Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies最新文献

{"title":"Vonós hangszerek Afrikában","authors":"József Brauer-Benke","doi":"10.15170/at.2022.16.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"A survey of the available historical data allows one to show that the appearance and adoption of bowed string instruments in the different cultural regions of Africa took place in different periods and owing to different influences. After this instrument category had appeared in Central Asia in the 9th century, it spread to the eastern lands of the Arab world (Mashriq) in the 10th century, and thence to the western lands of the Arab world (Maghrib) in the course of the 12th to 13th centuries. The so-called rebab fiddle type (carved of a single piece of wood and provided with a body made of a coconut shell) was modified by the peoples of West Africa so that it had a body made of the locally abundant large calabash, while the peoples of northeastern Africa adopted various relatives of the kamanja fiddle type (having a box-like body), such as the Ethiopian masenko and the Eritrean wat’a. Contrastingly, the Swahili cultural region adopted the fiddle type having a pipe-shaped body, characteristic of the Far East and Southeast Asia, from the Chinese merchants and explorers of the early 15th century, an instrument type later carried by Swahili trading caravans into Central Africa and the southern parts of East Africa. Although the southernmost portion of South Africa is home to seemingly very archaic bowed string instruments, European cultural influences have been a definite factor in this region since the mid-17th century. It is unsurprising, then, that an etymological analysis of ostensibly archaic string instruments reveals the impact of European bowed instruments through stimulus diffusion, i.e. the local adoption of the idea of a bow and its adaptation to indigenous instruments previously played with hitting the strings or rubbing them with sticks. In comparison to other instruments of West Africa, bowed instruments have barely survived modernization and, obsolete as they now are, play little role on the stages of world music. This process was exacerbated by the influence of the Islamic reform movements of the 19th century that deemed them barely tolerated or even prohibited instruments because of their associations with the pre-Islamic era; this had already gradually reduced their use in the two centuries preceding the modernization of the 20th century. The use of bowed string instruments has also declined significantly in eastern ands Africa. It is only in the North African region that bowed string instruments enjoy continuing popularity. For example, they are still used widely by the rural folk orchestras of Egypt, while in Morocco the rebab has been modernized for classical Arabic music by adopting certain parts of the European fiddle (e.g. tailpiece, bridge, fingerboard). The European fiddle was also adopted wholesale in North Africa; so that European and traditional instruments are now employed simultaneously by many Algerian orchestras. (image 22) It is remarkable that European fiddles are played in a vertical position in this context, a pla","PeriodicalId":246647,"journal":{"name":"Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130093438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Egy migrációgazdaság lehetséges útjáról","authors":"András A. Gergely","doi":"10.15170/at.2022.16.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"This short review piece gives a summary of Zsuzsánna Biedermann’s academic works, commemorating her contributions to Hungarian African Studies and scholarship on international migration as well as development economics.","PeriodicalId":246647,"journal":{"name":"Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130212184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Rwanda Asylum Plan fogadtatása a brit és magyar sajtóban","authors":"Anna Virágh","doi":"10.15170/at.2022.16.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"2022. április 14-én a brit és ruandai vezetés aláírta a UK and Rwanda Migration and Economic Development Partnershipet, melynek célja az, hogy a La Manche csatornán keresztül az Egyesült Királyságba érkező illegális bevándorlók egy részét Ruandába helyezzék át, hogy a menekültjogi kérelmi eljárás ott folytatódjon. A terv létrejöttének oka a brit vezetés szerint az évek óta jelen lévő, és folyamatosan erősödő migrációs nyomás. Bár a procedúra még kísérleti fázisban jár, a brit és ruandai belpolitikában és médiában szinte az első naptól fogva az „ellentmondásos” jelző társul a tervhez. E sajtóelemzés feldolgozza a tervhez kapcsolódó történéseket, jogi, politikai és gazdasági folyamatokat, a brit és a magyar média különböző jobb- és baloldali online sajtótermékeinek véleményét, a terv megközelítésének módjait és eszközeit, az általuk használt és idézett forrásokat, és egymással összevetve a cikkek komplexitását, pontosságát, szavahihetőségét és elfogultságát. Az eseményeket a 2022 áprilisa és 2023 februárja között íródott cikkek alapján követjük nyomon, ezen cikkek műfaja nagy arányban hír, tudósítás és hírösszefoglaló. A brit hírportálok politikai beállítottságának meghatározásában az Ad Fontes Media és az AllSides táblázatait, valamint a YouGov statisztikáit vettük figyelembe.","PeriodicalId":246647,"journal":{"name":"Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123941016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"’56-os magyar menekültek Szudánban","authors":"Zsolt András Udvarvölgyi","doi":"10.15170/at.2022.16.