Journal of Energy Research and Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Experimental Study of Hybrid Flat-Plate Solar Collector/Nocturnal Radiator for Water Heating and Cooling in Owerri, Nigeria","authors":"O. Mong, C. E. Onyeocha, G. N. Nwaji, C. Ndubuisi","doi":"10.9734/jenrr/2022/v12i130292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2022/v12i130292","url":null,"abstract":"The quest for new, alternative energy sources and technologies have risen due to myriads of crises associated with fossil fuel dominated energy mix in Nigeria, in terms of supply and its adverse effect on the environment. \u0000Experimental study of hybrid flat-plate solar collector/nocturnal radiator for water heating and cooling in Owerri, Nigeria, is presented. The experimental rig consists of a single flat surface (absorber plate) made of a mild steel plate, film-coated with an acrylic resin which made the surface spectrally selective. Underneath, were arrays of copper tube risers. A sample test on acrylic resin’s coating, on a metallic substrate showed that it has high clear spectral absorptivity (low emissivity) in the solar radiation band (0.2-0.3µm) as well as low absorptivity (high emissivity) in the atmospheric window band (3-8µm). A water reservoir 2m above was connected to the system inlet header to supply water. Experimental data were harvested for days/nights through a read-out basic language programmed data logger. The experimentation were conducted under the metrological condition of Federal Polytechnic Nekede Owerri (5.49oN, 7.02oE), South-East Nigeria. The results obtained under solar heating phase showed a peak water temperature of 60⁰C at a plate temperature of about 80⁰C and a heat collection efficiency of 31%. The peak insolation was about 900W/m2 and the ambient temperature was between 27⁰C and 32⁰C throughout the diurnal phase. Also, under the nocturnal radiation phase, a cooling power of 41w/m2 was achieved during cooling on clear night and about 20w/m2 on a cloudy night. Water temperature in the range of 19⁰C to 20⁰C was recorded at temperature depression of about 5⁰C. The night sky temperature of the location was obtained in the range 10⁰C to 16⁰C for the period under study. The result shows that the system can provide substantial energy savings when incorporated into building structure, to providing hot and cold water for domestic/process use, space heating and cooling applications.","PeriodicalId":244756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Research and Reviews","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117178120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central Composite Design of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil using Tympanotonus fuscatus (Periwinkle) Shells as Catalyst","authors":"Ubani O. Amune, Shegun K. Otoikhian","doi":"10.9734/jenrr/2022/v12i130290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2022/v12i130290","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel has been generally accepted as an environmentally – safer alternative to fossil based fuels. However, concerns of the cost of production, use of acid catalysts leading to corrosion, and recovery of homogenous catalyst remain. This study therefore seeks to optimize the transesterification process parameters in the conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) using waste Tympanotonus fuscatus shell (WTFS). The catalysts were characterized using XRD, FTIR, and XRF. Temperatures ranging from 30°C to 90°C, catalyst loading from 1 to 10% by weight, and reaction durations from 30 to 180 minutes were examined for the transesterification technique. The physiochemical properties of the waste cooking oil revealed a high acid value (10.02mgKOH/g), kinematic viscosity of 13.30 mm2/s, pour point, 156oC, flash point of 104oC, Calorific value of 34.78 MJ/kg, carbon content of 2.65% m/m, among other parameters while the GCMS analysis indicated the presence of C16 to C21. The biodiesel however showed an acid value of 0.416 mgKOH/g, viscosity of 4.638 mm2/s, pour point of 0.3oC, flash point of 104oC, calorific value of 40.17 MJ/kg, and carbon content of 0.019% m/m which were in agreement with the EU and American standards. The elemental composition and crystalline structure of the catalyst revealed a considerable concentration of CaO, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, and other metal oxides. The CCD approach used to design the experiments was significant (p <0.0001) and the biodiesel synthesis which resulted in a maximum yield of 91.70% was obtained with 5.5% WFTS, 105 minutes of reaction time, 65 oC, and a 1:7 oil–Methanol ratio. The operating parameters of temperature (p <0.0001), catalyst load (p = 0.00713), and time (p = 0.0288) all had significant effects on biodiesel yield; however, temperature had a stronger influence than the other process variables. The ANOVA results showed that the factors were extremely significant while Fit statistics and model comparison revealed a coefficient of determination of 97.66%, with the predicted value of 84.68% and the adjusted value of 95.00%. The biodiesel produced met the biodiesel standards.","PeriodicalId":244756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Research and Reviews","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125162209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Off-Grid