INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH最新文献

{"title":"Latitudinal distribution of the equatorial plasma bubbles: Altitude variability","authors":"L. Sidorova","doi":"10.33665/ijear.2021.v08i01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2021.v08i01.001","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the latitudinal distributions of the equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) and their variability with the observation heights were studied. For this purpose, a detailed comparative analysis of the latitudinal histograms of the EPB occurrence probability obtained at the different altitudes was performed. The data from the ISS-b (∼ 972− 1220km) ROCSAT-1 (∼ 600km) and AE-E (∼ 350− 475km) spacecrafts were used for this purpose. The EPB structures were identified from the ISS-b data as the He density depletions, and from the ROCSAT-1 and AE-E data as the ion density (Ni) depletions. Different seasons during the years of the high solar activity conditions were under consideration. It was obtained that as the observation height increases from ∼ 600km to ∼ 1000km, the mid-latitude maxima in addition to the equatorial maximum develop in the histograms of the EPB occurrence probability. This feature was most pronounced in both the hemispheres of the equinox periods and in the winter hemispheres. At the altitudes of the upper topside ionosphere (∼ 972 − 1220km, ISS-b), the values of the mid-latitude maxima of the EPB occurrence probability become comparable or begin to dominate in relation to the equatorial maximum. This feature is typical for all seasons of the observations. Moreover, it was obtained that the latitudinal positions of the mid-latitude maxima of the EPB occurrence probability shift to the equator with increase in the observation heights. The latter is in good accordance with the latitudinal courses of the magnetic field tubes along which the plasma bubbles that have already reached their ceiling heights are stretched.","PeriodicalId":249119,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115827097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuremental Data: Seven Measures of Central Tendency","authors":"D. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.33665/ijear.2021.v08i01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2021.v08i01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, four measures of central tendency namely Arithmetic-Geometric Mean (AGM), Arithmetic-Harmonic Mean (AHM), Geometric-Harmonic Mean (GHM) and ArithmeticGeometric-Harmonic (AGHM) have been derived from the three Pythagorean means namely Arithmetic Mean (AM), Geometric Mean (GM) and Harmonic (HM). An attempt has here been made on establishing each of these four measures of average as a measure of central tendency of measuremental data. This paper is based on a brief description on the seven measures namely AM, GM, HM, AGM, AHM, GHM & AGHM of central tendency of data.","PeriodicalId":249119,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH","volume":"319 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132293659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Developments on Representation of Experimental Data by Non-polynomial Curve","authors":"Biswajit Das","doi":"10.33665/ijear.2021.v08i01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2021.v08i01.003","url":null,"abstract":"Recently some studies have been made on representing numerical data on a pair of variables by some standard non-polynomial curves namely exponential curve, modified exponential curve, logistic curve, Makeham’s curve etc. in connection with the development of some formula/method, more convenient than the existing ones, of interpolation. This paper is based on a brief review on the recent developments of the methods of representing numerical data on a pair of variables by these non-polynomial curves along with their application in real data.","PeriodicalId":249119,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125302071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AGHM as A Tool of Evaluating the Parameter from Observed Data Containing Itself and Random Error","authors":"D. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.33665/ijear.2021.v07i02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2021.v07i02.002","url":null,"abstract":"A number of methods like analytical method, stable mid-range method, and shortest interval method had been developed for determining the value of the parameter from observed data containing the parameter itself and random error. Due to (i) huge computational tasks and (ii) limitation of finite set of observed data in determining the appropriate value of the parameter involved in these methods, three more methods have recently been developed for the same purpose. These three methods are respectively based on Arithmetic-Geometric Mean (abbreviated as AGM), Arithmetic-Harmonic Mean (abbreviated as AHM), and Geometric-Harmonic Mean (abbreviated as GHM). Due to the variation occured in accuracy of values of the parameter yielded by these three methods, one more method has been developed in this study for determining the value of the said parameter with an objective of finding more accurate value of the parameter. The method is based on Arithmetic-Geometric-Harmonic Mean (abbreviated as AGHM). This paper describes the derivation of the method and one numerical application of the method in determining the central tendency, which can be represented by the said parameter, of sex ratio in the populations of the different states of India.","PeriodicalId":249119,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115134356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A robust free space optical communication system","authors":"Bosanta Ranjan Boruah","doi":"10.33665/ijear.2021.v07i02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2021.v07i02.001","url":null,"abstract":"Free