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What Was Gained 收获了什么?
The Winding Road to the Welfare State Pub Date : 2018-12-11 DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691178738.003.0009
G. Boyer
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引用次数: 0
Back Matter 回到问题
The Winding Road to the Welfare State Pub Date : 2018-12-11 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv346pg0.15
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引用次数: 0
8. The Beveridge Report and the Implementation of the Welfare State 8. 贝弗里奇报告与福利国家的实施
The Winding Road to the Welfare State Pub Date : 2018-12-11 DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691178738.003.0008
G. Boyer
{"title":"8. The Beveridge Report and the Implementation of the Welfare State","authors":"G. Boyer","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691178738.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691178738.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the story of the 1942 Beveridge Report and the beginnings of the welfare state. The policies proposed by Beveridge and the 1945–48 legislation were logical extensions of government's expanding role in social welfare policy beginning with the Liberal Welfare Reforms. This does not mean that the importance of the postwar legislation should be downplayed. Because of the adoption of the National Health Service, universal coverage, and equality of treatment, Britain after 1948 deserves to be called a welfare state, while Edwardian and interwar Britain do not. Unfortunately, despite the enthusiasm with which the public greeted the welfare state, the postwar policies did not eliminate economic insecurity.","PeriodicalId":254482,"journal":{"name":"The Winding Road to the Welfare State","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116247515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
7. Social Welfare Policy and Living Standards between the Wars 7. 两次世界大战之间的社会福利政策和生活水平
The Winding Road to the Welfare State Pub Date : 2018-12-11 DOI: 10.1515/9780691183992-008
G. Boyer
{"title":"7. Social Welfare Policy and Living Standards between the Wars","authors":"G. Boyer","doi":"10.1515/9780691183992-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691183992-008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the interwar expansion of social welfare policies and their role in alleviating economic insecurity in an era of unprecedented unemployment. The social security system established before the war and extended in the 1920s consisted of several independently administered programs—unemployment insurance, sickness and disability insurance, old age pensions, widows' and orphans' insurance, and the Poor Law. This safety net of many colors proved to be quite successful in alleviating poverty and maintaining the well-being of working-class households. The important role played by the safety net is clearly shown in the social surveys undertaken in the 1930s—between one-third and one-half of all working-class families surveyed received social income of some form. While the condition of the working class would have been considerably worse without the safety net, it contained many holes, which led to calls for a restructuring of social policy.","PeriodicalId":254482,"journal":{"name":"The Winding Road to the Welfare State","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128639731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unemployment and Unemployment Relief 失业及失业救济
The Winding Road to the Welfare State Pub Date : 2018-12-11 DOI: 10.23943/princeton/9780691178738.003.0004
G. Boyer
{"title":"Unemployment and Unemployment Relief","authors":"G. Boyer","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691178738.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691178738.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the extent of cyclical, seasonal, and casual unemployment from 1870 to 1914, and shows that reported unemployment rates greatly understate the probability of job loss faced by manual workers. It also reveals the public and private battles over relief for the unemployed. In the 1870s, cities abruptly curtailed granting outdoor relief to able-bodied males, and beginning in 1886 the Local Government Board encouraged municipalities to establish work relief projects during downturns. However, neither municipal relief projects nor the work relief established as a result of the 1905 Unemployed Workmen Act succeeded in assisting the temporarily unemployed—most of those employed on relief works were chronically underemployed laborers.","PeriodicalId":254482,"journal":{"name":"The Winding Road to the Welfare State","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114458181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
2. Poor Relief, Charity, and Self- Help in Crisis Times, 1834–69 2. 危机时期的穷人救济、慈善和自助，1834 - 1869年
The Winding Road to the Welfare State Pub Date : 2018-12-11 DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691178738.003.0002
G. Boyer
{"title":"2. Poor Relief, Charity, and Self- Help in Crisis Times, 1834–69","authors":"G. Boyer","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691178738.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691178738.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the roles played by the Poor Law, charity, and self-help from 1834 to 1870. Workers responded to the reduced availability of outdoor relief after 1834 by increasing their saving and joining friendly societies, but few were able to save more than a small amount, which was exhausted by spells of unemployment or sickness lasting more than a few weeks. As a result, many households continued to apply for poor relief during downturns, and urban Poor Law unions continued to provide outdoor relief to the unemployed despite pressure not to from the central administration. Unions proved unable to cope financially with the sharp increases in demand for relief during crises, and by the 1860s many were convinced that the system required a radical restructuring.","PeriodicalId":254482,"journal":{"name":"The Winding Road to the Welfare State","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124057851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
INDEX 指数
The Winding Road to the Welfare State Pub Date : 2018-12-11 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv346pg0.14
{"title":"INDEX","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv346pg0.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv346pg0.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":254482,"journal":{"name":"The Winding Road to the Welfare State","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124124517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Economic Insecurity and Social Policy 经济不安全与社会政策
The Winding Road to the Welfare State Pub Date : 2018-12-11 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv346pg0.4
G. Boyer
{"title":"Economic Insecurity and Social Policy","authors":"G. Boyer","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv346pg0.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv346pg0.4","url":null,"abstract":"This introductory chapter provides an overview of economic insecurity. Economic insecurity can be defined as “the risk of economic loss faced by workers and households as they encounter the unpredictable events of life.” Insecurity is associated with income loss caused by “adverse events” such as unemployment and poor health; the negative impact of these shocks on households depends “on the surrounding institutions that regulate risk.” Indeed, the extent to which workers suffered financial distress from income shocks depended in large part on the social safety net—the existing institutions of public and private assistance. For nineteenth-century England and Wales, the main social welfare institution was the Poor Law, a system of public relief administered and financed at the local level. The Old Poor Law of 1795–1834 was “a welfare state in miniature,” relieving the elderly, widows, children, the sick, the disabled, and the unemployed and underemployed.","PeriodicalId":254482,"journal":{"name":"The Winding Road to the Welfare State","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132302261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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