Xenotransplantation最新文献

{"title":"Cellular Dynamics of Transgenic Porcine Endothelial Cells to Inflammatory Stimuli in Xenotransplantation Settings.","authors":"Mitra Gultom, Nina Thomi, Kassandra Teixeira-Riberio, Jane Shaw, Alain Despont, Nikolai Klymiuk, Elisabeth Kemter, Eckhard Wolf, Robert Rieben","doi":"10.1111/xen.70149","DOIUrl":"10.1111/xen.70149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory responses have been shown to contribute significantly to the rejection of grafts in both allo- and xenotransplantation. In particular, they play a pivotal role in promoting endothelial activation, complement deposition, and thrombosis, thereby compromising the graft function. In this study, we investigated the molecular and functional properties of genetically modified porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) that carry a knockout of α1,3-galactosyltransferase and express human CD46 and thrombomodulin (3GM) in xenogeneic and inflammatory environments. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that these genetic modifications effectively reduced the intrinsic inflammatory and procoagulant phenotype of 3GM PAECs. Under xenogeneic activation, 3GM PAECs also exhibited minimal cellular responses distinct from those of wild-type (WT) PAECs, along with robust protection from the activation of the complement and coagulation systems. However, under inflammatory conditions, 3GM and WT PAECs showed more aligned transcriptional and functional profiles characterized by pronounced upregulation of proinflammatory and prothrombotic pathways, increased complement deposition, and a shift toward a more procoagulant state. This loss of protection during inflammatory conditions was associated with the induction of inflammatory and procoagulant mediators, including PAI-1 and uPAR, despite stable transgene expression. Collectively, these insights enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between inflammation, complement, coagulation, and immune regulation in xenotransplantation. Our findings further emphasize the importance of incorporating both genetic and pharmacologic strategies targeting inflammatory pathways to enhance graft compatibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":23866,"journal":{"name":"Xenotransplantation","volume":"33 4","pages":"e70149"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13310968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148346017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xenotransplantation Literature Update: January-June 2026.","authors":"Kasra Shirini, Joseph M Ladowski, Niket Harsh, Raphael P H Meier","doi":"10.1111/xen.70160","DOIUrl":"10.1111/xen.70160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the first half of 2026, xenotransplantation advanced through refinement rather than dramatic new clinical milestones. Clinical studies described graft physiology, immune infiltration, complement activation, coagulation incompatibility, and early function in living recipients, decedent models, and clinical islet xenotransplantation, including the first orthotopic multi-organ decedent xenotransplantation model. Additional preclinical studies in pigs and nonhuman primates on kidney, heart, islets, and blood product models used more advanced engineering of donor organs, including up to ten genetic edits. They identified persistent issues such as thrombotic microangiopathy, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system dysregulation, and hemolysis-induced ferroptosis. Translational advances in xenotransplantation included the Banff guidelines for xenograft pathology, detection of cell-free DNA derived from the donor, complement, better histocompatibility tests, improved immunosuppressive approaches, and biosafety considerations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23866,"journal":{"name":"Xenotransplantation","volume":"33 4","pages":"e70160"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13459524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148707581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public-Facing Media Characterizations of Contemporary First-in-Human Xenotransplants in the United States: A Qualitative Content Analysis.","authors":"Jordan Liebman, Amanda Zink, Tia Ketsan, Samantha Klitenic, Luz A Padilla, Sylvia Rosas, Bonnie Venter, Brendan Parent, Laura L Kimberly","doi":"10.1111/xen.70151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/xen.70151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Media messaging offers insight into the informational context that may shape the public's acceptance of xenotransplantation (XTx). The purpose of this study was to characterize the media's portrayal of the initiation of contemporary in-human XTx and assess both the accuracy and the ethical valence of XTx messaging.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study employed a summative qualitative content analysis of online print media coverage of the first contemporary experimental pig-to-human transplants in the United States. A comprehensive search of the 50 most-trafficked online news sources in the US was conducted for print articles pertaining to XTx published between July 13, 2021 and July 13, 2022. All articles in the sample were coded using qualitative data analysis software. Using a combined deductive and inductive approach to analysis, codes were grouped into topical categories representing patterns of meaning and subsequently interpreted into overarching themes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search yielded 208 unique print-based articles. The top five most prevalent codes were \"genetically modified,\" \"reference to animal organ,\" \"XTx rejection possibility,\" \"novelty of the procedure,\" and \"XTx as a 'success'/extending life.