Zoological Science最新文献_第4页

Genes Upregulated by Operant Conditioning of Escape Behavior in the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 池塘蜗牛逃逸行为操作条件上调的基因。

IF 0.9 4区生物学

Zoological Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs230032

Nozomi Chikamoto, Kanta Fujimoto, Junko Nakai, Kengo Namiki, Dai Hatakeyama, Etsuro Ito

{"title":"Genes Upregulated by Operant Conditioning of Escape Behavior in the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.","authors":"Nozomi Chikamoto, Kanta Fujimoto, Junko Nakai, Kengo Namiki, Dai Hatakeyama, Etsuro Ito","doi":"10.2108/zs230032","DOIUrl":"10.2108/zs230032","url":null,"abstract":"The pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is capable of learning by both classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Although operant conditioning related to escape behavior with punishment has been examined by some research groups, the molecular mechanisms are not known. In the present study, we examined changes in the expression levels of cAMP-response element binding protein 1 (CREB1), CREB2, CREB-binding protein (CBP), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the Lymnaea central nervous system (CNS) using real-time PCR following operant conditioning of escape behavior. CREB1 and CREB2 are transcription factors involved in long-term memory in Lymnaea; CBP is a coactivator with CREB1; and MAO is a degrading enzyme for monoamines (e.g., serotonin) with important roles in learning and memory in Lymnaea. In operant conditioning, the punishment cohort, in which snails escaping from the container encountered aversive KCl, exhibited significantly fewer escape attempts than the control cohort, in which snails escaping from the container encountered distilled water, during both the training and memory test periods. After the operant conditioning, CREB1 and CREB2 were upregulated, and the ratio of CREB1/CREB2 was also increased, suggesting that the operant conditioning of escape behavior involves these factors. MAO was also upregulated, suggesting that the content of monoamines such as serotonin in the CNS decreased. The upregulated genes identified in the present study will help to further elucidate learning and memory mechanisms in Lymnaea.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 5","pages":"375-381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41214588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Mate Discrimination Using Chemical Cues by Male Guppies. 雄性古皮利用化学线索辨别配偶。

IF 0.9 4区生物学

Zoological Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs220103

Seiji Saoshiro, Kenji Karino

{"title":"Mate Discrimination Using Chemical Cues by Male Guppies.","authors":"Seiji Saoshiro, Kenji Karino","doi":"10.2108/zs220103","DOIUrl":"10.2108/zs220103","url":null,"abstract":"Males often perform mate choice with the aim of maximizing reproductive success. To identify profitable mates, the males of some animals are known to use visual and chemical cues derived from females. In this study, we aimed to examine mate discrimination by male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) using chemical cues received from females under different reproductive statuses, i.e., virgin females, pregnant females, females after copulation with another male, and post-partum females. We conducted a dichotomous choice experiment for each combination of chemical stimuli from females under different reproductive statuses. In experiment 1, in which females were removed from water that was subsequently used as a chemical stimulus, male preferences did not differ significantly in all combinations of chemical stimuli from females under different reproductive statuses. However, in experiment 2, in which females remained within bottles containing the water used as a chemical stimulus, with the exception of one combination of chemical stimuli, significant differences in male preferences were detected for chemical stimuli derived from females under different reproductive statuses. Overall, males generally showed a preference for chemical stimulus received from females after copulation with other males. The findings of this study indicate that male guppies can discriminate the reproductive status of females based solely on chemical cues that may disappear or degenerate within a short period of time, thereby facilitating profitable mate choice.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 5","pages":"341-347"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41214590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visual Perception of Density and Density-Dependent Growth in Medaka (Oryzias latipes): A Suitable Model for Studying Density Effects in Fish. Medaka（Oryzias latipes）密度和密度依赖性生长的视觉感知：研究鱼类密度效应的合适模型。

