Acta Materialia最新文献

{"title":"Microstructural control across multiple length scales in additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V via cyclic heat treatments","authors":"Sahil Dhiman ,&nbsp;Milan Brandt ,&nbsp;Daniel Fabijanic ,&nbsp;Viswanath Chinthapenta ,&nbsp;Wei Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ti-6Al-4V is a premier titanium alloy widely used across various industrial sectors, thanks to its versatile properties arising from diverse microstructures tailorable via thermomechanical processing (TMP). In contrast, Ti-6Al-4V made by laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing (AM) lacks the same microstructural diversity and precise in-process microstructural control, primarily due to rapid thermal cycling inherent to LPBF. In the as-built state, the microstructure predominantly comprises acicular α′ martensites within columnar prior-β grains, which often fails to achieve mechanical properties comparable to those obtained through TMP. This necessitates the use of post-heat treatments as a critical step to ensure superior and reliable mechanical performance. The present study explores cyclic heat treatment (CHT) as an effective strategy for AM-specific microstructural control across multiple length scales, including prior-β grains, primary α, and secondary α. By varying peak temperature, number of cycles, and cooling rate, the initial microstructure dominated by α′ martensite in columnar prior-β grains rapidly evolves into diverse microstructures comparable to those achieved via TMP. These include lamellar α+β in equiaxed prior-β grains, globular α in near-equiaxed prior-β grains, and bimodal microstructure comprising a mixture of globular α and lamellar α+β/acicular α′. The accelerated microstructural evolution driven by the repetitive α↔β phase transformations induced by CHT facilitates processes like epitaxial recrystallisation and α globularisation. The developed CHT protocol provides a framework for microstructural engineering, enabling mechanical property optimisation and supporting broader industrial adoption of LPBF Ti-6Al-4V.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":238,"journal":{"name":"Acta Materialia","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 121372"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144693608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving creep properties of IN718/316LN transient liquid phase bonding joints by controlling evolution of precipitate phases","authors":"Miao Yang ,&nbsp;Teng Zhang ,&nbsp;Ran Ding ,&nbsp;Tianyu Du ,&nbsp;Qianying Guo ,&nbsp;Feng Ma ,&nbsp;Guowei Qi ,&nbsp;Zhengang Guo ,&nbsp;Qianying Guo ,&nbsp;Chenxi Liu ,&nbsp;Yongchang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121356","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121356","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A long-term post-bonded homogenization treatment (PBHT) was designed to improve the creep properties of IN718/BNi-2/316LN transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding joints. Compared to conventional PBHT, creep life improved more than tenfold at 650 °C and 150 MPa. Long-term PBHT inhibits cavities nucleation and growth by controlling precipitate evolution, effectively delaying creep rupture and reducing strain rate, as revealed by microstructural analysis and density functional theory (DFT). The segregation of Nb, Mo, and Si at the grain boundary, combined with the reduced nucleation energy barrier of Nb₃Si, facilitates its nucleation. Nb₃Si phase can modify the creep cavities shape factor, increase the cavities nucleation energy barrier, and reduce the cavities nucleation rate, thus delaying cavities formation. Additionally, high vacancy formation energy and interfacial adhesion work at the Nb₃Si/Ni interface further hinder the cavities nucleation. A kinetics model for creep cavities evolution is proposed based on the coordinative evolution between precipitates and cavities. This model can quantitatively describe the growth and coalescence of creep cavities and predict the creep rupture time accurately based on the dynamic evolution of intergranular precipitate phases. These findings provide insights into improving the creep properties of joints and heterogeneous materials, where creep cavities nucleate around precipitates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":238,"journal":{"name":"Acta Materialia","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 121356"},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144693609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling the evolution of slip localization: Realization of link to material strength","authors":"Behnam Ahmadikia, Chris Bean, Jean-Charles Stinville, Tresa M. Pollock, Irene J. Beyerlein","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121314","url":null,"abstract":"Slip localization formation is the chief mechanism underlying the deformation of nearly all metals, from pure elements to high-performance superalloys. The intensity of individual slip localizations is often related to the ultimate strain level for failure but not to the strength of the metal. Here we show that across 15 distinct metals, the intensity of slip in individual slip localizations and slip localization spacings are strongly related to material yield strength. Using a three-dimensional crystal plasticity-based micromechanical model that explicitly simulates the growth of discrete slip localizations, we reveal that the stronger the metal, the faster and earlier