\" Code patterns were interpreted into the following overarching themes: (1) value judgments about XTx, (2) justifications for XTx, and (3) emphasis on technical details.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results suggest that media reporting on XTx during this time period frequently employed incomplete and hyperbolic narratives to support and justify XTx. As the field of XTx evolves with the initiation of human clinical trials, efforts to communicate accurate, balanced information to the general public should be prioritized.</p>","PeriodicalId":23866,"journal":{"name":"Xenotransplantation","volume":"33 4","pages":"e70151"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148398061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noninvasive Monitoring of Complement Using the Bioluminescent Modified Ham Assay in the Second Porcine-to-Human Live Heart Transplant.","authors":"Michael A Cole, Andy Tully, Javier Galindo, Avneesh K Singh, Meryl Waldman, Janhavi Athale, Idris Boudhabhay, Erwan Morgand, Fariza Mezine, Valentin Goutaudier, Aurélie Sannier, Brad Lewis, Jamey Kain, Mike Ero, Lubka Roumenina, Patrick Bruneval, Robert Christenson, Lo Tamburro, Alan Burke, Cinthia Drachenburg, Alexandre Loupy, David Ayares, Robert A Brodsky, Bartley P Griffith, Muhammad M Mohiuddin, Alison Grazioli","doi":"10.1111/xen.70143","DOIUrl":"10.1111/xen.70143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Complement activation is a major barrier to xenotransplantation. We report detailed complement monitoring in a 58-year-old man who received a 10 gene-edited porcine heart expressing human complement regulators CD46 and CD55. Despite these transgenes and prophylactic systemic complement inhibition with C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH), early surveillance biopsy on post-operative day (POD) 13 showed significant histologic evidence of complement deposition with C3d and C4d within capillaries and endothelial activation. In light of these findings, treatment was escalated to terminal complement inhibition using eculizumab. Post-operative complement activity was assessed via immunohistochemistry and dynamic ex vivo serum assays, including a novel bioluminescent modified Ham (bmHam) assay. Following eculizumab initiation, serum sC5b-9 dropped to undetectable levels, and bmHam cytotoxicity decreased significantly, confirming terminal pathway inhibition. Dilutional bmHam assays further demonstrated stronger complement blockade with eculizumab than with C1INH. However, repeat transplant biopsy on POD 30 biopsy showed persistence of anti-C4d+ and anti-C3c+ staining, and increased C5b-9 compared to POD13. This breakthrough was identified by the dilutional bmHam but was not detected by changes in CH50 or sC5b-9. These findings highlight the potential need for early terminal complement inhibition and integrated functional monitoring as critical components of xenotransplant management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23866,"journal":{"name":"Xenotransplantation","volume":"33 3","pages":"e70143"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148035902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Brain-Dead Recipient Model in Solid Organ Xenotransplantation: A Scoping Review of Technical and Ethical Issues.","authors":"Zhiping Jin, Shu Yang, Masao Sasai, Yasumasa Tsukamoto, Yoichi Yamamoto","doi":"10.1111/xen.70145","DOIUrl":"10.1111/xen.70145","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Solid organ xenotransplantation using gene-edited porcine organs has emerged as a potential approach to address the global organ shortage. As preclinical animal models have demonstrated prolonged graft survival, research efforts have increasingly shifted toward clinical translation. In this context, the brain-dead recipient model has been explored as a complementary translational platform, while also raising important scientific, ethical, and regulatory questions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This scoping review followed the Arksey and O'Malley framework, with literature searches conducted on the Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and PubMed. Experimental studies involving the brain-dead recipient model in solid organ xenotransplantation, as well as commentary or perspective articles addressing related technical and ethical issues were included and synthesized.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-six publications were included, comprising 11 experimental studies and 15 commentary articles. The experimental studies reported 13 solid organ xenotransplantation cases in brain-dead recipients from the United States and China, involving kidney, heart, liver, and lung transplantation. Most studies showed good immediate graft function without hyperacute rejection. Commentary articles presented diverse perspectives, noting both translational potential and limitations related to study design, short observation periods, and ethical oversight, including informed consent.