{"title":"Women as Peacemakers:","authors":"Sarah Hellawell","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.12","url":null,"abstract":"In May 1919, 147 members of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) met in Zurich to discuss the issues of war, peace and international relations. Their meeting coincided with the publication of the post-war peace terms. As a result, WILPF was the first international association to outline its criticism of the Treaty of Versailles. The conference resolved that the Treaty would ‘create all over Europe discords and animosities, which can only lead to future wars’. A group of WILPF delegates travelled from Switzerland to France to lobby the male politicians at Versailles, attempting to make the voice of women heard at the peace table. This chapter will examine the proceedings of the Zurich Conference and WILPF’s attempts to shape the peace process after the Great War. Many members were active suffragists and were committed to the campaign for female citizenship. The association’s pacifism was linked to its feminism and concerns for social justice and equality. Moreover, WILPF had been an early advocate of a ‘Society of Nations’. In 1919 the association urged negotiators to incorporate its ‘Woman’s Charter’ within the Covenant of the League of Nations to secure equality in the post-war era. Although all positions within the League of Nations were open to men and women on equal terms, women remained marginalised in the international political sphere during the interwar years. This chapter will explore WILPF’s efforts to increase the representation of women in politics, particularly in relation to the issues of peace and international relations. In so doing, this chapter will highlight the significant role that women played in the peace negotiations and foundation of the League of Nations in 1919.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131565867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Educating the Peace:","authors":"J. Murphy, Nigel Todd","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133517277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Black and the Red:","authors":"T. Stovall","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.7","url":null,"abstract":"In the fall of 1919 black sharecroppers in Elaine Arkansas attempted to organize a union to fight for better conditions. The local white population responded with a massacre, killing at least one hundred blacks, and more likely 200-250. The Elaine Arkansas massacre thus stands out as one of the worst instances of racial violence against blacks in American history. This essay considers the Elaine massacre in the context of the broader global history of race and working-class insurgency in 1919, exploring how it relates to the three themes of labor militancy, race riots, and colonial uprisings. It argues that the massacre was both the repression of a union movement and at the same time a racial pogrom, and looks at the ways in which these two different but related characteristics interacted both at the time and in our conceptualizations of the event ever since. Finally, it asks the question: how does the intersection of race and class in Elaine shape our understanding of the revolutionary nature of 1919 in general? Elaine Arkansas in 1919 was a small, rural town far removed from the dramas of Paris and Petrograd, but its terrible history nonetheless has much to teach us about the events of that momentous year.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133364911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"British Military Missions as Intermediaries between Western Europe and Lithuania in 1919 and the 1920s","authors":"Estela Rukšėnienė","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.19","url":null,"abstract":"The Versailles system, was thought to be the most suitable for the postwar Europe. However, the political decisions favoured by Great Britain or France, they were not necessarily the best ones for the Baltic Sea region. This chapter will examine the approach and activities of Western military missions which were sent to the Baltic region. Interestingly, the military missions were not restricted to purely military affairs and had actively carried out other important diplomatic and political tasks related to the security and stability of the Baltic region. They also were acting as intermediaries between Western Europe and Baltic States, which I would like to cover in my chapter. \u0000This chapter focuses upon the British military missions in Lithuania to reveal the viewpoints of both sides and to evaluate the benefits and risks for both Lithuania and Great Britain. The British Foreign Office, the War Office and the representatives of the Great Britain in the Paris Peace conference dispatched to the Baltic States four missions with different tasks and goals. These missions had to deal with the complicated military and political situation and the problems caused by the presence of the German troops. Military support and advice to the Baltic States were closely connected to the British economic interests and were also used as an ideological tool.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131785845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nationalism and Revolution:","authors":"Megan Trudell","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is on the experience of soldiers and veterans in Italy in 1919, with particular focus on those who volunteered to join Gabriele D’Annunzio’s occupation of Fiume. The seizure of the city was carried out in opposition to the Italian government and the Allies, and the ensuing regime crystallised many of the profound transformations in social power and relationships in Europe. A critical moment for the Italian state, it can also be regarded as an – inherently transnational – microcosm of the complicated patchwork of revolution and counter-revolution, civil war, anti-colonial movements, industrial unrest, demobilisation, nationalism and reaction that shook Europe between 1917-23. An examination of how these post-war changes were internalised and expressed by soldiers and veterans in their own words and through their actions provides insights into the nature of Italy’s post-war crisis and into veteran subjectivities. This case study investigates, through collective biographies, the mosaic of identifications of the soldiers and volunteers who joined the expedition, illustrating the fluidity of mentalities. The D’Annunzian challenge to Wilsonianism occurred in a context of widespread land seizures, protests and food riots involving soldiers and veterans who were determined to reshape Italian society along more democratic and equitable lines. The occupation was both a result of and a response to these developments. This reflection on soldiers’ actions, ideas and beliefs considers their role in a near-revolutionary moment and complicates our understanding of the political, social and military violence in post-war Italy.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"234 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123333870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sylvia Pankhurst in 1919:","authors":"Neelam Srivastava","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129353052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Forward March of Reactionary Working-Class Politics?","authors":"C. Loughlin","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.14","url":null,"abstract":"The First World War precipitated the Irish Revolution, 1917-21, the strengthening of the labour movement via wartime production in the UK and the rise of ‘modern’ Britain and Ireland. However – alongside these radical developments – there was the development of reactionary and authoritarian working-class politics. For example, this period saw the development of mass reactionary, working-class Unionism in Ulster with the Ulster Unionist Labour Association (1918). There was the development of the National Democratic and Labour Party, 1918-22, (a right-wing and pro-war labour party) in the UK. Further, there were a number of populist, imperialist organisations which attempted to advance a right-wing popular movement: the Unionist Labour Movement, British Empire Union, British Empire League, and the Empire Day Movement. This chapter will attempt a history from below of popular authoritarianism in Britain and Ireland, 1919. It will question the concept of ‘modernity’ in relationship to reactionary working-class politics in Britain and Ireland. It will address how right-wing forces in Britain and Ireland adapted their politics to the era of mass democracy. Mass suffrage had been feared by many intellectuals on the right; yet, the inter-war period demonstrated that there was no simple correlation between economics and working-class political expression. The success of right-wing political parties and movements in mobilising the population was particularly noteworthy in Britain, but lessons, mistakes and fears all contributed to the trans-national re-development of reactionary and authoritarian politics.","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126233154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The 1919 Mutinies in the French Armed Forces:","authors":"M. Perry","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134470462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The German Revolution at War’s End:","authors":"A. McElligott","doi":"10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zrzrqb.21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":244721,"journal":{"name":"The Global Challenge of Peace","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125531804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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