slip localizations intensify. The relationship is attributed to the formation of a zone that surrounds the slip localization where the driving force for slip is absent. We find that the zone size is controlled by the strength of the neighboring crystal. Consequently, as strength increases, slip becomes increasingly preferred within the slip localization itself and formation of other slip localizations becomes more likely further away.","PeriodicalId":238,"journal":{"name":"Acta Materialia","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144693674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lattice distortions and non-sluggish diffusion in BCC refractory high entropy alloys","authors":"Jingfeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiang Xu ,&nbsp;Fritz Körmann ,&nbsp;Wen Yin ,&nbsp;Xi Zhang ,&nbsp;Christian Gadelmeier ,&nbsp;Uwe Glatzel ,&nbsp;Blazej Grabowski ,&nbsp;Runxia Li ,&nbsp;Gang Liu ,&nbsp;Biao Wang ,&nbsp;Gerhard Wilde ,&nbsp;Sergiy V. Divinski","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121283","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121283","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) have emerged as promising candidates for extreme high-temperature applications, for example, in next-generation turbines and nuclear reactors. In such applications, atomic diffusion critically governs essential properties including creep resistance and microstructural stability. The present study systematically investigates impurity diffusion of Co, Mn, and Zn in single phase (BCC solid solution) HfTiZrNbTa and HfTiZrNbV RHEAs applying the radiotracer technique. A neutron total scattering technique is used to evaluate the pair distribution functions and element-specific lattice distortions in these alloys. <em>Ab initio</em>-based calculations give access to lattice distortions and solubilities of the impurities under investigation, including the impact of short-range order. The diffusion results are discussed in relation to calculated substitutional and interstitial solution energies, local lattice distortions, and short-range order effects. Co diffusion is found to be dominated by the interstitial mechanism, exhibiting fast diffusion. These findings reveal important structure–property relationships between local atomic environments and diffusion kinetics in BCC RHEAs, providing critical insights for designing alloys with enhanced high-temperature performance through targeted control of impurity diffusion processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":238,"journal":{"name":"Acta Materialia","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 121283"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144693673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-alloying-driven transformation mechanisms of T1p to T1 in Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag alloys","authors":"Lipeng Ding ,&nbsp;Flemming J.H. Ehlers ,&nbsp;Qingbo Yang ,&nbsp;Yaoyao Weng ,&nbsp;Suya Liu ,&nbsp;Chenglin Wang ,&nbsp;Qing Liu ,&nbsp;Zhihong Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an atomistic experimental and theoretical investigation into the different stages of evolution from the early T_1p phase to fully matured T₁ in an Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag alloy, with the central aim of clarifying the role of the micro-alloying elements Mg and Ag in the T_1p → T₁ transformation. In addition to the heterogeneous nucleation of the T₁ precipitate on pre-existing dislocations, the present work provides direct experimental support for homogeneous T_1p nucleation, with transformation into T₁ proceeding via a distinct pathway involving nucleation of dislocation loops or antiparallel pairs within T_1p, independent of pre-existing dislocations. Contrasting earlier conclusions, the T_1p → T₁ transformation is found to initiate with an atomic rearrangement within the T_1p Al-Cu layers into Kagomé nets (“Al-Cu layer reorientation”), with Shockley partial dislocations (SPDs) activation and passage following only after this point. This structural transformation order is explained by the Kagomé nets introducing structural geometries promoting the SPD activation. Li and Mg at the interface are identified as primary contributors to the SPD passage-induced transformation driving force. Ag complements this process indirectly by facilitating Li incorporation. The final stages of transformation are diffusion-limited, with Cu and Li incorporation representing the slowest step. These results substantiate atomistically the role of the micro-alloying elements Mg and Ag in homogeneous T_1p nucleation and transformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":238,"journal":{"name":"Acta Materialia","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 121371"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144684587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystal plasticity parameter identification via statistical relevant micropillar compression","authors":"Niklas C. Fehlemann ,&nbsp;Angelica Medina ,&nbsp;Subin Lee ,&nbsp;Christoph Kirchlechner ,&nbsp;Sebastian Münstermann","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to predict ductile damage initiation at the microstructure level, especially for multi-phase materials, it is essential to have high-fidelity crystal plasticity parameters. They need to accurately represent the evolving phase contrast, which implies that the initial phase contrast and the individual strain hardening of the phases has to be mapped precisely. This