IF 0.9 4区生物学

Zoological Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs230018

Kouyou Fujishiro, Hiroshi Miyanishi

{"title":"Visual Perception of Density and Density-Dependent Growth in Medaka (Oryzias latipes): A Suitable Model for Studying Density Effects in Fish.","authors":"Kouyou Fujishiro, Hiroshi Miyanishi","doi":"10.2108/zs230018","DOIUrl":"10.2108/zs230018","url":null,"abstract":"High stocking densities have negative effects on fish. However, the mechanism mediating density perception and growth inhibition is still unknown. This study was conducted to confirm the occurrence of growth inhibition and evaluate changes in growth-related factors in fish reared under high-stocking-density conditions and to determine the role of vision in density perception of medaka. In the graduated-stocking experiment, growth inhibition was clearly observed in fish reared at higher densities, although environmental factors, such as water quality, dissolved oxygen, and feeding conditions, were the same in each experimental group. Differences in growth were observed between the 6-fish and 8-fish groups, indicating that medaka have a superior sense that allows them to accurately perceive the number of individuals in their surroundings. In the pseudo-high stocking experiment, the inner 2-L tank in both groups contained six fish; however, the outer 3-L tank in the pseudo group contained several fish, while that of the control group contained only water. Growth inhibition was observed among the fish in the inner tank of the pseudo group despite having similar spatial density with the control group. These findings suggest that vision is important for density perception. The gene expression of growth-related and metabolic-regulatory hormones decreased in the high-density group. Furthermore, neuropeptide Y expression increased, while pro-opiomelanocortin expression decreased in the high-density group. This study is the first to report that fish can visually perceive density and the resulting growth inhibition, and concluded that medaka is a suitable model for studying density effects and perception in fish.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 5","pages":"404-413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41214592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Expression Level Changes in Serotonin Transporter are Associated with Food Deprivation in the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 血清素转运蛋白表达水平的变化与池塘蜗牛的食物剥夺有关。

IF 0.9 4区生物学

Zoological Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs230027

Nozomi Chikamoto, Kanta Fujimoto, Junko Nakai, Yuki Totani, Dai Hatakeyama, Etsuro Ito

{"title":"Expression Level Changes in Serotonin Transporter are Associated with Food Deprivation in the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.","authors":"Nozomi Chikamoto, Kanta Fujimoto, Junko Nakai, Yuki Totani, Dai Hatakeyama, Etsuro Ito","doi":"10.2108/zs230027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs230027","url":null,"abstract":"In the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in feeding behavior and its associated learning (e.g., conditioned taste aversion: CTA). The 5-HT content in the central nervous system (CNS) fluctuates with changes in the nutritional status, but it is also expected to be influenced by changes in the serotonin transporter (SERT) expression level. In the present study, we identified SERT in Lymnaea and observed its localization in 5-HTergic neurons, including the cerebral giant cells (CGCs) in the cerebral ganglia and the pedal A cluster neurons and right and left pedal dorsal 1 neurons in the pedal ganglia by in situ hybridization. Real-time PCR revealed that the SERT mRNA expression level was lower under severe food deprivation than under mild food deprivation in the whole CNS as well as in a single CGC. These results inversely correlated with previous data that the 5-HT content in the CNS was higher in the severely food-deprived state than in the mildly food-deprived state. Furthermore, in single CGCs, we observed that the 5-HT level was significantly increased in the severely food-deprived state compared with the mildly food-deprived state. Our present findings suggest that changes in the SERT expression level associated with food deprivation may affect 5-HT signaling, probably contributing to learning and memory mechanisms in Lymnaea.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 5","pages":"382-389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41214587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Description of a New Species of Hua (Gastropoda: Semisulcospiridae) from Guizhou, China, Based on Morphology and Molecular Evidence. 贵州华属一新种记述（腹足目：半沟螺科）——基于形态学和分子证据。

IF 0.9 4区生物学

Zoological Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs230025

Hui Chen, Bo-Yang Shi, Li-Na Du, Hong-Ying Sun

引用次数: 0

Sacculina-Induced Morphological Feminization in the Grapsid Crab Pachygrapsus crassipes. 囊状体诱导厚鳍肉蟹形态雌性化。

