{"title":"Requirements of a Valid Slaughter","authors":"M. H. Kamali","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter expounds the industry practices in halal slaughter that consist of rituals: the recitation of God’s name and a special phrase at the time of slaughter, and also that the slaughterer is a Muslim, and that the animal fulfills certain conditions and is handled in ways that comply with shariah. The rituals of a valid slaughter and its accompanying requirements of sanitation and cleanliness are fairly well known to the halal industry, and mostly correspond with the prevailing practices of many majority Muslim countries. The scriptural rationale of slaughtering is that God Most High has permitted only pure and clean food.","PeriodicalId":245507,"journal":{"name":"Shariah and the Halal Industry","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126849427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fatwa Issuance in Shariah","authors":"Mohammad Kamali","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Many aspects of the halal slaughter and market developments require authoritative responses as and when new issues arise. These responses are often provided by the state muftis who are experts in shariah. Fatwa is defined as a response given by a qualified scholar to a particular issue raised by a person or a group of persons or an organization. This chapter examines the conditions of fatwa, qualifications of a mufti, and other fatwa regulations in shariah. It begins with an overview of fatwa in shariah, its history of development, and its role in bringing the shariah closer to the realities of people’s lives. This is followed by brief information on fatwa-related developments in Malaysia.","PeriodicalId":245507,"journal":{"name":"Shariah and the Halal Industry","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114474672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Imported Meat","authors":"M. Kamali","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"The importation of meat into Muslim countries from non-Muslim-majority countries and producers raises a number of halal-related questions, which are addressed in this chapter. Imported meat of halal animals, such as beef, mutton, and chicken, from countries that follow Christianity or other monotheistic religions is lawful for consumption by Muslims even if the name of Allah has not been cited, provided they have gone through their own slaughter methods, thus precluding killing by other means. This is not, however, the case with regard to meats imported from countries that do not practice a monotheistic religion and do not fall under the People of Scripture.","PeriodicalId":245507,"journal":{"name":"Shariah and the Halal Industry","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123950884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Shariah","authors":"Mohammad Kamali","doi":"10.1002/9781119161059.ch19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119161059.ch19","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to a concise review of the meaning and definition of shariah, the chapter introduces the sources of shariah, including the two main types of revealed and rational sources and their subdivisions. The history of shariah (“the way to the watering place,” or “the path to correct guidance, salvation, and relief”) is occupied with scholastic developments and the embodiment of what became known as fiqh, which consists mainly of the practical rules of Islamic law that regulate the daily lives of Muslims. Shariah is a broad concept that is not confined to legal rules but comprises the totality of guidance that God Most High has revealed to humankind, pertaining to the dogma of Islam, its moral values, and its practical legal rules.","PeriodicalId":245507,"journal":{"name":"Shariah and the Halal Industry","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121997153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Piecing Together (Talfiq)","authors":"Mohammad Kamali","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter supplements the preceding chapter on selection. Piecing together (talfiq) here means that the jurist may take only a part of an existing position in one of the schools and another part from another school, and then piece them together in order to provide a suitable response to a given question. None of these segmented positions would individually validate the outcome so obtained, but when pieced together a permissive ruling is arrived at. For these reasons, and the complexity that talfiq may entail, it is viewed with a degree of circumspection. Talfiq may consist of merging of the opinions of several schools of thought, or individual scholars, into one position that is often dissimilar to all the others, and that did not exist before.","PeriodicalId":245507,"journal":{"name":"Shariah and the Halal Industry","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115272833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fatwa Issuance in Malaysia","authors":"Mohammad Kamali","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter expounds the fatwa issuance procedures as stipulated in the laws of Malaysia, together with a selection of fatwas that have been issued in response to halal-related issues. Fatwa issuance on matters of permitted and prohibited foodstuffs is entrusted in Malaysia to the state religious authorities, namely the state fatwa committee and the national fatwa committee. Fatwa issuance functions in Malaysia are basically a state matter and are regulated, in turn, under the state enactments, which authorize the state mufti and the sultan to issue and ratify fatwas.","PeriodicalId":245507,"journal":{"name":"Shariah and the Halal Industry","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122733794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Selection (Takhayyur, also Takhyir)","authors":"Mohammad Kamali","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"The principle of selection (takhayyur) allows the mufti and the generality of Muslims to select among the various positions available in the works of the different schools (madhhabs) of Islamic law in reference to particular issues. Sometimes there may be five or six different positions or interpretations available, and Muslims are allowed to select the most suitable to their situation. Takhayyur also applies within the one and the same school when an individual, be it a scholar-jurist or a commoner, opts for a minority or less preferred position that may be available within his or her own school of following.","PeriodicalId":245507,"journal":{"name":"Shariah and the Halal Industry","volume":" 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120834126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Halal and Tayyib Compared","authors":"M. H. Kamali","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter differentiates between two largely concurrent yet also different shariah concepts: halal and tayyib (lit. pure, clean). Both refer to lawful varieties of food, yet tayyib adds the dimension of quality and natural appeal. Tayyib refers to objects, acts, and conduct that are not only permissible (halal, mubah) but also considered to be pure, clean, and wholesome by the people of sound nature. The term invokes people’s approval, often regardless and independently of customary practice. Some foods may be lawful, such as the desert lizard and locusts, yet can hardly be regarded as tayyib. Shariah scholars and halal industry operators are now taking renewed interest in tayyib.","PeriodicalId":245507,"journal":{"name":"Shariah and the Halal Industry","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116818848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Permissible (Mubah, Also Halal, Ja’iz)","authors":"M. H. Kamali","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Whereas the preceding chapter expounded the theoretical conception of permissibility in shariah, this chapter expounds its practical manifestations. The permissible (mubah, also halal, ja’iz) is also not a monolithic concept, but rather occurs within the various types that are explained together with their legal and moral consequences and that which may be considered as totally neutral. The focus of the discussion is on the fiqh treatment of mubah as a value category, including its sources, varieties, and how it is understood by the leading schools of Islamic law. Of the three Arabic words that appear in this heading, halal and its derivatives occur more frequently in the Qur’an and hadith, whereas the fiqh literature is more inclined to employ mubah and ja’iz.","PeriodicalId":245507,"journal":{"name":"Shariah and the Halal Industry","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125623447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Islam and Science","authors":"M. H. Kamali","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538616.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the basic compatibility or otherwise of Islam with science, especially with reference to stunning and halal slaughtering, halal vaccines, genetically modified organisms, and the environmental impacts of meat eating. It addresses the basic premise of these concepts. Halal and haram are not determined by reference only to human reason or scientific knowledge, but by a combination of these and the guidance mainly of divine revelation (wahy). Worship matters (‘ibadat) are normally determined by the shariah independently of scientific evidence, and this could also be said of a limited number of dietary restrictions Islam has imposed—even though there may be some scientific justification for them. Still, Islam is on the whole receptive to scientific evidence.","PeriodicalId":245507,"journal":{"name":"Shariah and the Halal Industry","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123442317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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