space optical communication system sends information from one place to another optically through free space.One major issue of free space optical communication system remains tackling the effect of atmospheric turbulence in air through which the beam propagates. In this article we provide a brief overview of a recent development in which it is shown that using the property of orthogonal aberration modes,called Zernike modes, it is possible to send information from one place to another in a robust manner even in the presence of atmospheric turbulence.","PeriodicalId":249119,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128990948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pandemic/epidemic and solar terrestrial relation: A brief study with special reference to COVID-19","authors":"M. Devi, A. K. Barbara, S. Das, A. Depueva, S. Patgiri, A. Medhi, M. Saikia, R. Mahato, V. Depuev","doi":"10.33665/ijear.2021.v07i02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2021.v07i02.003","url":null,"abstract":"The pandemic is the outbreak of a deadly virus that may affect the entire global population unlike an epidemic which confines to a city, region or a country. The word pandemic comes from the Greek pandemos meaning \"pertaining to all people\" as the deadly “new” virus was found to be easily human transmissible causing in general more numbers of deaths than epidemics. The past reports however show that both pandemics and epidemics could claim millions of lives with no treatment or instant remedies and perhaps, even at the present time these are the most serious threats to the existence of global community. Identification of the sources of the epidemic /pandemic outbreaks is extremely difficult mainly because of the inherent complex nature of the virus itself added by the non uniform records of infected-case data and in many cases reliability of the published /available reports. Therefore, such an attempt of source identification when tried with solar activity that started decades back both with statistical analyses and empirical relations, the results and analyses seem to vary from one to the other. However, with the progressive improvement in data quality and availability of compatible reports from wide platforms, one can expect now in attaining a comprehensive picture in identifying the sources associated with outbreak of such events. Therefore, in tune to the trend of earlier studies, the present paper examines the aspect of association on the outbreaks of such events with solar activity by analyzing the significant & deadly epidemic/pandemic cases that occurred within 18 to 21 century. The contributions of https://doi.org/10.33665/IJEAR.2021.v07i02.003 International Journal of Electronics and Applied Research (IJEAR) vol. 7, issue 2, Dec 2020 Online (http://eses.net.in/online_journal.html) ISSN 2395-0064 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Copyright @ESES IJEAR 25 environmental aspects and atmospheric variabilities to mass causalities are also brought in to discussions in brief with special reference to the COVID-19 pandemics.","PeriodicalId":249119,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130638551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arithmetic-Harmonic Mean: Evaluation of Parameter from Observed Data Containing Itself and Random Error","authors":"D. Chakrabarty","doi":"10.33665/ijear.2020.v07i01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2020.v07i01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Some studies have already been made on method of determining the value of parameter from observed data containing the parameter itself and random error due to the reason that the existing statistical methods of estimation in such situation fail in finding out the appropriate value of the parameter. The methods, so developed, suffer from two limitations which are: (i) the methods involve huge computational tasks and (ii) a finite set of observed data may not yield the appropriate value of the parameter in many situations while the number of observations required in the methods may be too large for obtaining the appropriate value of the parameter. For these two limitations one method, based on arithmetic-geometric mean, for the same has recently been developed which involves lesser computational tasks than those involved in the methods developed earlier and which can be applicable in the case of finite set of data. In this paper, another method has been developed for the same which is based on arithmetic-harmonic mean. This paper describes the derivation of the method and one numerical application of the method in determining the central tendency of each of annual maximum and annual minimum of surface air temperature at Guwahati.","PeriodicalId":249119,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133766384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismo Electromagnetics and Earthquake Prediction: History and New directions","authors":"M. Hayakawa","doi":"10.33665/ijear.2019.v06i01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2019.v06i01.001","url":null,"abstract":"This review will focus on earthquake (EQ) precursor studies for EQ prediction. Among the long-, medium-, and short-term EQ predictions, the most meaningful are short-term predictions because of their immediate effect on human lives. Investigations of EQ precursors were very scarce before the 1995 Kobe EQ, but various kinds of precursors were reported for this disastrous Kobe EQ. Then intensive observations and studies were initiated after the Kobe EQ in different countries, especially in Japan in collaboration with two Japanese frontier projects engaged in seismo-electromagnetic studies during the years of 1996-2001 which contributed very much to the progress of precursor studies. Electromagnetic phenomena