{"title":"C. L. R. James, the Mass Strike of 1919 in Colonial Trinidad and The Case for West Indian Self-Government","authors":"Christian Høgsbjerg","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"In colonial Trinidad in 1919 rising industrial turmoil culminated in a rolling mass strike that would shake this outpost of the British Empire to its foundations. Though often located as an important part of Trinidadian or at best Caribbean labour history—a precursor to the powerful wave of labour rebellions that swept the Anglophone colonial Caribbean in the 1930s—Christian Hogsbjerg’s chapter situates the strike through the prism of colonial, transnational and global labour history. In the strike's aftermath, the social democratic Trinidad Workingmen’s Association grew into a mass organization led by the charismatic Captain Arthur Andrew Cipriani. Hogsbjerg explores how this mass nationalist working-class movement attracted the attention of the young writer and teacher C.L.R. James, who would become a leading anti-colonialist thinker, writing a biography of Cipriani, later abridged and published as The Case for West Indian Self-Government (1933). Yet this text strangely overlooked the strike of 1919, being only with James's turn to Marxism in the 1930s that he came to appreciate the strike’s full historical significance. In 1937, James would publish his pioneering socialist history of the Communist International, World Revolution, which articulates James's evolving understanding of 1919 as a global year of revolutionary contestation.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130905055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sylvia Pankhurst in 1919","authors":"Neelam Srivastava","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Sylvia Pankhurst is better known for her connections to the suffragette movement than for her role in the establishment of the British Communist Party and her lifelong commitment to anti-colonial causes, most notably her enduring support for Ethiopia against Italy’s invasion in 1935. This chapter looks at Pankhurst’s “press activism” around the year 1919, in order to understand better the internationalism that flourished in the interwar period, of which Pankhurst was a notable representative. In 1917, Pankhurst renamed her feminist broadsheet, the Women’s Dreadnought, The Workers’ Dreadnought, as part of her increasing sympathy for Communism; she had previously made a radical split with mainstream suffragette activism, which she felt let down working-class women. Pankhurst was one of the first white editors to publish black writers, and in her broadsheet Claude McKay wrote critiques of socialism’s blindness to the racism among its associates. The Workers’ Dreadnought stood out among other radical newsheets for its distinctly internationalist viewpoint. In 1919, Pankhurst also became a foreign correspondent for Gramsci’s Communist journal, L’Ordine Nuovo. She is distinctive among her contemporary comrades for her insight that struggles for gender, class and racial equality could not be separated from one another and needed to be tackled together, thus always placing herself at the radical fringes of any political movement that she decided to join.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127059958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1919: Opportunities and Constraints for Women Activists","authors":"M. Cross","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In 1919 international conferences attended by women were significant for activists Marie-Louise Puech and Hannah Sheehy Skeffington who had little political space in their home countries. In France conservative upper house denied women the suffrage even though the bill for that reform had finally got through the lower house. In Ireland 1919 the year when women voted and took their seats in the first Dáil, the Irish would-be independent parliamentary Chamber, violence erupted once more when the War of independence resumed. I shall compare the experiences of the two women who were delegates at international events to examine what they made of their opportunities and how they networked to overcome restrictions.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116215066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The General Strike of July 1919","authors":"Jacopo Perazzoli","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Wilson's and Lenin's internationalism, two supranational approaches that emerged during and following World War I, had a large influence on the European socialist and social-democratic parties that were once members of the Second International. In line with this statement, which has been widely accepted by historians, this chapter aims to suggest a new interpretative key: it attempts to explain how Wilsonian and Leninist influences were actually present within Italian Socialism (to the point of coexisting in certain cases).\u0000In order to explore such thesis, which on a historiographic level is destined to reconsider the traditional interpretation of “Wilson versus Lenin” and to ensure both a comparative and transnational approach, the chapter will analyse the general strike of July 1919 and the positions within the Italian Left. On that occasion, in fact, socialist and communist militants took to the streets in support of Russian and Hungarian communists and against the armed intervention of the “white” forces in that area. Given this approach, the chapter will understand to what extent the two models, although pursuing different objectives, managed to coexist, thus representing two distinct responses to the crisis of the traditional nation-state.\u0000Based on an extensive scrutinizing of primary sources, this chapter will show a specific purpose: launching a new historiographical reinterpretation able to analyse the two models not as opposed to each other but considering them, in some cases, as co-existing. That is precisely because they were a product of the Great War and because both Wilsonianism and Leninism aimed to avoid new war escalations similar to World War I.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114346251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The ‘Soviet Ark’ in Context","authors":"Daniel Rooney, J. Johnson","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"In December 1919 the U.S. government, in the wake of the famed mail bombings (including to Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer) and the earlier Seattle General Strike, took a dramatic step. As a part of the broader anti-radical campaign under the Espionage and Sedition Acts, 249 known leftists and many Russians swept up in the famed Palmer Raids - specifically socialists and anarchists - boarded the Buford and set sail for Europe. Among the passengers were notable radicals like Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman. This work by the Departments of Justice and Labor stands is an important, though underexplored, physical act and moment that institutionalized the first American “Red Scare,” and revealed the broader tensions surrounding “loyalty,” the immigrant population, and anti-radicalism.