Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

{"title":"Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma With Conjunctival T-Lymphocyte Infiltration in a Dog.","authors":"Takuya Yogo, Yutaka Momota, Hisashi Yoshimura, Masami Yamamoto","doi":"10.1111/vop.70167","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objective: </strong>Conjunctival lymphoma is rare in dogs, with most cases exhibiting the B cell phenotype. Concurrent cutaneous and conjunctival T cell involvement is exceptionally uncommon. This case report describes a dog with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that presented with chronic conjunctivitis and conjunctival T-lymphocyte infiltration.</p><p><strong>Animal studied: </strong>A 15-year-old spayed female Chihuahua presented with a 3-month history of bilateral conjunctivitis that was unresponsive to conventional therapy.</p><p><strong>Procedures and results: </strong>Physical examination revealed severe conjunctival inflammation extending into the corneal limbus and perinasal depigmentation. Conjunctival cytology revealed the presence of mixed inflammatory cells. Histopathological examination of the nasal skin confirmed an epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma with dense atypical lymphoid infiltration. Immunohistochemistry revealed CD3-positive, CD79α-negative cells. Conjunctival biopsy demonstrated lymphocytic infiltration with a similar immunophenotype, although cellular atypia was minimal and mitotic figures were rare. The patient was initially managed with topical corticosteroids, followed by oral prednisolone, and the patient survived for 191 days post-diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>This case underscores the need to consider neoplastic disease in dogs presenting with chronic conjunctivitis, particularly when mucocutaneous lesions are also present. The identification of T-lymphocyte-predominant conjunctival infiltration in a dog with confirmed cutaneous T-cell lymphoma suggests either an early stage of neoplastic involvement or a reactive inflammatory process. These findings emphasize the value of careful diagnostic evaluation, including tissue biopsy and immunohistochemistry, when managing refractory ocular inflammatory conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":"29 2","pages":"e70167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Characterization of Corneal Endotheliitis With Distinctive Features in Shiba Inu Dogs.","authors":"Maresuke Morita, Mao Inagaki, Kensuke Usami, Hiroyuki Komatsu, Minori Akasaka, Kayo Kumashiro, Yukihiro Miwa, Yoshitaka Kobayashi","doi":"10.1111/vop.70169","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To characterize the clinical features of corneal endotheliitis in Shiba Inu dogs that differ from typical \"blue eye,\" and to compare this condition with primary corneal endothelial degeneration.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Sixteen Shiba Inu dogs (30 eyes) diagnosed with corneal endotheliitis.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical findings, vaccination history, treatment, and outcomes were evaluated. Ophthalmic examinations included slit-lamp biomicroscopy, specular microscopy, and optical coherence tomography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of affected dogs was 5.9 ± 3.7 years, which was significantly younger than that of dogs with primary corneal endothelial degeneration. No clear temporal relationship was observed between vaccination and disease onset. The affected eyes exhibited conjunctival hyperemia, characteristic geographic corneal endothelial opacities, and localized corneal edema. Corneal endothelial cell density was significantly lower than that in clinically normal eyes but significantly higher than that in Shiba Inu dogs with primary corneal endothelial degeneration. Optical coherence tomography revealed hyper-reflective areas on the endothelial surface of the cornea. Topical steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy achieved rapid resolution of inflammatory signs and improvement of corneal edema in all cases; however, recurrence occurred in some eyes during tapering. Endothelial opacities persisted after resolution of inflammation, and gradual endothelial cell loss was observed in some eyes during long-term follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Corneal endotheliitis in Shiba Inu dogs is characterized by geographic endothelial opacity, localized corneal edema, and favorable response to anti-inflammatory therapy. The clinical features, younger age of onset, and milder corneal endothelial damage suggest that this condition may differ from primary corneal endothelial degeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":"29 2","pages":"e70169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equine Corneal Stromal Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Clinical and in Vivo Confocal Microscopic Features of 7 Cases.","authors":"Eric C Ledbetter, Kelly E Knickelbein, Nita L Irby, Corey Schmidt","doi":"10.1111/vop.70158","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the clinical and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) characteristics of horses with corneal stromal invasive squamous cell carcinoma (CSI-SCC).</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Retrospective study of 7 horses with histopathologically confirmed unilateral CSI-SCC.