paper presents a methodology for calibrating the parameters of a phenomenological crystal plasticity model for a DP800 steel based on the critical resolved shear stress from <em>in situ</em> micropillar compression tests taken out of macroscopic tensile tests at various prestrain levels. Furthermore, the influence of mechanical size effects was incorporated through the inclusion of statistical relevant micropillar compression tests of varying prestrains and dimensions. The data were used to calibrate a model, which successfully predicted the homogenized macroscopic stress–strain curve from uniaxial tensile tests with a mean absolute error of only <span><math><mrow><mn>20</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>7</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>7</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>MPa</mi></mrow></math></span> and a mean absolute percentage error of 3.3%. Furthermore, it was shown that the influence of the strain hardening of the martensite can be neglected under certain conditions, especially when predicting the homogenized stress response for low strains. This result demonstrates the importance of high-fidelity parameter calibration for damage prediction, when compared to a synthetic parameter set, which leads to a different stress and strain partitioning for the same homogenized stress–strain curve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":238,"journal":{"name":"Acta Materialia","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 121321"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144679644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creep-induced microstructures in Zircaloy-4: Comparing thermal and irradiation creep","authors":"Ronit Roy ,&nbsp;Fei Long ,&nbsp;Brodie Moore ,&nbsp;Mark R. Daymond","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Irradiation creep is one of the most critical deformation mechanisms observed in nuclear reactor components, which results in a significant shape change during the service period. In irradiation creep, the magnitude of the shape change is typically significantly higher than under thermal creep under comparable stresses and temperatures. Hence, it is essential to consider the effect of irradiation creep for the safe and economical operation of nuclear reactors. Although numerous works have been conducted to understand the irradiation creep behaviour, many aspects are still not fully understood. The present study explores the irradiation creep behaviour using a multiscale characterization approach by combining high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The microstructure that has evolved during irradiation creep is compared with two thermal creep examples, with our analysis considering the residual elastic strains, GND densities, and dislocation (also irradiation defect) microstructures. It is observed that the irradiation creep is driven by both diffusion- and dislocation-based mechanisms, with a significant diffusion creep component, owing to the radiation-enhanced diffusion rate and the abundant number of point defects produced during irradiation. On pyramidal traces, numerous localized concentrations are observed in GND density and residual strain maps, resulting from the cross-slip of dislocations and the remanent debris accumulated through the process. 3D tomography analysis further reveals the dislocation creep mechanism in Zr alloys, where 〈a〉 dislocations emerge as small dislocation loops on pyramidal planes and multiply through cross-slip.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":238,"journal":{"name":"Acta Materialia","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 121370"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144685079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black dot defects as drivers of microstructural evolution in alpha-iron under irradiation","authors":"Long Guo ,&nbsp;Beibei Liu ,&nbsp;Jie Gao ,&nbsp;Fei Gao ,&nbsp;Huiqiu Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121316","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121316","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the role of black dot defects in the radiation-induced microstructural evolution of alpha-iron by combining density functional theory, molecular dynamics simulations, and a cluster dynamics model. The model incorporates the temperature-dependent stability and free energy of C15 clusters, defect transformations, and the effects of stress fields on defect interactions. The results replicate the experimental dominance of <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mrow><mo>〈</mo><mn>111</mn><mo>〉</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span> dislocation loops at 300 °C and predict a high density of black dot defects, which are often overlooked in experiments. A defect density progression mechanism is identified, where defect density transfers from small black dot defects to larger loops during irradiation. The study reveals that the dominance of <span><math><mrow><mo>〈</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>〉</mo></mrow></math></span> loops at high temperature is driven by black dot defect stability and long-term dynamics. Additionally, it highlights the role of dislocation networks in stabilizing <span><math><mrow><mo>〈</mo><mn>100</mn><mo>〉</mo></mrow></math></span> dislocation loops under high-dose irradiation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":238,"journal":{"name":"Acta Materialia","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 