in possible association with EQs have been reviewed with special reference to those achievements made during and after the frontier projects. Being stimulated by the success of these Japanese frontier projects, national precursors studies devoted to EQ prediction have been developed in different countries. The most important findings during the past two decades are that many of short-term EQ precursors are non-seismic (electromagnetic, geochemical) rather than seismological, and that the ionosphere (both the lower and upper layers) and atmosphere are perturbed prior to an EQ, being coupled to the lithosphere (the presence of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling). As recent research activities, we will present the precursors for the recent 2011 Tohoku mega-EQ, not only electromagnetic but also of ground movements. Finally, future directions of EQ precursor studies and short-term EQ prediction will be extensively discussed with paying particular attention to the importance of multidisciplinary and multi-parameters observations and critical analyses.","PeriodicalId":249119,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122496760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric waves as Earthquake precursive tools in Lithospheric Tropospheric Ionospheric coupling dynamics","authors":"M. Devi, A. Barbara, S. Patgiri, A. Depueva, A. Medhi, K. Oyama, V. Depueve, Y. Ruzhin","doi":"10.33665/ijear.2019.v06i01.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2019.v06i01.004","url":null,"abstract":"Amongst a number of precursory features in the atmosphere observed through Electro Magnetic (EM) techniques, the variabilites of the lower and upper atmosphere are considered to have yielded reasonably satisfactory results, though reliabilities as nowcasting are yet to be ascertained . Of recent interest in such studies are the waves and undulations possibly generated by Earth Quake (EQ) preparatory processes. Even with number of studies taken up in relevance to this issue, more inputs are necessary to make comprehensive views of generation process of such waves with special reference to an impending EQ . Under this background the paper presents analysis of Total Electron Content (TEC) and Scintillation from GPS observation at Guwahati in identifying generation of waves prior to an earthquake for realizing Lithosphere -Troposphere –Ionosphere (LTI) coupling dynamical status caused by EQ preparatory processes. The anomalous appearance of satellites from beyond the normal Line of Sight (LOS) prior to an EQ and their positions analyzed through respective azimuthal status ( with PRN in each case) are finally utilized in identifying the sources associated with generation of waves. The role of EQ induced tropospheric parameters as Radio Refractive Index (RRI) and Effective Earth Radius are brought in to the ambit of discussions.","PeriodicalId":249119,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130110939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismogenic effects in ULF/ELF/VLF electromagnetic waves","authors":"M. Hayakawa, A. Schekotov, J. Izutsu, A. Nickolaenko","doi":"10.33665/ijear.2019.v06i02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33665/ijear.2019.v06i02.001","url":null,"abstract":"There has been an enormous progress in the field of electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes (EQs) and EQ prediction during the last three decades, and it is recently agreed that electromagnetic effects do appear prior to an EQ. A few phenomena are well recognizedas being statistically correlated with EQs: one is the lithospheric radio emission in the ULF (ultra-low frequency, f<1Hz) range, and the second is ionospheric perturbation not only in the lower ionosphere as seen by subionospheric VLF (very low frequency, 3kHz<f<30kHz)/LF (low frequency, 30kHz<f<300 kHz) propagation but also in the upper F region as detected by ionosondes, TEC observations, satellite observations, etc. In addition to the above two phenomena, there have been several not-well-understood effects in possible association with EQs in the frequency ranges of ULF, ELF (extremely low frequency, 1Hz<f<3kHz) and VLF:(i)ULF/ELF transients (or Q bursts), (ii) anomaly in Schumann resonance (SR), (iii) ULF magnetic field depression, (iv) EQ effect on Pc1 pulsations, (v) VLF electromagnetic emissions, (vi) EQ effect on VLF/ ELF whistlers, and (vii) Lightning. The purpose of this paper is to review observational results on those items by different workers. We initially present a case study and then a statistical study for each topic with paying particular attention to its correlation with EQs. All of those effects can be physically explained in terms of two effects: one is likely to be associated with ionospheric perturbation as additional signatures of the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling (LAIC) process ((ii), (iii), (iv) and (vi)) and the other is some kind of discharge phenomena in the atmosphere as by-products of the LAIC process ((i), (v),and (vii)).Then, we can describe possible explanations (or modeling) ever proposed for each item, even though those models are all at the stage of hypothesis and not well proven by https://doi.org/10.33665/IJEAR.2019.v06i02.001 International Journal of Electronics and Applied Research (IJEAR)vol. 6, issue 2, Dec 2019 Online (http://eses.net.in/online_journal.html) ISSN 2395-0064 _____________________________________________________________________________________ Copyright @ESES IJEAR 2 observations. Further studies of these phenomena help us better understand the LAIC mechanism of our current interest.","PeriodicalId":249119,"journal":{"name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRONICS AND APPLIED RESEARCH","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128496707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}