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Horses with corneal CSI-SCC were examined by laser scanning IVCM. Signalment, clinical findings, and histopathology results were compared with IVCM findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinical ocular lesions in all horses included a heavily vascularized, opaque, gray or tan, anterior or midstromal opacity invading the cornea from the limbus. The corneal epithelium overlying the stromal opacities was intact and the abnormal corneal regions were markedly thickened. Crystalline, white, linear, branching stromal opacities emanated from the leading edge of the corneal lesions in 2 horses. Polygonal neoplastic epithelial cells, with prominent anisocytosis and pleomorphism, were visible in the corneal stroma by IVCM and appeared enlarged and hyperreflective. Islands and cords of neoplastic epithelial cells that occasionally branched could be followed by IVCM as they transversed the corneal stroma. The islands of neoplastic cells were occasionally arranged as circular whirls of cells grouped around concentric layers of hyperreflective cells or amorphous materials within a dark cyst-like space consistent with keratin pearls. Dense accumulations of blood vessels and leukocytes were present within and around the neoplastic cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This report demonstrates the unique ability of IVCM examination to provide a rapid and noninvasive method for the presumptive diagnosis of CSI-SCC and to contribute to the formulation of diagnostic and therapeutic clinical plans for individual horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":"29 2","pages":"e70158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147277421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonographic Ocular Biometry of the Greater Caribbean Manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus).","authors":"Radan Elvis Matias de Oliveira, Fernanda Loffler Niemeyer Attademo, Rita de Kássia Matias de Oliveira, Romário Parente Dos Santos, Fábia de Oliveira Luna, Antonio A Mignucci-Giannoni, Lesly J Cabrias-Contreras, Fabrício Bezerra de Sá, Flávio José de Lima Silva, Augusto Carlos da Bôaviagem Freire, Moacir Franco de Oliveira","doi":"10.1111/vop.70126","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to characterize the ocular biometry of the Trichechus manatus manatus applying B-mode ultrasonography across different age groups. Twenty-two animals were assessed employing a portable ultrasound device equipped with a linear transducer. Five ocular parameters were assessed: corneal thickness (CT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial lens length (ALL), vitreous chamber depth (VCD), and axial globe length (AGL). Data were statistically analyzed at a 5% significance level based on normality and variance. The mean values (cm) for the right eye of calves, juveniles, and adults were, respectively, CT (0.082 ± 0.012; 0.088 ± 0.011; 0.091 ± 0.010), ACD (0.040 ± 0.005; 0.051 ± 0.008; 0.052 ± 0.007), ALL (0.345 ± 0.028; 0.367 ± 0.016; 0.414 ± 0.020), VCD (1.137 ± 0.076; 1.155 ± 0.062; 1.161 ± 0.089), and AGL (1.606 ± 0.098; 1.663 ± 0.071; 1.720 ± 0.094). Values for the left eye were CT (0.082 ± 0.012; 0.088 ± 0.012; 0.087 ± 0.011), ACD (0.041 ± 0.008; 0.048 ± 0.006; 0.052 ± 0.007), ALL (0.345 ± 0.028; 0.381 ± 0.027; 0.411 ± 0.025), VCD (1.147 ± 0.076; 1.174 ± 0.045; 1.166 ± 0.086), and AGL (1.617 ± 0.086; 1.693 ± 0.062; 1.717 ± 0.095). CT, VCD, and AGL were similar across age groups, while ACD and ALL increased with age. Positive correlations between body length and ocular parameters were significant only in calves. Ocular ultrasonography is, thus, an effective, safe, and reproducible tool for ophthalmic evaluations in T. m. manatus.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"e70126"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12963524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145640475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal Morphological Characterization of Collared Scops Owl (Otus lettia) Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Histological Techniques.","authors":"Yun-Shan Chiu, Chau-Hwa Chie, Carmen M H Colitz, Wei-Hsiang Huang, Ya-Wen Yang, Chung-Tien Lin","doi":"10.1111/vop.70107","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To establish normative retinal imaging and measurement data for the Collared Scops Owl (Otus lettia), a nocturnal raptor clinically free of systemic and ophthalmological disorders, using optical coherence tomography and histopathology.</p><p><strong>Animal studied: </strong>Ten eyes from 6 Collared Scops Owls (Otus lettia) were included in the study.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>As part of the standard pre-release assessment, ocular reflex tests and basic ophthalmic examinations were performed prior to anesthesia induction. Routine X-ray and blood work were then conducted under general anesthesia, followed by OCT imaging for high-resolution retinal analysis. Parameters assessed included the pecten-foveal distance, foveal width, foveal depth, total retinal thickness (TR), neurosensory retinal thickness (NS), and ganglion cell complex thickness (GCC). Retinal images acquired through OCT were compared with corresponding histological sections to validate the findings and evaluate structural correlations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A single fovea was identified on the superior and temporal side of the pecten. The measured pecten-foveal distance was 5959.7 ± 147.45 μm (mean ± SD), while the foveal width and depth were 656 ± 41.81 μm and 65.3 ± 6.34 μm, respectively. The TR was 299.8 ± 23.08 μm, and the NS averaged 272.9 ± 21.94 μm; the GCC was 87.9 ± 6.24 μm. Histology revealed all retinal layers distinctly, which were well cross-referenced and correlated with OCT images.