IF 0.9 4区生物学

Zoological Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs230022

Kenji Toyota, Takehiro Ito, Kaito Morishima, Retsu Hanazaki, Tsuyoshi Ohira

{"title":"Sacculina-Induced Morphological Feminization in the Grapsid Crab Pachygrapsus crassipes.","authors":"Kenji Toyota, Takehiro Ito, Kaito Morishima, Retsu Hanazaki, Tsuyoshi Ohira","doi":"10.2108/zs230022","DOIUrl":"10.2108/zs230022","url":null,"abstract":"Rhizocephalan barnacles (Thecostraca: Cirripedia) are parasitic crustaceans that lack appendages, segmentation, and a digestive system in adults, while instead infiltrating their hosts with a nutrient-absorbing system of rootlets. Sacculinids, belonging to the Rhizocephala order, are known for their various parasitization-induced effects on their decapod hosts, such as parasitic castration, reduction in the growth of secondary sexual characteristics, feminization of male crabs, and alteration of host behavior. In this study, we conducted field surveys in Japan at Manazuru Town (Kanagawa) on the Pacific coast, and on Sado Island and Noto Peninsula on the Sea of Japan side, and found that sacculinid-parasite-ratios on the grapsid crab Pachygrapsus crassipes were particularly high on the Sea of Japan coast. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Manazuru population forms a single clade with Sacculina yatsui, and both Sado and Noto populations form a single clade with S. confragosa. We further demonstrated that external morphologies of male P. crassipes parasitized by sacculinids were changed to female phenotypes. This host-parasite interaction will be a useful model for understanding molecular mechanisms underlying rhizocephalan-driven morphological and behavioral feminization and castration.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 5","pages":"367-374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41214585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Live Freshwater Parasite, Salmincola californiensis (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae), on the Gills of an Ocean-Migrating Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Discussion on the Origin and Survival of the Parasite at Sea. 加利福尼亚Salmincola californiensis淡水活寄生虫（桡足目：Lernaeopodae）在海洋迁徙钢头鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）鳃上的分布及对海洋寄生虫起源和生存的讨论。

IF 0.9 4区生物学

Zoological Science Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.2108/zs230031

Kazuya Nagasawa

{"title":"Live Freshwater Parasite, Salmincola californiensis (Copepoda: Lernaeopodidae), on the Gills of an Ocean-Migrating Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Discussion on the Origin and Survival of the Parasite at Sea.","authors":"Kazuya Nagasawa","doi":"10.2108/zs230031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs230031","url":null,"abstract":"Salmincola californiensis is a parasitic copepod of freshwater salmonids in the North Pacific rim countries. Sixteen adult females of the species were found alive on the gills of an ocean-age 4, maturing steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, caught in offshore waters (50°30'N, 179°30'W) of the North Pacific Ocean in July 1997. This is the first evidence of live individuals of S. californiensis from ocean-migrating salmonids. When found, copepods were attached to the distal ends of gill filaments, and their bodies were observed to be slowly moving in Petri dishes with seawater. Ocean-migrating steelhead trout comprise individuals originating from western Kamchatka (Russia) and western North America. Based on the date and catch location of the infected fish, it is inferred that it originated from western North America, where it acquired S. californiensis infection in fresh water. As this fish spent about 4 years in the ocean, the copepods likely survived the same period at sea. However, if the fish was a kelt, the survival period of the copepods in the ocean may be shorter than four years. To confirm identification of the copepods, adult females of S. californiensis are briefly described using the specimens collected from the fish.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"40 5","pages":"360-366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41214589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ovarian Follicle Development in Ascidians 海鞘动物卵巢卵泡发育

4区生物学

Zoological Science Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.2108/zs230054

Honoo Satake, Tsuyoshi Kawada, Tomohiro Osugi, Tsubasa Sakai, Akira Shiraishi, Tatsuya Yamamoto, Shin Matsubara

{"title":"Ovarian Follicle Development in Ascidians","authors":"Honoo Satake, Tsuyoshi Kawada, Tomohiro Osugi, Tsubasa Sakai, Akira Shiraishi, Tatsuya Yamamoto, Shin Matsubara","doi":"10.2108/zs230054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs230054","url":null,"abstract":"Ovarian follicle development is an essential process for continuation of sexually reproductive animals, and is controlled by a wide variety of regulatory factors such as neuropeptides and peptide hormones in the endocrine, neuroendocrine, and nervous systems. Moreover, while some molecular mechanisms underlying follicle development are conserved, others vary among species. Consequently, follicle development processes are closely related to the evolution and diversity of species. Ciona intestinalis type A (Ciona rubusta) is a cosmopolitan species of ascidians, which are the closest relative of vertebrates. However, unlike vertebrates, ascidians are not endowed with the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis involving pituitary gonadotropins and sexual steroids. Combined with the phylogenetic position of ascidians as the closest relative of vertebrates, such morphological and endocrine features suggest that ascidians possess both common and species-specific regulatory mechanisms in follicle development. To date, several neuropeptides have been shown to participate in the growth of vitellogenic follicles, oocyte maturation of postvitellogenic follicles, and ovulation of fully mature follicles in a developmental stage-specific fashion. Furthermore, recent studies have shed light on the evolutionary processes of follicle development throughout chordates. In this review, we provide an overview of the neuropeptidergic molecular mechanism in the premature follicle growth, oocyte maturation, and ovulation in Ciona, and comparative views of the follicle development processes of mammals and teleosts.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135352799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Association of Aquaporin 7 and 9 with Obesity and Fatty Liver in db/db Mice 水通道蛋白7和9与db/db小鼠肥胖和脂肪肝的关系