Hybrid Energy for Residential Buildings in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Arogbo Community in Ondo State","authors":"A. Akinola, M. D. Ephenus, A. Akinsade, J. Eiche","doi":"10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i530289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i530289","url":null,"abstract":"This paper developed an off-grid hybrid energy system for residential buildings in rural areas. The Arogbo community in Ese-Odo Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria, was used as case study. Energy Audit of the selected residential buildings was carried out through the administration of structured questionnaires and oral interaction with occupants. Information obtained was used to evaluate the total power estimate and actual consumption over a period of 6 hours per day. The total energy demand for the study area based on the number of appliances used per day was estimated as 4981.684 kW. The energies required for three different categories of accommodation: [three-bedroom (Luxury), three-bedroom (Convenience) and room with parlour living apartment] in the area were estimated as 10.015 kWh, 3.216 kWh, and 1.736 kWh respectively.  Their total photovoltaic (PV) energy system capacities were estimated as 13.53 kWh (16.91 kVA), 4.342 kWh (5 kVA), and 2.344 kWh (2.93 kVA) with power factor of 0.8 respectively.  The PV solar modules for the three-bedroom (luxury), three-bedroom (convenience) and room with parlour living apartment were estimated as (3.38, 1.08 and 0.59) kW with installation areas of (31, 10 and 5.5) m2; and inverter rating of (6, 1 and 1) kVA were selected respectively. The deep cycle batteries selected were (4, 2 and 2) at 12 V of (150, 150 and100) AH. Electricity generator capacities selected were (6, 1 and 1) kVA respectively.","PeriodicalId":244756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Research and Reviews","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115944345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Assessment of the Water Sources in the IDP Camps a Case Study of IDP Camp in Borno Nigeria","authors":"Nkeleme Emmanuel Ifeanyichukwu, H. Asabe, Okereke Chigozie James, Igbojiaku Anthony Ugonna, Osuagwu Andrew Chima","doi":"10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i430287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i430287","url":null,"abstract":"The conflict between the Nigerian state armed group and a non-state armed group in the North East has led to the displacement of over 2.1 million Internal Displaced Persons (IDPs) in camps and host communities. This has placed a heavy burden on the government and other non-Governmental organizations in the provision of aides to reduce the suffering of these people, especially women and children. The question of the quality and adequacy of water and its health implication on the IDPs have to remain evasive and unanswered due to the security threat of carrying out research in such security flashpoints. The research against all odds sought to analyze the quality of water (physical, chemical, and bacteriological) of the water, its availability/source, and the ease of getting the water in the camps. It was conducted with the use of a structured questionnaire distributed in 12 out of the 16 official IDP camps studied with a sample of water taken and analyzed in the Maiduguri NAFDAC office. The research revealed among others that water provision is inadequate for the IDPs as observed in the camps visited. Also, the distance traveled, and time spent at a fetching point is none conforming to both SPHERE and UNHCR standards. The laboratory finding for water quality assessment indicates that there is the presence of physical, biological, and chemical contaminants harmful to health. The research findings from the camp defy the standard provisions for IDPs in both UNHCR and SPHERE. The research recommends that the Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management, and Social Development needs to enforce strict compliance with the humanitarian standards in the Nigerian national policy on internally displaced persons in Nigeria to enhance better life of the IDPs in the formal and informal camps.","PeriodicalId":244756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Research and Reviews","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123531973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kariya Pod-husks: A Novel Biocatalyst in Biodiesel Production","authors":"O. E. Ogundahunsi, B. Ogunsina, E. Aransiola","doi":"10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i430286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i430286","url":null,"abstract":"Diverse challenges faced with the use of homogeneous catalysts in biodiesel production coupled with the interest in converting waste resources to useful products in solving occurring climatic and environmental challenges around the world have triggered research into the use of various heterogeneous catalysts. In this study, the catalytic properties of kariya pod-husks were investigated to examine their suitability in biodiesel production. Kariya pod-husks were ash and calcined at 600oC for 4 h. In the morphological structure examination, the scanning electron image of calcined kariya pod-husks shows that it has a more compact microstructure with a cluster of big crystals but irregular pores which is an attribute of high catalytic potentials. The elemental composition of the calcined kariya pod-husks reveals that it contains a higher percentage weight of calcium (42%) and potassium (31%) which makes it a more suitable catalyst for biodiesel production. The developed catalyst was further used in the production of kariya biodiesel. A biodiesel yield of 94% was obtained.  