Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Retrospective study on Encephalitozoon cuniculi infections in 118 cat and 9 dog eyes.","authors":"Sophie Hofmann-Wellenhof, Barbara Nell","doi":"10.1111/vop.13301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.13301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to inform about the clinical image, diagnostic possibilities, and treatment options for cats and dogs diagnosed with ocular encephalitozoonosis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Medical records of 7 dogs and 75 cats with ocular encephalitozoonosis presented at the Clinical Unit of Ophthalmology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna between 08/2006 and 02/2022 have been compiled. Diagnosis was based on the presence of cataracts and positive antibody titer against Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Patient history, details on the characteristics of the cataracts, level of antibody titers, and the treatment regimen were summarized, as are the results of histological stainings of surgical samples to determine the presence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, as well as PCR analyses to identify its sub-strains.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our analysis of the clinical data shows that focal cortical anterior cataracts often associated with anterior uveitis and lesions in the fundus are the most prevalent manifestation of ocular encephalitozoonosis in cats and dogs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Serological testing and PCR analysis of lens material are the most important diagnostic tools. Timely phacoemulsification with adjuvant anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic medication is the most promising therapy for Encephalitozoon cuniculi-induced cataracts.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142751745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of 0.024% latanoprostene bunod on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in normal cats and cats with congenital glaucoma.","authors":"Vanessa Y Yang, J Seth Eaton, Julie A Kiland, Kelly E Koch, Kazuya Oikawa, Scott J Hetzel, Gillian J McLellan","doi":"10.1111/vop.13302","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effects of latanoprostene bunod on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in normal cats and cats with feline congenital glaucoma (FCG).</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Five normal and 5 FCG cats.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>This masked, controlled crossover study comprised a 1-day Pre-treatment phase followed by two 10-day Treatment phases, each followed by a 10-day Recovery phase. During treatment, all cats received twice daily 0.005% latanoprost (LAT) or 0.024% latanoprostene bunod (LBN) in a randomized eye. Following Recovery, the same eye was treated with the opposite drug. Contralateral eyes served as saline-treated controls. Intraocular pressure and PD measurements were performed three times daily during all study phases. Data were analyzed via constrained longitudinal data analysis models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Neither drug significantly reduced IOP in normal cats. In FCG cats, statistically significant reductions in mean (95% CI) IOP were observed relative to controls 4 h after LAT and LBN treatment (-5.5 mmHg [-8.4, -2.5], p < .001, -7.2 mmHg [-10.2, -4.3], p < .001, respectively). These differences represented 28.4% and 37.9% IOP reductions, respectively. Mean IOP reduction after 4 h was significantly greater with LBN treatment compared to LAT (-1.8 mmHg [-3.2, -0.4], p = .012). However, these IOP reductions were not considered clinically significant. Both drugs similarly reduced PD in normal and FCG cats.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Transient IOP reduction was observed after topical administration of LAT and LBN in FCG cats; and mean IOP difference was statistically significantly greater in LBN-treated eyes. However, the apparent enhanced hypotensive effect of LBN is not clinically significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142751741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-fibrotic effects of lisinopril (ACE inhibitor) and fasudil (ROCK inhibitor) in combination for canine corneal fibrosis in vitro.","authors":"Brayden L Routh, Ratnakar Tripathi, Elizabeth Giuliano, Payton Lujin, Prashant R Sinha, Rajiv R Mohan","doi":"10.1111/vop.13304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.13304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Corneal fibrosis is a leading cause of blindness in mammalian species and may result in compromised performance in sports and daily functions. This study evaluated the safety and anti-fibrotic effects of the FDA-approved drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) lisinopril and rho-kinase inhibitor (ROCK-I) fasudil, alone and in combination, on the canine cornea using an established in vitro model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To test the safety and efficacy of lisinopril and fasudil, primary canine corneal fibroblasts (CCFs) generated from donor corneas of healthy dogs (n = 20) were used. A series of dose-dependent and time-dependent assays with lisinopril (1-50 μM) and fasudil (1-10 nM) were performed. qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence (IF) staining, cell viability assay, cell proliferation assay, LIVE/DEAD viability/cytotoxicity assay, TUNEL assay, and total cell count were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A 25-μM lisinopril