4区生物学

Zoological Science Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.2108/zs230037

Satoshi Hirako, Yoshihiro Wakayama, Hyounju Kim, Yuzuru Iizuka, Nobuhiro Wada, Naoko Kaibara, Mai Okabe, Satoru Arata, Akiyo Matsumoto

{"title":"Association of Aquaporin 7 and 9 with Obesity and Fatty Liver in db/db Mice","authors":"Satoshi Hirako, Yoshihiro Wakayama, Hyounju Kim, Yuzuru Iizuka, Nobuhiro Wada, Naoko Kaibara, Mai Okabe, Satoru Arata, Akiyo Matsumoto","doi":"10.2108/zs230037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs230037","url":null,"abstract":"Aquaporin (AQP) 7 and AQP9 are membrane channel proteins called aquaglyceroporins and are related to glucose and lipid metabolism. AQP7 is mainly expressed in white adipose tissue (WAT) and is involved in releasing glycerol into the bloodstream. AQP9 is the glycerol channel in the liver that supplies glycerol to the hepatic cells. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the expression of aquaglyceroporins and lifestyle-related diseases, such as obesity and fatty liver, using 22-week-old db/db mice. Body weight, WAT, and liver weight showed increases in db/db mice. The levels of liver lipids, plasma lipids, insulin, and leptin were also increased in db/db mice. Gene expression related to fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in the liver was enhanced in db/db mice. In addition, gene and protein expression of gluconeogenesis-related enzymes was increased. Conversely, lipolysis-related gene expression in WAT was reduced. In the db/db mice, AQP9 expression in the liver was raised; however, AQP7 expression in WAT was reduced. These results suggest that in db/db mice, enhanced hepatic AQP9 expression increased the supply of glycerol to the liver and induced fatty liver and hyperglycemia. Additionally, reduced AQP7 expression in WAT is associated with excessive lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Aquaglyceroporins are essential molecules for glucose and lipid metabolism, and may be potential target molecules for the treatment of obesity and lifestyle-related diseases.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135352958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Occurrence of Cruzia tentaculata Larvae in the Land Snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus—Influence of Natural Parasite Load on Snail Physiology 触手锥虫幼虫在地螺体内的发生——自然寄生量对蜗牛生理的影响

4区生物学

Zoological Science Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.2108/zs230047

Clivia Valle Machado, Marcia B. Mentz, Sara Hartke, Denise M. Zancan

{"title":"Occurrence of Cruzia tentaculata Larvae in the Land Snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus—Influence of Natural Parasite Load on Snail Physiology","authors":"Clivia Valle Machado, Marcia B. Mentz, Sara Hartke, Denise M. Zancan","doi":"10.2108/zs230047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2108/zs230047","url":null,"abstract":"The nematode Cruzia tentaculata is reported here for the first time in the land snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus in southern Brazil. The snails were infected with a high prevalence of larvae up to the L3 stage (68.6%). Cysts were located mainly in the mantle (pulmonary cavity) and the nerve ring. No other helminths were identified in the collected snails. Some physiological aspects were compared between snails infected with L3 larvae and non-infected snails and among infected animals with different parasite loads. No differences were found in hemolymph protein, glucose, or urea content between L3-infected and non-infected snails, nor among animals with different parasite loads. Discontinuous lesions in the rectum associated with the presence of encapsulated larvae were visible in animals with high parasite loads and were more frequent in adult animals. All analyses were carried out during the breeding season; however, the albumen glands of mature snails had a smaller volume in those with higher parasite loads. Ovotestis weight was also significantly negatively correlated with parasite load. Snail reproductive capacity could, therefore, be partially impaired but only for individuals with higher parasite loads. Considering only the measured parameters, natural infection by C. tentaculata does not appear to affect intermediary metabolism of M. abbreviatus. A greater number of larvae and greater severity of tissue injuries are more frequently observed in older snails.","PeriodicalId":24040,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135352957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0