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The morphology and measurement values of the retina in Collared Scops Owls were first established using OCT and histological analysis. These findings, which are fundamental to raptor ophthalmology, offer valuable support for medical care efforts and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"e70107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12968751/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145483017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Feline Ulcerative Keratitis and Corneal Sequestra in a Referral Population and Comparison Between Brachycephalic and Nonbrachycephalic Cats.","authors":"M Frejlich, G Payen","doi":"10.1111/vop.70048","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of feline ulcerative keratitis (UK) and corneal sequestra (CS) in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic breeds.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic cats.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>Cats diagnosed with UK or CS (Total, 392; UK, 290; CS, 102), between 2013 and 2022, were included. Collected data included signalment, affected eye, lesion characteristics, predisposing factors, and treatment type. UK was classified as superficial (grade 1), stromal (grade 2), or descemetoceles and perforations (grade 3). Sequestra received grade CS or CS_i when associated without or with infectious keratitis, respectively. Disease prevalence and collected data were compared between normocephalic and brachycephalic cats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Prevalence of UK was 15% (218/1418) in nonbrachycephalics and 36% (72/202) in brachycephalics (p < .001). No significant differences were noted in the prevalence of grades 2 and 3 between brachycephalics and nonbrachycephalics. Brachycephalics were more affected by central/paracentral corneal ulcers (p = .001) or sequestra (p < .001). Corneal vascularization was more frequent in nonbrachycephalics in both UK (non-BC, 67%; BC: 57%) and CS (non-BC, 74%; BC; 52%) groups. Keratoplasty was more frequently conducted in brachycephalics (p < .001). Overall, 38/286 nonbrachycephalic eyes and 3/128 brachycephalic eyes with UK or CS underwent entropion surgery (p = .002).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Brachycephalic cats were more affected by UK and CS. Stromal and perforated corneal ulcers were not more frequent in brachycephalics, but corneal lesions were centrally located and less frequently associated with corneal vascularization than in nonbrachycephalics. An inferotemporal entropion was more often associated with UK or CS in nonbrachycephalics.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"e70048"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12951262/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144754582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell and Gene Therapy in Equine Ocular Disease.","authors":"Kimberly A S Young, Lauren V Schnabel, Brian C Gilger","doi":"10.1111/vop.70151","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Equine ocular disease is common and often challenging to treat using traditional methods. This has led to the development of new therapies. Like human medicine, veterinary medicine is adopting cellular and gene therapy as innovative approaches. Equine ocular disease is a particularly promising area for these techniques. Notably, immune-mediated diseases (such as immune-mediated keratitis and equine recurrent uveitis), ulcerative keratitis, and infectious ocular diseases are of interest. Several ocular gene therapy products are approved for use in humans, and more are currently being researched in veterinary medicine. In veterinary practice, cell therapy mainly involves multipotent stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are also widely studied in human medicine. This review aims to summarize the status of cell and gene therapy in equine ocular disease and provide background on the principles behind these treatments, as well as insights from human medicine. Although many in vitro studies and case series exist, a significant research gap remains. Despite growing clinical use, there are limited controlled in vivo studies assessing their safety, routes of administration, or effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":"29 2","pages":"e70151"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12862700/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Modified Prechop Technique With a Novel Prechopper With Stop-Chop Technique in 225 Eyes of 149 Dogs With Hard Cataracts Regarding CDE and Postoperative Complications.","authors":"Jiaqi Huo, Guoxia Li, Yi Ding, Mingxing Ding, Xiaoshu Zhou","doi":"10.1111/vop.70104","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) and postoperative complications between modified prechop and stop-chop techniques in dogs with hard cataracts.</p><p><strong>Animals studied: </strong>Seventy-nine dogs with 123 mature cataract eyes were studied for measuring anteroposterior lens diameters, or 149 dogs with 225 hard cataract eyes were treated with prechop phacoemulsification or stop-chop phacoemulsification surgery.