121316"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient stainless steel-based bifunctional water electrolysis electrode: Activating the OPM mechanism in OER and enhancing HER performance","authors":"Chengzhen Hou ,&nbsp;Lu Xue ,&nbsp;Lingyan Zhou ,&nbsp;Chao Chen ,&nbsp;Xuewei Lv ,&nbsp;Jie Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121361","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121361","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-cost, resource-rich and efficient bifunctional catalysts play a crucial role in advancing hydrogen production and its applications. In this study, based on inexpensive and readily available stainless steel materials, we designed and synthesized an efficient and cost-effective stainless steel-based bifunctional water electrolysis electrode (Ru-PSS) through a coupling interface and doping strategy. Specifically, at a current density of 500 mA∙cm^-2, the electrode exhibited a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) overpotential of just 248 mV and an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential of only 353 mV. Notably, a symmetrical anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyser assembled with Ru-PSS electrodes can achieve an industrial high current density of 500 mA∙cm^-2 at a low voltage of only 1.82 V. In situ electrochemical Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) experiments further indicate that the electrode involves the adsorption evolution mechanism (AEM) and oxide pathway mechanism (OPM), both of which jointly promote oxygen evolution reaction. Comprehensive material characterization and density-functional theory (DFT) indicate that in situ phosphorylation synthesizes heterostructures (FeP₄/Ni₂P) on the stainless steel surface, providing abundant active sites for catalytic reactions. Subsequently, trace Ru doping (Ru-FeP₄/Ni₂P) not only significantly improves the HER performance by optimizing the free energy of hydrogen adsorption (ΔG_H*), but also activates a more catalytically active OPM reaction mechanism by modulating the electronic structure. This study provides innovative design ideas and theoretical guidance for the development of highly efficient and stable new steel-based catalysts for water electrolysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":238,"journal":{"name":"Acta Materialia","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 121361"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinked basal dislocation loops for anomalous annealing hardening in irradiated zirconium","authors":"Si-Mian Liu, Shi-Hao Zhang, Hiroaki Abe, Shigenobu Ogata, Wei-Zhong Han","doi":"10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121366","url":null,"abstract":"Annealing is a traditional pathway to mitigate irradiation hardening in metals, while an anomalous annealing hardening is widely observed in neutron-irradiated zirconium (Zr), which is counterintuitive and intriguing, and affects the performance of Zr components in nuclear reactors. Here, we report that the anomalous annealing hardening in irradiated Zr originates from thermally activated formation of three-dimensional kinked &lt;c&gt; dislocation loops. Through concurrent in-situ heating experiments inside a transmission electron microscope, we demonstrate that irradiation-induced planar &lt;c&gt; dislocation loops progressively merge into zigzag-shape kinked configurations between 400°C -500°C. Atomistic simulations reveal that partial dislocations generated by the dissociation of 1/6&lt;2<span><span style=\"\"></span><span data-mathml='&lt;math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"&gt;&lt;mover accent=\"true\" is=\"true\"&gt;&lt;mn is=\"true\"&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;&lt;mo is=\"true\"&gt;&amp;#xAF;&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mover&gt;&lt;/math&gt;' role=\"presentation\" style=\"font-size: 90%; display: inline-block; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" height=\"2.202ex\" role=\"img\" style=\"vertical-align: -0.235ex;\" viewbox=\"0 -846.5 570.5 947.9\" width=\"1.325ex\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g fill=\"currentColor\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"0\" transform=\"matrix(1 0 0 -1 0 0)\"><g is=\"true\"><g is=\"true\" transform=\"translate(35,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#MJMAIN-32\"></use></g><g is=\"true\" transform=\"translate(0,198)\"><use x=\"-70\" xlink:href=\"#MJMAIN-AF\" y=\"0\"></use><use x=\"70\" xlink:href=\"#MJMAIN-AF\" y=\"0\"></use></g></g></g></svg><span role=\"presentation\"><math xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><mover accent=\"true\" is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">2</mn><mo is=\"true\">¯</mo></mover></math></span></span><script type=\"math/mml\"><math><mover accent=\"true\" is=\"true\"><mn is=\"true\">2</mn><mo is=\"true\">¯</mo></mover></math></script></span>03&gt; loops glide on pyramidal planes driven by the inter-loop attraction forces, ultimately forming kinked steps. These three-dimensional kinked &lt;c&gt; loops act as strong obstacles for prismatic &lt;a&gt; dislocations, leading to a pronounced hardening. This discovery provides a universal framework for understanding the annealing-induced hardening in hexagonal close-packed metals.","PeriodicalId":238,"journal":{"name":"Acta Materialia","volume":"659 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144664365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}