and 3-nM fasudil dose were safe, nontoxic, and optimal for therapeutic evaluations in vitro. Treatments of lisinopril or fasudil, alone or in-combination, to CCFs grown in the presence of TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) showed inhibition of myofibroblast formation based on phase-contrast microscopy. The qRT-PCR and IF studies showed a significant decrease in expression of profibrotic markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; p < .0001), fibronectin (FN; p = .0002), tenascin C (TNC; p < .0001), Collagen I (Col-I; p < .0001), Collagen IIIA1 (Co-IIIA1; p < .0001), and Collagen IV (Co-lV; p < .0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>An ophthalmic formulation consisting of lisinopril and fasudil may offer a safe and effective method to treat canine corneal fibrosis. Additional studies evaluating safety and efficacy of this formulation in vivo are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142733073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights from an online survey: Veterinary surgeons' antibiotic practices in ophthalmic surgery in Germany.","authors":"Claudia Busse, Anne Raab, Lothar Kreienbrock, Holger Andreas Volk","doi":"10.1111/vop.13300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.13300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate antibiotic usage practices in ophthalmic surgeries in Germany.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An online questionnaire was sent to veterinary surgeons (general veterinarians and veterinarians with additional qualification in ophthalmology) inquiring about their antibiotic preferences, administration methods, and factors affecting antibiotic usage in ophthalmic surgical procedures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 417 questionnaires were analyzed. Postoperative antibiotics (systemic/topical in percent when used) were used all or most of the time by 69% of veterinarians following enucleation (99/6), by 62% after eyelid surgery (54/69), by 68% after third eyelid (TEL) surgery (19/92) and by 80% after keratectomy (6/99). The most commonly used systemic antibiotic was amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and the most commonly used topical antibiotic was chloramphenicol. WHO \"watch-group\" antibiotics were infrequently administered systemically but frequently utilized topically; including in 13% of eyelid surgery, 15% of TEL surgery, and 35% of keratectomies. Factors influencing antibiotic use included fear of complications (67%), personal experience (63%), diagnostic uncertainty (21%), and owner expectations (9%). Participants following institutional guidelines used fewer antibiotics in enucleations (p = .002) and were less likely to choose fluoroquinolones post-eyelid surgery (p = .044).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The potential for reducing antibiotic use following ophthalmic soft tissue surgery is significant. Addressing barriers such as concerns about postoperative complications and the reliance on individual clinical experience, the implementation of standardized guidelines could facilitate a shift toward more judicious antibiotic practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of meibomian gland morphology and tear-film lipid layer using noncontact infrared meibography and meibometry, respectively, and tear-film osmolarity in healthy dogs.","authors":"Alexandra T J Ng, Phillip Anthony Moore, Shannon D Boveland","doi":"10.1111/vop.13294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.13294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To further investigate quantitative and qualitative tear-film dynamics through tear-film osmolarity, meibometry, meibography, and non-invasive tear-film break-up time and to describe a survey of parameters in normal eyes of healthy non-brachycephalic dogs.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Thirty-two veterinary hospital staff and student owned dogs between 1 and 7 years with no known comorbidities or ocular disease.</p><p><strong>Procedure: </strong>Complete ophthalmic examination, tear-film osmolarity (I-PEN® VET), meibometry (Meibometer MB560), meibography, and non-invasive tear-film break-up time (handheld Ocular Surface Analyzer) were performed. Significance threshold was 0.05. Q-Q plots and histograms were used to assess normality of measurements. Data were summarized descriptively with mean, standard deviation, median, and interquartile range (IQR). Pearson and Spearman's correlations were used to test for correlations between diagnostics with each other and tear-film break-up times.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-two dogs (64 eyes) met the inclusion criteria. Mean tear-film osmolarity level was 293.6 ± 14.1 mOsm/L (IQR 282.5-302.3). Median meibomian lipid level was 30.4 Meibometry Units (MU) (IQR 11.5-59.1). Median percent loss of meibomian glands in the upper eyelids was 25.3% (IQR 13.5-26.8). Median percent loss of meibomian glands in the lower eyelids was 26.0% (IQR 13.5-52.3). Automatic assessment of meibomian gland loss showed that grade 0 was present in 4/128 (3.1%) eyelids, grade 1 in 78/128 (60.9%) eyelids, grade 2 in 30/128 (23.4%) eyelids, and grade 3 in 16/128 (12.5%) eyelids.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Tear-film osmolarity, meibometry, meibography, and non-invasive tear break-up time can easily be incorporated into routine ophthalmic examinations to provide clinical information about meibomian gland morphology and function.