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126894673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The 1919 Mutinies in the French Armed Forces","authors":"M. Perry","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"1919 was a global moment of both the remaking of empire, not least the French empire, and a powerful contentious surge from below in metropolitan as well as colonial settings. During the Great War, the French Empire drew on what General Mangin called the ‘la force noire’ of colonial labour and troops to fill the factories and the trenches. As the war continued in the East after Armistice with Allied intervention against the fledgling Soviet Republic, a wave of army and naval mutinies undermined French efforts to topple the new regime. Using mutineer testimony, this paper considers their attitudes to class, military authority and ethnicity. This neglected imperial and colonial dimension of the revolt complicates our understanding of events that became the foundation myth of the French Communist Party, 'glorious hours' in which French military service personnel apparently fraternised with Russian workers in the spirit of internationalism. Not only was there a mutiny of colonial troops themselves in Siberia but also the French military authorities instrumentalised ethnic divisions to suppress the mutinies. Viewed more broadly, this French connection with the Russian Revolution was crucial to the remaking of the French left, feeding into the Congress of Tours the following year, and setting terms of debate for the left’s relationship with the colonial question.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"50 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120816087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Revisiting Red Clydeside","authors":"Paul Griffin","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter asserts how revisiting histories such as Red Clydeside, during 1919, reveals complexities, tensions and possibilities that were symptomatic of UK histories of race and labour movements during this period. The archival research considered here provides a relational account of labour militancy and racialised conflicts. The chapter compares and contrasts the 1919 strike action for a shorter working week with a ‘race riot’ between local and foreign sailors. These events were connected by timing and location but also through the involvement of trade unions and leadership figures. This allows the chapter to critically examine, through comparison and cross referencing, the varying influences and activisms present within and beyond Glasgow during the early twentieth century. Importantly, this comparison also raises the longer-term trajectories of labour grievances during this period, and wider spatiality of activisms during this time, to foreground the ambivalent and contested nature of working class demands, identities and histories. By doing so, the chapter indicates how these events were not spontaneous, nor isolated, but intimately connected with each other and wider trends and events elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116036438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The German Revolution at War’s End","authors":"A. McElligott","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the revolution that broke out in November 1918 in Germany that encompassed a naval and army mutiny, the spread of sailors, soldiers and workers’ councils across Germany and the declaration of the republic. The chapter assesses the contested readings of the German revolution on its centenary and tries to make sense of the event through the lens of contemporaries. In particular, amongst several other observes, it probes Alfred Döblin’s rich literary account of the revolution, an author most famed for Berlin Alexanderplatz (1929). At a conceptual level, the chapter analyzes the German revolution through a comparative typology: revolution of the people, revolution for the people, and revolution without the people. These three frames help to explain the contested meanings of, and uses to which, the revolution has been put. Rather than a singular revolution, then, the German Revolution was the sum of different understanding of revolution of both observers and participants.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122560124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Educating the Peace","authors":"J. Murphy, Nigel Todd","doi":"10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800857193.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter will examine how 1919 transformed British adult education, being rooted in a dialogue between the trenches and domestic politics, prompting a movement for widening access to education. Framed within a Wilsonian view of a more democratic and peaceful world, the immediate post-war context generated opportunities for adult education initiatives. Firstly, the cooperative movement created the Co-operative College in a move that had been a longstanding goal. Secondly, the London County Council established City Lit targeting amongst others disabled veterans on their courses. Thirdly, women’s movement activists built on greater female participation in the public sphere, illustrated by the admission of women students to Ruskin College. Fourthly, the encyclopaedic ‘1919 Report’ of the Ministry of Reconstruction, triggered the first generation of 'mature students' with 33,688 ex-soldiers grant aided to attend Higher Education between 1920-23. This generation revived campus students’ societies, especially those that promoted the League of Nations, and formed the National Union of Students to rebuild international peace. The chapter will also examine how the transition between war and peace and the intellectual climate also transformed existing adult education organisations, scrutinizing the radicalisation of the Workers’ Educational Association.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124885654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The ‘Soviet Ark’ in Context:","authors":"Daniel Rooney, J. Johnson","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128589695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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