This study shows that calcined kariya pod-husks could catalyze biodiesel production. It also helps in proving suitable biocatalyst to solve the challenges associated with the separation of catalyst from the product stream which consequently aids in the creation of continuous chemical processes.","PeriodicalId":244756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Research and Reviews","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115995689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kariya Biodiesel Process Optimization Using Kariya Pod-husks Bio-catalyzed","authors":"O. E. Ogundahunsi, B. Ogunsina, E. Aransiola","doi":"10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i430285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i430285","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, biodiesel was produced from underutilized kariya oilseed using ethanol in the presence of kariya pod-husks bio-catalyst. The oil used was extracted through the soxhlet solvent extraction approach. Transesterification of kariya seed oil was investigated using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response surface methodology. Process factors such as reaction temperature (65, 70, and 85oC), reaction time (2, 3, and 4 h), and ethanol/kariya oil molar ratio (8:1, 10:1, and 12:1) were modeled based on CCD experimental design. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced, and its blends with petrol-diesel were determined. The average yield of extracted kariya oil was 32.55 wt. %. Based on the results, biodiesel yield of 94.41 wt.% was obtained at optimal conditions; a temperature of 75oC, time of 2 h, and ethanol: oil mole ratio of 10:1 at catalyst loading of 5 wt.%. The physicochemical and fuel properties of produced biodiesel and its blend were well within American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D6751) standard and compared favorably with petrol-diesel.","PeriodicalId":244756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Research and Reviews","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127289238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of a Sludge Blanket Reactor for Effluent Treatment: A Laboratory Study","authors":"K. Dölle, S. Lex","doi":"10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i430284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i430284","url":null,"abstract":"Energy is required in all societies worldwide. This led to a dependency of fossil fuel. During uncertain times fossil fuel supply become highly politically and used as an influencing source. This requires establishing a more environmentally friendly processes to decrease dependency. To produce biogas from municipal, agricultural and industrial waste a laboratory benchtop up-flow sludge blanket reactor with a operating volume of 2850 ml was designed build, started up, and operated using prepared municipal wastewater and separated liquid cow manure at a hydraulic retention time of 1 day, 3 days and 6 days after an 120 h adjustment time prior to testing. \u0000While using wastewater as influent, the laboratory benchtop up-flow sludge blanket reactor system was not able to reduce the chemical oxygen demand content significantly. Especially at a high volumetric flow rate for the 1-day hydraulic retention time. The produced gas amount decreased from 0.59 ±0.07 (ml/h)/L at a hydraulic retention rate of 6 days to 0.042 ±0.04 (ml/h)/L. The fluctuating influent chemical oxygen demand of 25 ±1 mg/L to 74 ±15 mg/L resulted in a stable effluent concentration of 39 ml/L and 45 ±11 mg/L respectively. \u0000The laboratory benchtop up-flow sludge blanket reactor system with separated liquid cow manure showed a higher chemical oxygen demand degradation capability but resulted in higher chemical oxygen demand in the effluent. The influent chemical oxygen demand of 308 ±42 mg/L was broken downs to 59 ±1 mg/L at a hydraulic retention time of 6 days and to 114 ±5 mg/L for 1 day retention time. The biogas production result in a stable gas production rate of 0.27 ±0.02 (ml/h)/L through all three hydraulic retention times. For both the wastewater and separated liquid cow manure operation the biogas without carbon dioxide was between 55 and 65%. \u0000The results show that the laboratory benchtop up-flow sludge blanket reactor system can reduce high chemical oxygen demand in wastewater and separated liquid cow manure. However, a minimum feed level having a minimal chemical oxygen demand above 36 mg/L is needed, otherwise, the active bacterial mass contributes to the effluent level as seen for the influent level below 36 mg/L and 25 mg/L which resulted in a minimum effluent level of 39 mg/L for a hydraulic retention time of 3-days and 6-days.","PeriodicalId":244756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Research and