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"In my paper I briefly summarize the short history of the entry of Hungarian refugees into Africa in 1956, then I look at Sudan and briefly outline the main cornerstones of the establishment of Sudanese-Hungarian diplomatic relations. Next, I will describe in detail the reports of the Hungarian legation in Khartoum, dated 1956-1959, about the three Hungarian refugees emmigrated to Sudan. It is a remarkable and hitherto unknown fact that the politically unstable, struggling with numerous economic, socio-ethnic problems, with a harsh climate, a huge North-East African country virtually unknown in Hungary, became a host country - even if for a short time - to a few Hungarians. However, two of the three Hungarian refugees – presumably - soon left Sudan, and the further fate of the lady who remained in Khartoum is still unknown to me. It can be stated that the chargé d’affaires of the Hungarian legation kept an eye on the Hungarians arriving in Sudan and as an aspiring young diplomat, respectively as a „good comrade”, he followed the instructions of the established Kádár-regimé in everything. For the preparation of my writing, apart from diplomatic sources, I was inspired by Gábor Búr’s lecture of 11 November 2021 on the arrival of Hungarian refugees in Africa in 1956.","PeriodicalId":246647,"journal":{"name":"Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies","volume":"19 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123361627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A szubszaharai afrikai regionalizmus sajátosságai az SADC (Dél-afrikai Fejlesztési Közösség) működése tükrében","authors":"Örs Tetlák","doi":"10.15170/at.2022.16.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"A szervezeti működés és az intézményrendszer tekintetében az Afrikai Unió az Európai Uniót és az Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezetét tekinti mintának. Az afrikai regionalizmus ugyanakkor számos egyedi ismérvvel rendelkezik. Tanulmányomban a régió jellemzőit a regionalizmus szempontjából vizsgálom, elsősorban az új regionalizmus szempontrendszerét követve. Mivel azonban a térség nemzetközi kapcsolataiban változatlanul az államközi, kormányközi együttműködés az elsődleges és a regionális gazdasági közösségek rendszerét is ez a rendező elv alakította ki, a vizsgálat tárgya is elsősorban ez a szint lehet. Mivel a szubszaharai térség a klímaváltozásnak egyik leginkább kitett térsége a Földnek, a regionalizmus jövőjét befolyásoló kihívások között számos ökológiai, környezeti szempontot is figyelembe kívánok venni, mely rizikófaktorok (vagy éppen a regionális együttműködés mozgatói) már ma is szubszaharai Afrika mindennapjainak részei. Az elemzés további tárgya a kormányzás minősége a térségben, az egyes államok politikai elitjének kapcsolatrendszere és a politikai vezetők remélt elvárásai a regionális, illetve kontinentális együttműködéstől. Be kívánom mutatni, hogy az egyes államok minőségi mutatóiban is tetten érhető jelentős különbségek miként befolyásolják a regionális együttműködés mélységét és színvonalát. Tanulmányomban az egyes szubszaharai régiók és a hozzájuk kapcsolható regionális gazdasági közösségek közül részletesebben a Dél-afrikai Fejlesztési Közösséget (Southern African Development Community, SADC) mutatom be, úgy is, mint a kontinens legsikeresebb regionális együttműködési szervezetét.","PeriodicalId":246647,"journal":{"name":"Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128200672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher Education and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cross-national Perspectives on the Challenges and Management of Higher Education in Crisis Times","authors":"Bálint Fetter","doi":"10.15170/at.2022.16.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Fetter Bálint a következő művet mutatta be: \u0000Higher Education and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cross-national Perspectives on the Challenges and Management of Higher Education in Crisis Times. Edited by: Fulufhelo Netswera; Ayenachew A. Woldegiyorgis And Tatiana Karabchuk. Brill, 410 P.","PeriodicalId":246647,"journal":{"name":"Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117218529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Scarcity: An Assessment of Water Management in Egypt from A Political Ecology Perspective","authors":"Rashed Daher","doi":"10.15170/at.2022.16.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Water management constitutes a challenge for contemporary Egypt, as the country faces a water shortage that, in certain areas, might endanger the basic needs of people in the dry season. This article seeks to understand the origin of water problems, and argues that beyond existing scarcity due to environmental challenges, current sociopolitical conditions play a significant role. Egypt is socially, economically, and environmentally in a difficult position to be sustainable. The paper utilizes the political ecology approach to shed light on the nexus between the fields mentioned above and tries to create an integrated and comprehensive strategy to analyze the water problems and possible solutions for contemporary Egypt. SWOT analysis helps evaluate the existing conditions (strengths and weaknesses) and potentialities (opportunities and threats) for the Egyptian agriculture and water management sector. Three different angles are utilized during the analysis: the infrastructural background (the economic aspect), the institutional basis (the political aspect), and the international impacts (the environmental aspect) that affect water policy. Regarding the mounting challenges, a slow change of the system is expected, but negative changes in the natural environment could accelerate pressure on Egyptian society and government to adjust. However, the support of international partners to maintain a politically and socially stable Egypt contributes to maintaining archaic political-economic structures that are unsustainable.","PeriodicalId":246647,"journal":{"name":"Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114536682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Policies of the Maghreb Countries Toward Western Sahara: Mauritania’s Perspective","authors":"R. Kłosowicz","doi":"10.15170/at.2022.16.