{"title":"Verbal humor","authors":"S. Attardo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with puns. The classification of puns is discussed and a basic definition of pun is provided: a text in which a sequence of sounds must be interpreted with a formal reference to a second sequence of sounds and two incongruous meanings are triggered by this process. Puns may come from ambiguity, or paronymy (puns that are similar in sound). The phonetic distance is the measure of how far two paronyms may differ and still be considered puns. The position of the connector (the ambiguous or paronymic element) and the disjunctor (the element in the text that triggers the recognition of the pun) are discussed. A Cratylistic motivated folk-theory of language is shown to underlie puns in the minds of speakers. Finally, a discussion of the psycholinguistics of puns completes the chapter.","PeriodicalId":243276,"journal":{"name":"The Linguistics of Humor","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130494201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Methodological preliminaries","authors":"S. Attardo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter begins by defining the fundamental distinction between competence and performance and introduces various methodological approaches used in the linguistics of humor, with a focus on the principle of commutation. The problem of identifying humor is then addressed, including a review of traditional “markers’ of humor (i.e., laughter). A triangulation method incorporating several markers and semantic analysis is proposed to replace it. In particular the inadequacy of using laughter is investigated by reviewing non-mirthful laughter. Finally the idea of keying, from ethnomethodology is used to explain how a situation may be seen as humorous or not, depending on its keying.","PeriodicalId":243276,"journal":{"name":"The Linguistics of Humor","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127934830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pragmatics of humor","authors":"S. Attardo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses some aspects of the cognitive pragmatics of humor. Humor involves a violation of Grice’s principle of cooperation. Humor is not a flout of the principle of cooperation, at least at the time of processing. Other topics addressed include the necessity for an implicit aspect to humor (essentially, the text cannot reveal the incongruity until the punch line), the Least Disruption Principle, i.e., the idea that the violations of cooperation for humor have to be kept as small as possible, and irony, which is closely related to flouting but includes a residual violation which makes it humorous. Finally, the chapter addresses the intentionality of humor: either the speaker, or the hearer of a humorous exchange (or both of them) have to be intentionally interpreting the exchange as humorous for it to be perceived as such.","PeriodicalId":243276,"journal":{"name":"The Linguistics of Humor","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116897373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"S. Attardo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"The conclusion wraps up the multiple arguments in the body of the book by arguing that humor studies needs a complex theory, in the sense of complexity theory and a trans-disciplinary approach that takes input from all relevant disciplines to explain humor.","PeriodicalId":243276,"journal":{"name":"The Linguistics of Humor","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124123113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Incongruity and resolution","authors":"S. Attardo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter returns to the incongruity theory of humor and presents its most common conceptualization, the incongruity-resolution model. A semantic definition of incongruity, based on the violation of expectations, is provided. The discussion of the resolution of the incongruity is then addressed. A distinction is made between full and partial resolution and between foregrounded and backgrounded incongruities. Finally, the linearity of the incongruity-resolution model is discussed, using the Isotopy Disjunction Model, which is the linguistics-based proposal that offers the most insight in the linear processing of humor.","PeriodicalId":243276,"journal":{"name":"The Linguistics of Humor","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124370141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Theories of humor and their levels","authors":"S. Attardo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"There are three major families of theories of humor: humor as release, humor as aggression, and humor as incongruity. They are reviewed along with neurolinguistic approaches, evolutionary theories of humor and a few mixed and partial theories that have been presented. An argument is made for the complementarity of the theories, which described different but not incompatible aspects of the phenomenon. Finally, an approach to evaluating competing theories is presented and bisociation theory is compared to modern linguistic approaches.","PeriodicalId":243276,"journal":{"name":"The Linguistics of Humor","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125556290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Humor in literature","authors":"S. Attardo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers applications of the linguistics of humor to literary texts. It considers in particular applications of the Semantic-Script Theory of Humor (SSTH) and the General theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH), under two approaches: the expansionist approach, which applies the SSTH as is to larger texts, and the revisionist approach, which introduces a set of other tools for the analysis of longer texts, among which is the distinction between punch lines and jab lines. Other approaches are also considered including narratological, stylistic, and register humor.","PeriodicalId":243276,"journal":{"name":"The Linguistics of Humor","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128263917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Humor studies: a few definitions","authors":"S. Attardo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter opens the first part of the book on humor studies (chapters 1-5). It addresses the persistent problem in humor studies of terminological definition. It explain why there has been a consensus on using the term “humor” as an umbrella term subsuming all forms of humor (joke, irony, ridicule, mockery, wit, whim, puns, etc.). It further establishes the fundamental distinction between humor, mirth, and laughter/smiling, which are respectively the stimulus, emotional response, and physical response. It further distinguishes verbal and linguistic humor and meta-humor. A section also outlines the history of the field of humor studies.","PeriodicalId":243276,"journal":{"name":"The Linguistics of Humor","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114738803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Semiotics of humor","authors":"S. Attardo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the semiotics of humor. Semiotics considers signs of any kind, not just linguistic ones. The distinction between denotative semiotics and connotative semiotics is introduced. Humor is a connotative semiotics and it thus shares some of the features of connotative semiotics, such as the defunctionalization of the sign (i.e., messages are no longer used to communicate, but for ulterior purposes, i.e., to amuse or for play). Bateson’s theory of play is also introduced in this context. This leads to the definition of humor as a message whose perlocutionary goal is to be perceived as humorous (rather than, say, informative). Two significant conclusions are drawn: the mechanisms of humor and are the same in linguistic and non-linguistic communication and the semantic and pragmatic mechanisms of humor are the determining factors of the unique features of humorous communication.","PeriodicalId":243276,"journal":{"name":"The Linguistics of Humor","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115619064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The semantics of humor","authors":"S. Attardo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791270.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter opens the second part of the book on humor competence (chapters 6-9). This chapter introduces Raskin’s semantic theory of humor competence based on scripts (Semantic-Script Theory of Humor, SSTH). The concept of script (or frame) is introduced. Dynamic scripts (i.e., scripts that are updated with new informatiom) are described as well as the mechanics of combinations of word senses and disambiguation. The two conditions for a text to be a joke are described: 1) two scripts must be opposite, and 2) they must overlap fully or in part, i.e., be compatible with (parts of) the text. The pragmatic aspects of the SSTH are also discussed, with the idea of non-bona-fide communication, i.e., communication not entirely focused on cooperative (in the Gricean sense) communication. Finally, the recent development of Ontological semantics and its application to humor is discussed.","PeriodicalId":243276,"journal":{"name":"The Linguistics of Humor","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132765305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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