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The brain-dead recipient model occupies a limited but distinct position in xenotransplantation research, offering short-term translational insights while posing persistent ethical and regulatory challenges. Clarifying its context-dependent role, together with improved ethical oversight and regulatory guidance, will be essential for its responsible use and for sustaining public trust as the field moves toward clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":23866,"journal":{"name":"Xenotransplantation","volume":"33 3","pages":"e70145"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148057266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Views of Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients About Xenotransplantation in Türkiye: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Deniz Yavuz Baskiran, Berna Bayır, Halil İbrahim Bilkay, Sezai Yılmaz","doi":"10.1111/xen.70139","DOIUrl":"10.1111/xen.70139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this qualitative study is to demonstrate the views of patients who had undergone human-to-human liver transplantation towards xenotransplantation. The study included 20 patients who had experienced the transplant waiting process, transplantation surgery, and posttransplant period. The data were collected through in-depth interviews using a semi-structured interview form. The findings indicated that patients' views on xenotransplantation varied between positive, negative, and ambivalent attitudes. While some of the participants indicated that they could accept such transplantation as the last resort with a utilitarian approach that prioritised the maintenance of life, some of them adopted a cautious or negative attitude due to religious beliefs, ethical concerns, and distrust of the unknown. Lack of information came forth as a determinative factor in indecision and dilemma. The views were categorised under the themes of acceptance for sustaining life, religious beliefs and ethical values, seeking trust in the face of uncertainty, psychosocial domain, and perceived opportunities and challenges. Generally, it was concluded that patients' attitudes towards xenotransplantation were shaped within a conditional acceptance framework and the process should be evaluated multidimensionally.</p>","PeriodicalId":23866,"journal":{"name":"Xenotransplantation","volume":"33 3","pages":"e70139"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13162297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renal Arterial Resistive Index Identifies Thrombotic Microangiopathy After Kidney Xenotransplantation in Pig-to-Baboon Model.","authors":"Sho Fujiwara, M Esad Gunes, Dominik Hajosi, Fei Huang, Brittany Bhola, Olivia Sinn Kay Chan, Kyosuke Chinuki, David Berglund, Erik Berglund, Ibrahim Batal, David H Sachs, Megan Sykes, Greg Nowak","doi":"10.1111/xen.70138","DOIUrl":"10.1111/xen.70138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Renal resistive index (RRI), derived from Doppler ultrasound sonography (DUS), is widely utilized for monitoring in kidney allotransplantation. However, its applicability in kidney xenotransplantation (KXTx) has not been thoroughly investigated. This study assesses the potential of RRI as an early predictive indicator of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), a common diagnosis, often associated with graft loss in KXTx.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Five consecutive pig-to-baboon KXTx were included in this prospective study. The first three cases comprised the study group, while the subsequent two served as a validation group. Serial RRI measurements were performed and compared with histopathological findings from biopsies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline RRI values were significantly lower in the kidneys of naïve pigs compared to naïve baboons (median [IQR]: 0.597 [0.568-0.603] vs 0.640 [0.624-0.653], respectively; p < 0.02). In the study group, elevated RRIs were observed at the time when TMA was confirmed by biopsy (median [IQR]: 0.820 [0.696-0.883] vs 0.628 [0.575-0.717], respectively; p < 0.02). The provisional RRI cutoff value of 0.642 (ROC AUC = 0.857, p < 0.04) was predictive for TMA diagnosis, with a sensitivity of 1.000 and specificity of 0.667. In the validation group, RRI on POD 17 and 19 increased above 0.642, respectively, despite normal serum creatinine levels. Subsequent biopsies confirmed TMA on POD 21 and 22, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>RRI may be a sensitive method for the early detection of commonly diagnosed TMA in kidney xenografts, even when serum creatinine levels remain within normal ranges, indicating no apparent renal dysfunction. These results suggest that RRI may provide a valuable monitoring tool for KXTx.</p>","PeriodicalId":23866,"journal":{"name":"Xenotransplantation","volume":"33 3","pages":"e70138"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human or Not? An Experimental Investigation of Xenotransplantation Acceptability Across Donation Contexts.","authors":"Muskaan Pal, Oluwayomi Adegbaju, Leah McLaughlin, Richard Mills, Jane Noyes, Abiola Okubanjo, John Richardson, Lee Shepherd, Eamonn Ferguson","doi":"10.1111/xen.70140","DOIUrl":"10.1111/xen.70140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Xenotransplantation (XT) has recently been promoted as a potential solution to the organ shortage. While public attitudes toward XT have received increasing attention, little is known about people's XT attitudes when contextualized within the existing human organ supply (deceased, living, and research), and whether XT influences preferences regarding human organ donation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study examines (i) how donation context shapes XT attitudes, (ii) whether framing XT as an alternative acts as a decoy to increase support for human organ donation, and (iii) ethnic differences in XT attitudes in the UK. An online experiment (N = 3142: 1633 White, 600 Asian, 555 Black, 354 Mixed) employed a 3 (donation focus: deceased organ donation, living organ donation, or donating tissue for research) by 2 (XT decoy nudge: present, absent) between-subjects design.