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Mauritania is the country considered closest historically and culturally to the inhabitants of Western Sahara. It also has the longest border with the territory of Western Sahara. This country’s legal status is defined in Article 73 of the Charter of the United Nations, which indicates that it is a non-self-governing territory going through the process of decolonization. The border between Mauritania and Western Sahara is 1564 km in length, which constitutes 75% of all the land borders of Western Sahara. The area that Mauritania borders with is completely controlled by the self-proclaimed Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic, which constitutes about 20% of the territory of Western Sahara. The remaining 80% of the territory is occupied and administered by neighbouring Morocco. The problem of Western Sahara, which has caused great divisions between Morocco and Algeria since the mid-1970s, is that POLISARIO’s main supporter has also constituted a serious issue for Mauritanian foreign politics. Within this dispute, Mauritania is in quite a difficult position as it attempts to not become conflicted with either of its powerful neighbours, both of which are aspiring to be leaders in the region. At a press conference in November 2019, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Mauritania, Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed, issued a statement indicating that Mauritania does not intend to remain just an observer any longer, but rather plans to become an active participant in addressing the Western Sahara issue to finally resolve the 46-year conflict. This conflict casts a shadow on the regional cooperation within the framework of the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), which – if it actually functioned – could aid in the economic development of the region, especially important for the politically and economically weak Mauritania. This has become even more important in the most recent period with the global economy experiencing turbulence following the two-year COVID-19 epidemic and the current war in Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":246647,"journal":{"name":"Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129153026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who Finances Whom?","authors":"J. Kiss","doi":"10.15170/at.2022.16.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"In contrast to the highly developed countries and some developing regions, Africa highly depends on external resources of financing development. According to the saving-investment gap concept, there is a significant gap between savings and investment rates. As domestic resources are limited and their mobilization is slow, the region should rely on external sources of finance (i.e., aid, export revenues, FDI, loans, and remittances) in order to close the finance gap. Despite the massive inflow of external resources, the 200 billion USD yearly financing gap still prevails. The outflow of financial resources from Africa in the form of profit repatriations, debt service, tax dodging, capital flight and illicit financial flow exceeds the inflow, suggesting that Africa is a bottomless barrel. The long-standing concept about the saving-investment gap does not provide a full explanation for the prevailing financing gap. The main research questions are as follows: (a) Why is there a permanent financing gap in Africa? b) Why does the outflow of financial resources exceed the inflow? c) What should be done to close the financing gap and solve the problem of financing development? \u0000The paper is structured as follows: Section 1 is based on the saving-investmentgap concept and explores the validity of this theory in Sub-Saharan Africa. The conclusion of Section 1 is that there is a permanent finance gap in SSA, consequently, the region should rely on external sources of finance. Section 2 introduces the main external sources of finance (aid, FDI and remittances) and reveals the major trends and characteristics of these flows. As the saving-investment gap is smaller than the amount of external financial inflow, two questions arise: Where does the money go? Is Africa suffering from a financial haemorrhage? Section 3 tries to identify those “leaks” which drain Africa’s accumulated domestic and external resources by analysing the main channels of financial outflows such as capital flight and illicit financial flows. In the conclusion we present the financing situation of Africa and answer the question “Who finances whom?” and make recommendations for enhancing development finance. The final conclusion is that not the external world finances Africa, but Africa finances the world. The issue of financing Africa’s development cannot be solved without (a) mobilizing domestic resources (including domestic savings), (b) attracting external resources as well as improving the use and avoiding the misuse of inflowing financial resources, and (c) curbing capital flight and tackling illicit financial outflow.","PeriodicalId":246647,"journal":{"name":"Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127985725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seven Businesses Using Principles of Circular Economy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Results of Field Research in Uganda.","authors":"G. Buda","doi":"10.15170/at.2022.16.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15170/at.2022.16.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Sub-Saharan Africa is facing multiple challenges regarding waste management, economic productivity, and climate change, all of which seriously endanger sustainable development. The concept of circular economy provides potential solutions for addressing this complex, multidimensional challenge. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the academic research and understanding of the circular economy’s status, its application, and its limits in the Sub-Saharan African context. Therefore, the study presents seven Ugandan businesses and entrepreneurs which apply circu- lar economy practices in their operations based on field research conducted in May 2021. The examples touch on plastic recycling, agriculture, carpentry, textile, and paper and packaging industries. The main economic benefits generated are lower input costs, saved waste management costs, and better products for consumers. The improvement of waste collection as well as the reduction of waste landfills and GHG emissions can be considered the most significant environmental benefits. Beside job and additional income creation, better hygienic conditions and improved food nutrient content represent important social benefits. The primary challenges are formed by machinery and production problems which, along with fierce competition over imported products, limit the achievement of economies of scale to support economic sustainability of these initiatives.","PeriodicalId":246647,"journal":{"name":"Afrika Tanulmányok / Hungarian Journal of African Studies","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127013916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}