chan,&nbsp;Farahidah Md Dai","doi":"10.1177/0020764018792585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018792585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Depression has been well studied as part of caregiver burden among patients with severe mental illnesses. Curiously, though, there has been little data in terms of caregiver burden with specific focus on depression among caregivers of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aims to determine the rate of depression among caregivers of person with depression and its psychosocial correlates, which include stigma, perceived social support, religious commitment and the severity of the patient's symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 165 patients diagnosed with MDD using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) together with their caregivers. Apart from gathering social demographic data, patients were administered the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Rated Version (QIDS-SR 16), whereas the caregivers were required to answer Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) and Depression Stigma Scale (DSS). Those who scored ⩾5 on PHQ-9 were further assessed with interviewer-rated M.I.N.I. to diagnose the presence of depression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 47 (28.5%) caregivers were found to have depressive symptoms. Out of that total, 13 (7.9%) were diagnosed to have MDD using M.I.N.I. From univariate analysis, factors associated with depression in caregivers were the severity of symptoms in patients ( p < .001), personal stigma in caregivers ( p = .037), the patients' current depressive episode ( p = .026) and lower perceived social support from friends ( p = .048). From multivariate analysis, only the patients' severity of depressive symptoms ( p < .001) and personal stigma in caregivers ( p = .048) were significantly associated with the caregivers' depressive symptoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggested that the severity of patient depression and personal stigma of the caregivers were significant factors correlated with caregiver depression. Therefore, beyond optimizing the treatment of depression in patients, the issue of stigma among caregivers also needs to be addressed as a potential target of intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"578-588"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764018792585","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36368704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of oil recession on community mental health service utilization in an oil sands mining region in Canada.","authors":"Amanda Ritchie,&nbsp;Marianne Hrabok,&nbsp;Ogechi Igwe,&nbsp;Joy Omeje,&nbsp;Olurotimi Ogunsina,&nbsp;Lorella Ambrosano,&nbsp;Sandra Corbett,&nbsp;Michal Juhás,&nbsp;Vincent Io Agyapong","doi":"10.1177/0020764018785401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018785401","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This retrospective clinical audit compared changes in community mental health service utilization before and during an economic recession in an oil sands region in Canada which was characterized by a doubling of unemployment rates and poor economic outlook.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sociodemographic descriptors, psychiatric antecedents, clinical characteristics and follow-up care were compared before and during the recession for newly assessed patients in community mental health clinics located across a Northern Alberta oil mining region. Data were collected retrospectively as part of a clinical audit process and then analysed with descriptive statistics, cross-tabular univariate analyses with chi-square tests using SPSS version 20.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1,465 patients were included. Sociodemographic factors disproportionately elevated during the recession included male sex, Caucasian ethnicity, own home ownership, higher levels of education and unemployment. More patients seeking mental health care were already taking psychotropic medications (e.g. antipsychotics, benzodiazepines and stimulants). At the same time, disproportionately fewer patients engaged in substance abuse or had a prior formal history of mental health problems. The referral reasons during recession were less likely to be associated with substance abuse or mood concerns and more likely for 'other' reasons. The patients seeking psychiatric help during a recession were disproportionately likely to be diagnosed with personality disorders and 'other' less common diagnostic categories and less likely to suffer from mood or trauma-related diagnoses. Referrals for counselling and social services were also disproportionately more common during the recession.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides a comprehensive description of longitudinal patterns of mental health service utilization before and during a recession. The findings provide important evidence for policy and planning decisions to encourage resource allocation to help promote accessibility of the most needed community mental health resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"563-569"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764018785401","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36278877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Media reporting of suicide and adherence to media guidelines.","authors":"Niall McTernan,&nbsp;Ailbhe Spillane,&nbsp;Grace Cully,&nbsp;Eimear Cusack,&nbsp;Theresa O'Reilly,&nbsp;Ella Arensman","doi":"10.1177/0020764018784624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018784624","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>International research consistently shows evidence for an association between sensationalised and detailed media reporting, and suicidal behaviour.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study examined the quality of media reporting of suicide and adherence to media guidelines in Ireland.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In accordance with the criteria outlined in the media guidelines for reporting suicide, 243 media articles were screened and analysed for quality of reporting of two high-profile cases of suicide and two cases of suicide that became high profile following a period of intense media coverage that occurred between September 2009 and December 2012.