</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>A species-specific prechopper (3.5-5.0 mm width) was designed based on canine anteroposterior lens diameter (APLD: 7.40 ± 0.99 mm) and anterior chamber depth (ACD: 2.54 ± 0.75 mm). Among 225 eyes (149 dogs), 110 eyes were randomly selected for prechop phacoemulsification with the specific prechopper, and 115 eyes for stop-chop phacoemulsification. Surgical outcomes, including CDE, postoperative aqueous flare and complications, were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prechop group demonstrated less mean CDE and postoperative aqueous flare incidence compared to the stop-chop group (53.93 ± 15.29 vs. 78.32 ± 21.32, p < 0.001; 35.14% vs. 58.59%, respectively). The prechop group had fewer overall complications than the stop-chop group (35.2% vs. 56.7%). Vision retention rates at final follow-up (30-1440 days postoperation) were comparable (prechop: 95.7% vs. stop-chop: 92.9%), but glaucoma incidence was lower in the prechop group than in the stop-chop cohort (5 vs. 3 eyes). CDE correlated strongly with complication severity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The prechop technique with a novel prechopper offers a safer, more efficient alternative for phacoemulsification of canine cataracts, particularly in eyes requiring high energy nuclear fragmentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145471844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dexmedetomidine Prolongs the Duration of Ropivacaine Corneal Anesthesia After Subconjunctival Injection in Healthy Horses.","authors":"Sera Lee, Rachel C Hector, Ann M Hess, Kathryn L Wotman","doi":"10.1111/vop.70124","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine whether dexmedetomidine prolongs corneal anesthesia following subconjunctival ropivacaine injection in healthy equine eyes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten horses with normal ophthalmic exams were enrolled in a randomized, blinded, crossover experiment with a minimum 4-week washout between treatments. Baseline corneal touch thresholds (CTT, cm) were measured via esthesiometry and a subconjunctival injection was performed in the treatment eye with ropivacaine (R, 0.3 mL 0.5%) or dexmedetomidine-ropivacaine (DR, 0.1 mL 0.5 mg/mL + 0.2 mL 0.5%) and saline (control, 0.3 mL) in the contralateral eye. CTT was measured every 10 min up to 120 min, every 30 min up to 360 min, and every 60 min thereafter until return to baseline. Ambient humidity was concurrently recorded. Subconjunctival hemorrhage was scored 0, 2, and 7 days after injection. CTT values were converted to corneal pressure tolerance (CPT, g/mm²) using humidity-adjusted exponential regression. Data were compared between treatments using mixed model analysis (significance p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean ± standard deviation total anesthesia time was significantly longer with DR (196 ± 121 vs. 103 ± 47 min R, p = 0.02). Evidence of significant differences between treatments was not seen for minimum CTT, duration of minimum CTT, maximal CPT, or hemorrhage scores. However, time to minimum CTT was longer for DR (32 ± 12 vs. 16 ± 10 min R, p < 0.001). Subconjunctival hemorrhage resolved within 7 days of injection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Dexmedetomidine prolongs corneal anesthesia from subconjunctival ropivacaine in horses but delays the onset. Further studies are needed to assess efficacy in diseased eyes.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":"e70124"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12963526/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145649568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond the Ocular Surface: Nasal Sensory Input as a Driver of Reflex Lacrimation in Dogs.","authors":"Shelley W Cochran, Nick J Millichamp, Lionel Sebbag","doi":"10.1111/vop.70108","DOIUrl":"10.1111/vop.70108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the effect of nasal mucosal anesthesia on aqueous tear secretion in dogs and to compare responses between brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic breeds.</p><p><strong>Animal studied: </strong>Twenty healthy dogs (10 Australian Shepherds, 10 Boston Terriers).</p><p><strong>Procedures: </strong>All dogs received 0.5 mL of 10% lidocaine or saline into one randomly selected nostril. The alternate solution was administered in the same nostril 2 weeks later. Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1) was performed bilaterally before and 15 min after nasal administration. Tear strip wetting was recorded every 10 s for 60 s; the initial uptake phase (0-10 s) reflected uptake of pre-existing tears, while the active secretion phase (10-60 s) represented reflex tearing. Statistical comparisons included paired t-tests and linear mixed-effects models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In non-brachycephalic dogs, lidocaine significantly reduced STT-1 values in the treated side by 11.5% (20.0-17.7 mm, p = 0.045) and did not cause a significant change in the contralateral side (21.7-20.1 mm, -7.4%, p = 0.280). Reflex tear slope decreased by 21.7% (0.23-0.18 mm/s, p = 0.004), while the initial phase slope remained unchanged (0.84-0.88 mm/s, p = 0.653). In brachycephalic dogs, lidocaine had no significant effect in either eye or tear phase (p ≥ 0.132). Saline caused mild, non-significant increases in STT-1 across all groups (+0.4% to 8.4%, p ≥ 0.116). Mixed-effects analysis identified skull type as the only significant predictor of treatment response (p = 0.047).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Nasal mucosal anesthesia reduced reflex tear production in dogs, particularly in non-brachycephalic breeds. These results confirm the presence of a functional nasolacrimal reflex in dogs and suggest diminished nasal sensory input in brachycephalic breeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":23836,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12968748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145471803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}