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Those exposed to the living donation condition and the XT-decoy were more likely to find XT morally justifiable and say that their trust in the NHS would not decline if pig organs were used as transplants. The XT-decoy did not influence support for human organ donation. UK Ethnic minorities strongly oppose XT but showed support for the NHS doing more to encourage human organ donation, particularly the Black community.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings show, for the first time, that presenting XT with living donation increased support for XT and reduced concerns that NHS trust would fall if XT were introduced. This has implications for future XT communications and underscores the need for public consultations tailored to ethnic minorities in the UK.</p>","PeriodicalId":23866,"journal":{"name":"Xenotransplantation","volume":"33 3","pages":"e70140"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147934035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis of Coagulation Dysregulation and Immune Pathway Alterations in 10-Gene Pig-to-Monkey Liver Xenotransplantation: A Case Report.","authors":"Wei Zhang, Rongrong Wang, Xuan Zhang, Zhiwei Li, Yinan Shen, Min Xu, Xin Duan, Ying Chen, Jie Xiang, Xiaoyuan Zhang, Yingjiqiong Liang, Huanglei Tang, Jinyan Huang, Shunliang Gao, Kaixiang Xu, Xueli Bai, Hongjiang Wei, Tingbo Liang","doi":"10.1111/xen.70132","DOIUrl":"10.1111/xen.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liver xenotransplantation has the potential to address the global shortage of donor organs; however, coagulation dysregulation remains a predominant barrier to long-term liver xenograft survival. In this study, orthotopic liver xenotransplantation was performed using a 10-gene-edited (GTKO/CMAHKO/β4GalNT2KO/hCD46/hCD55/hCD59/hTBM/hCD39/hEPCR/hCD47) porcine donor liver transplanted into a nonhuman primate recipient. Independent of graft function, which remained stable, an unexpected interruption of the oxygen supply on POD 3 triggered a terminal event, leading to death on POD 4. Despite technical success, rapid consumptive coagulopathy developed within 24 h, characterized by severe thrombocytopenia, fibrinogen depletion, and prolongation of coagulation times. Declining plasma von Willebrand factor activity (vWF) and reduced graft vWF expression accompanied these changes. Integrated longitudinal hematologic monitoring, histopathology, transcriptomics, and proteomics were used to define early graft injury. Histological analysis demonstrated microvascular injury with macrophage and B cell infiltration and immunoglobulin deposition, without T cell involvement. Molecular profiling revealed a dominant recipient innate immune response enriched for macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, adhesion, and proteasome pathways, alongside activation of complement and coagulation cascades. Concurrently, the donor graft showed downregulation of key metabolic enzymes, indicating early metabolic stress. These findings indicate that macrophage-driven innate immunity and systemic coagulation exhaustion represent principal early challenges in liver xenotransplantation, highlighting the complement-coagulation axis and macrophage activation as critical therapeutic targets for improving xenograft outcomes. However, given the intense induction immunosuppression and early severe systemic inflammation, these multi-omics findings reflect a complex interplay of graft injury and pharmacological intervention, requiring cautious interpretation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23866,"journal":{"name":"Xenotransplantation","volume":"33 3","pages":"e70132"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147783078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Xenotransplantation: A Suggested Next Step.","authors":"David K C Cooper, Rita Bottino","doi":"10.1111/xen.70133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/xen.70133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent progress has been made toward introducing gene-edited (GE) pig heart and kidney xenotransplantation into clinical practice. In particular, the outcomes of GE pig kidney transplantation have been promising, with three recipients currently surviving between 3 and 9 months after transplantation. These encouraging results highlight the growing feasibility of xenotransplantation as a solution to the shortage of human donor organs. In the United States and many other countries, nearly half of all patients on kidney transplant waiting lists are diabetic. Individuals with diabetic nephropathy often achieve better outcomes when they receive both kidney and islet allotransplants, as this combination restores renal function and improves glucose control. Therefore, such patients would be ideal candidates for combined GE pig kidney and islet xenotransplantation. Because immunosuppressive therapy is essential to maintain a kidney graft, performing a simultaneous islet transplant is clinically justifiable. Studies in nonhuman primates have demonstrated that porcine islet transplantation can achieve long-term glucose regulation, supporting its translational potential. For the foreseeable future, until complications such as post-transplant proteinuria are fully resolved, we propose that patients with diabetic nephropathy receive a human kidney allotransplant in combination with a GE pig islet xenotransplant to optimize outcomes and improve long-term metabolic stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":23866,"journal":{"name":"Xenotransplantation","volume":"33 3","pages":"e70133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148296534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}