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A minority of articles breached the media guidelines in relation to sensationalised language (11.8%), placement of reports on the front page of the newspaper (9.5%), publishing of inappropriate photographs (4.2%) and mention of location of suicide (2.4%), while no articles disclosed the contents of a suicide note. However, in the majority of articles analysed, journalists did not refer to appropriate support services for people vulnerable to, and at risk of suicide (75.8%) or mention wider issues that are related to suicidal behaviour (53.8%). Overemphasis of community grief (48.3%) was also common. Nearly all articles (99.2%) breached at least one guideline and 58.9% of articles breached three or more guidelines.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, adherence to media guidelines on reporting suicide in Ireland improved in certain key areas from September 2009 until December 2012. Nonetheless, important challenges remain. Increased monitoring by media monitoring agencies, regulators and government departments is required. Implementation should be conducted using a pro-active approach and form part of the curriculum of journalists and editors. The inclusion of guidelines for the reporting of suicidal behaviour in press codes of conduct for journalists warrants consideration.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"536-544"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764018784624","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36282071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can destination harbors be the start for a new destiny? The psychic pain of refugees.","authors":"Modesto Leite Rolim Neto,&nbsp;Janaina Ribeiro de Sousa,&nbsp;Francyne da Silva Gonçalves,&nbsp;Cícero Vítor da Silva Justino,&nbsp;Jakeline Andrade Vieira,&nbsp;Juarez Braga Soares Neto,&nbsp;Virgínia Gadelha Dos Santos","doi":"10.1177/0020764018792599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018792599","url":null,"abstract":"The tragic case of Alan Kurdi, the Syrian boy whose body was found on the Turkish beach of Bodrum, alerted the world to an increasing phenomenon which humanity tends to ignore: the plight of refugees. The powerful image of Alan was symbolic as it came to represent the war in Syrian and Europe’s angst to handle the refugee crisis (The Washington Post, 2015). The UN is warning us about the threat of a humanitarian catastrophe. He also mentioned persistent problems such as overpopulation, scarce food and drinking water and the lack of sanitation. As a result, diseases there are spreading like brushfire, and women agree to be raped in order to get at least some food. Unfortunately, all these things are happening in state-controlled camps too. He also mentioned persistent problems such as overpopulation, scarce food and drinking water and the lack of sanitation (Sputnik International, 2017). Refugees are people who flee their countries to escape conflict, war and persecution. According to international laws, deporting refugees to the country where their lives are being threatened is forbidden (Veja, 2015). In Sweden, apathy has been the colloquial term for a condition characterized by global and severe loss of function affecting children and adolescents seeking asylum or undergoing migration process. Typically prodromal anxiousness and depressive symptoms, in particular lethargy, progresses into stupor and finally complete lack of any response behavior even to painful stimulus. At this stage, patients are seemingly unconscious and tube feeding life sustaining. After months to years, remission ensues with gradual return to what appears to be normal function (Sallin et al., 2016). Syria has the most refugees, followed by Afghanistan and Iraq. Germany is the greatest destination in Europe, sheltering more than 35% of the continent’s refugees. Even more, Hungary has the highest rate of refugees per 100.000 habitants. Thousands of men, women and children traverse through the Mediterranean or Balkan Peninsula, in what often is a lethal journey. More than 4.000 people lost their lives last 2 years (BBC, 2016). On a social extension, the projection of a culturally sanctioned idiom of distress also interpretable in a predictive coding framework (Sallin et al, 2016). Refugees go through a unique situation in which they are forced by survival instincts to abandon their past life, work, language, culture and even their own identity. Facing that, refugees experience a disruption of self, perceived as psychic pain. Psychic pain is a disturbance provoked by severe emotional pressure, usually violent in nature. This causes a defensive reaction of self, a process that causes intense suffering as it involves a drastic separation and loss of an object to which one was intimately connected to as is the case with refugees. These multiple losses act in synergy, characterized by intense and progressive pain that is not easily visible or detectable by those who have not live","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"612-613"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764018792599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36368707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The experiences of Turkish families caring for individuals with Schizophrenia: A qualitative inquiry.","authors":"Seda Attepe Özden,&nbsp;Tarık Tuncay","doi":"10.1177/0020764018779090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764018779090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Turkey, individuals with schizophrenia usually live with their families. Therefore, families are main caregivers and face psychological, financial and social problems.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study is to understand the personal burdens and coping strategies, and social support affecting the families that provide care to the individuals with schizophrenia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 members of 12 families.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four themes were formed: learning and accepting the disorder, caregiving, social dimensions and service dimensions. Families have a problem with accepting this order and caregiving affects their quality of life both financially and socially. As schizophrenia is one of the reasons for being isolated from community, families prefer hiding it. Although families are satisfied with community-based systems, they need long-term solution, training and financial aid.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To reduce the burden, family therapies, education and psychological support should be provided for families, and job opportunities, long-term caregiving services and psychological support should be provided for individuals with schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":257862,"journal":{"name":"The International journal of social psychiatry","volume":" ","pages":"497-505"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0020764018779090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40550625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}