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of scleral rupture of canine globes following compression via mechanical testing unit.","authors":"Jennifer Goldreich, Diane Hendrix, Pierre-Yves Mulon, Daniel Ward","doi":"10.1111/vop.13299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.13299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the load at failure of canine intact cadaveric eyes and to describe the anatomic location and length of the rupture following external compression.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Sixty-six canine cadaveric globes.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Globes were subjected to an axial force impacting the cornea or equator using a commercially available mechanical testing unit. Following rupture, eyes were inspected to document the anatomical site and length of rupture.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean ± SD force necessary to induce scleral rupture was 310 ± 120 N OD and 294 ± 113 N OS. Increasing body weight (OD p = .000015, OS p = .0074) as well as cranial-to-caudal (OD p = .000045, OS p = .0075) and medial-to-lateral (OD p = .00027, OS p = .0083) globe diameter were associated with a higher force necessary to induce rupture. The median (25%, 75%) length of the scleral rupture was 8.5 (7.0, 11.0) mm OS and 10 (7.0, 12.5) mm OD. The median location was 8.0 (5.0, 10.0) mm posterior to the limbus at the most cranial extent OS and 6.5 (3.3, 10.0) mm OD. Rupture orientation in relation to the limbus was perpendicular (n = 35), parallel (n = 13), or other (n = 16). Globe laterality (i.e., OD or OS), sex, and age did not have a significant influence on the force necessary to induce rupture (p > .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Following external compression, the canine globe frequently ruptures in a region approximating the equator extending 1 cm posteriorly, which may not be readily apparent on clinical examination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142605317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial isolates and antibiotic sensitivity in canine bacterial keratitis in Korea.","authors":"Jiwoo Park, Donghee Kim, Myeongjee Kwon, Hyun Kwon, Jungyeon Yong, Haerin Yoon, Jiyi Hwang, Ji Seung Jung, Kyung-Mee Park","doi":"10.1111/vop.13296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.13296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To analyze bacterial isolates associated with canine bacterial keratitis and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Korea, focusing on multidrug resistance (MDR) and identifying effective antibiotic combinations for clinical treatment.</p><p><strong>Animal studied: </strong>A total of 146 dogs diagnosed with suspected bacterial keratitis between October 2022 and October 2023 in Korea, with 157 eye samples collected for analysis.</p><p><strong>Procedure: </strong>Eye samples were cultured to isolate bacteria, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Bacterial identification was conducted using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF). The study assessed the efficacy of individual antibiotics and combination therapies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bacteria were isolated in 55.4% of the samples. The most common genera were Staphylococcus species (48.5%, 48/99), Streptococcus species (13.1%, 13/99), Pseudomonas species (9.1%, 9/99), and Escherichia coli (9.1%, 9/99). Amikacin (84.8%) showed the highest antibiotic susceptibility, while doxycycline exhibited the lowest (17.2%). The most effective antibiotic combinations were amikacin-moxifloxacin (93%). MDR isolates accounted for 52.5% (52/99) of the total bacterial samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Staphylococcus species were the most common isolates, with 52.5% showing MDR, underscoring the need to curb antibiotic misuse. While antibiotics like amikacin demonstrated high susceptibility rates, their use should be reserved for resistant infections to prevent further resistance development. Rather than focusing solely on finding effective combinations of antibiotics, it is crucial to consider alternative treatment strategies that offer more sustainable solutions. Rather than relying on antibiotic combinations, attention should shift to sustainable alternatives to treat bacterial keratitis and reduce antibiotic dependence in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142569661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocular biometry in rabbits using computed tomography.","authors":"Nicholas Goody, Nicolas Israeliantz, Azzurra Massidda, Jenna Richardson, Benjamin Blacklock, Jordan Mitchell, Tiziana Liuti","doi":"10.1111/vop.13209","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe a repeatable method of measuring ocular structures and to establish ocular biometry reference ranges in adult domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) without medical history or imaging findings consistent with ophthalmic disease using a 64-slice multidetector computed tomography scanner.</p><p><strong>Procedure: </strong>In this retrospective and observational anatomic study, 100 eyes from 50 rabbits without medical history or imaging findings consistent with ophthalmic disease who received a head computed tomography scan were selected for measurement of globe length, width, and height using 3D multiplanar reconstruction. Lens width and length, the anteroposterior length of the anterior and vitreous chambers, and attenuation of the lens and vitreous chamber were collected. These parameters were compared against age, sex, weight, body condition, and ear conformation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A reference guide was established, with globe width being the largest dimension (18.03 ± 0.81 mm), followed by height (17.18 ± 0.69 mm) and then length (16.64 ± 0.66 mm). Increased weight was associated with an increase in globe height (p = 2.43 × 10^-5), length (p = 1.63 × 10^-4), and width (p = 7.0 × 10^-3). Increased age was associated with increased lens attenuation (p = 1.28 × 10^-7) and increased transverse lens width (p = 1.64 × 10^-3). Inter- and intra-observer agreement was excellent.