Reviews","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121559033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Socio-economic Factors on the Perception towards Solar Energy","authors":"Viraj Malik","doi":"10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i430283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i430283","url":null,"abstract":"Solar Energy is an upcoming solution to one of the world’s biggest problems: The lack of clean energy. This research paper focuses on understanding the factors that influence the perception of Indian respondents toward solar energy, in order to fill in the gap in the data regarding how basic socio-economic factors such as age, education, and income level can influence one's thoughts towards solar energy. This is a mixed-method study that aims to draw relations and trends between the above-stated factors and the perceptions of the respondents. It was concluded after analyzing a dataset of 140 respondents(middle Class and upper-class respondents from Metropolitan cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, and Chennai, and Lower Class respondents from Kishangargh Village, New Delhi), from different income and education levels, that there was a positive relationship between education level and awareness as well as income and likelihood of adoption. Other factors such as age and gender of the respondents have also been taken into account in the study. The age of the respondents had a positive relationship with their perception of solar energy, Whereas gender showed no relation with the perception of the respondents.","PeriodicalId":244756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Research and Reviews","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124499820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, Sizing and Optimization of a Solar- Wind Hybrid Power System","authors":"U. V. Akpan, A. Edeoja, J. Ibrahim, Karl Aondona Kwaghger","doi":"10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i330282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i330282","url":null,"abstract":"Design, sizing and optimization of a solar-wind hybrid power system was carried out to determine its economic feasibility using Hybrid optimized model for electric renewable (HOMER) software aimed at selecting the most feasible configuration based on the net present cost to meet the load demand of 425 W for the appliances in a departmental office at Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi. The simulation results were used to develop a working prototype by sizing the four major components: the solar panels (350 W), a wind turbine (100 W), 2 battery systems of 12 V/200Ah and a charge controller (35.4 A) to regulate battery charging. The efficiencies of the wind turbine, PV solar panels and the inverter system were 48, 29.2 and 50 % respectively. The contribution of PV was 98 % and that of the wind turbine was 2 % due to low average wind speed (1.96 m/s at 15 m) from February to April. The results showed that solar energy contributed more to the charging of the inverter than the wind energy due to the high favorable solar insolation in the region. The optimized system configuration was chosen and this was based on the net present cost, levelized cost of energy and its renewable fraction respectively. The results demonstrated that the best hybrid combination consists of 0.35 kW PV Panels, 1 unit of 0.1 kW wind turbine, 2 units of deep cycle batteries (12V each/200Ah) and 1 unit of 1600 W Inverter. The prototype of the solar - wind hybrid power system based on the optimized components met the load demand for the basic appliances in the office. The results can be expanded to cover the entire department and the templates so obtained can be used generally within the University Community.","PeriodicalId":244756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Research and Reviews","volume":"326-328 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130890662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Potentials of Banana and Plantain Peels for Biofuel Production in Nigeria","authors":"F. I. Jumare, A. Magashi, A. Rabah, A. M. Sokoto, A. Ibrahim, M. Usman","doi":"10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i330281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/jenrr/2022/v11i330281","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to assess the potentials of banana and plantain peel as feedstock for biofuel production. The proximate and mineral composition of banana and plantain peel were determined using the AOAC method. Bacteria were isolated from dried banana and plantain peel using the standard microbiological method. The proximate composition of the two biomass showed a high concentration of carbohydrate content at 68.12 and 68.30% for banana and plantain peels. While a high amount of sodium (Na) at 119.17 and 106.67 mg/kg from banana and plantain peels. Three (3) bacterial genera were isolated namely Bacillus circulans, Bacillus brevis and Bacillus pumilu. This study showed the potential of banana and plantain peels biomass for the production of fermentable sugar which can be further fermented to biofuel.","PeriodicalId":244756,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Research and Reviews","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131728356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}