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>CT is a reliable modality for measurement of ocular biometry dimensions in rabbits. These reference values can be applied to aid in identifying diseases that affect the dimensions of the ocular structures in rabbits over 18 months of age.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"530-539"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11669491/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140102521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nasolacrimal sac foreign body extraction using vitreoretinal forceps in 28 dogs.","authors":"Laura Jimenez-Ramos, Ana Ripolles-Garcia, Miriam Caro-Suarez, Almudena Latre-Moreno, Fernando Laguna, Manuel Villagrasa","doi":"10.1111/vop.13199","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe a novel technique of nasolacrimal foreign body extraction in dogs by using a 20G vitreoretinal forceps introduced through the superior lacrimal punctum.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review of the medical records of dogs with dacryocystitis due to nasolacrimal foreign bodies between the years 2001 and 2022 was performed. We recorded the breed, age, affected eye, type and number of foreign bodies, concomitant diseases, and the use of imaging techniques. All animals underwent the same procedure of a 20G vitreoretinal forceps insertion through the upper canaliculus reaching the lacrimal sac and retrograde extraction of the foreign bodies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 28 dogs were included, 16 males and 12 females, with a mean (±SD) age of 4.7 (±3.2) years. The most common breeds were Wire-Haired Dachshund (4/28; 14.29%) and Labrador Retriever (3/28; 10.71%). Additional imaging techniques were used, such as orbital ultrasound in 13 cases (13/28; 46.43%) and computed tomography in one case (1/28; 3.57%). The most common type of foreign body retrieved was grass awns, although seeds and plant debris were also found. Dacryocystitis resolved after removal of the foreign body and appropriate medical therapy was ensured in all cases in the 1-month postprocedure follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Extraction of nasolacrimal foreign bodies with vitreoretinal forceps is a novel, noninvasive, and easily applicable technique that, although not successful in all cases, can be attempted before performing more aggressive surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"510-521"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139983996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association of bacterial agents and flagellated protozoans in the etiopathogenesis of subspectacular abscesses in snakes.","authors":"Tom Hellebuyck, Michael Kotyk, Ferran Solanes Vilanova, Ivan Čepička","doi":"10.1111/vop.13210","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.13210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe the etiology, clinical pathology, and treatment of subspectacular abscesses (SAs) in 16 snakes.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Sixteen snakes from private captive collections that were presented at a veterinary teaching hospital and diagnosed with SAs.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Exudate was collected from SAs via percutaneous aspiration or by performing a partial spectaculectomy and submitted to direct light microscopic examination and/or microbiological examination.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bacterial isolates were cultured from exudate samples in 12 out of 16 snakes and comprised Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates that showed identical antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in seven cases. Direct light microscopic examination demonstrated the presence of flagellated protozoa in the exudate in 10 out of 16 snakes and in all of these snakes, concurrent oropharyngeal flagellated protozoan infection could be demonstrated. Combined flagellated protozoan and bacterial SA infection was demonstrated in six snakes. Comparison of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences of flagellated protozoans that were detected in the exudate of SAs from four snakes revealed they represented the parabasalians Monocercomonas colubrorum and Hypotrichomonas acosta in one and three cases, respectively. In all snakes, successful treatment of the SAs was achieved following surgical debridement of the subspectacular space combined with antimicrobial treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bacteria as well as flagellates are considered to reach the subspectacular space through ascending infection from the oral cavity via the lacrimal duct. Although opportunistic bacterial infection presumably constitutes the predominant cause of SAs in snakes, the role of flagellate infection in the pathogenesis of this disorder should be further elucidated.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"540-548"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140140836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}