viXra最新文献

{"title":"Particles, Especially Virtual Particles, in a Multi-fold Universe vs. QFT","authors":"Stephane H Maes","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/x8pks","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/x8pks","url":null,"abstract":"In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. In this paper, we discuss the point of view of the virtual particles used to explain gravity emergence from entanglement and in particular position their use versus the more conventional view on virtual particles in QFT. Indeed, besides the fact that QFT has challenges to model particles, there are some strong views on what is or is not appropriate when it comes to involving virtual particles in conventional QFT, or vacuum fluctuations for that matter. The proposed multi-fold mechanisms on the other hand rely first and foremost on the concept of particles, with modifications to conventional QFT. In that context virtual particle play a central role. Besides evangelizing the need to evolve QFT, we also review how virtual particles are key to the notion of small scale non negligible addition of gravity to the standard model, and to a proposal for Ultimate Unification where al particles convey gravity and their proper interactions. We also discuss how this model is key and aligned to the area laws of blacks holes, Hawking’s radiation and the absence of gravity shielding even when using virtual particle. This discussion will also offer some perspectives on QFT in curved spacetime. The bottom line is that there are no contradiction with the main views on virtual particles of conventional QFT proposed with multi-fold universe mechanisms and that in fact, while hard to formulate, the use of virtual particles could also be modeled with fields and associated multi-fold fields. We also discuss comparing our model using pairs of entangled virtual particles versus models using only (or in addition) pairs of entangled gravitons. Such a multi-fold model with only gravitons may recover the same results or differ depending on how massive gravitons would be modeled in these new models. But we end up still recommending only a model where gravitons live in AdS(5).","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90446243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Two Relativistic Rydberg Formulas of Suto and Haug: Further Comments","authors":"E. Haug","doi":"10.4236/jmp.2020.1112122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2020.1112122","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent paper, we [1] discussed that Suto [2] has pointed out an interesting relativistic extension of Rydberg’s formula. In that paper, we had slightly misunderstood Suto’s approach, something we will comment on further here. The relativistic Suto formula is actually derived from a theory where the standard relativistic momentum relation is changed. The relativistic Rydberg formula we presented and mistakenly thought was the same as Suto’s formula is, on the other hand, derived to be fully consistent with the standard relativistic momentum relation. Here we will point out the differences between the formulas and correct some errors in our previous paper. The paper should give deeper and better intuition about the Rydberg formula and what it represents.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75200286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Speed of Light, the Big Bang and the Expansion of the Universe","authors":"V. Bezverkhniy, Vitaliy Bezverkhniy","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3711656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3711656","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that both the redshift and, therefore, the recession of galaxies is the effect of an observer who is located in the center of the cosmological ball on planet Earth. This effect is a consequence of the gravitational time dilation in accordance with Einstein's STR. That is, there is no real recession of galaxies, which means there is no Big Bang. Galaxies in the Universe are subject to the usual chaotic motion, but due to the indicated effects, we observe the scattering of galaxies.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74433316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On The Erdös-Turán Additive Base Conjecture","authors":"T. Agama","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-660255/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-660255/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper we formulate and prove several variants of the Erdös-Turán additive bases conjecture.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89217083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of daily contagions of CoViD-19-SARS-CoV-2 from August 24 to July 31, 2021 in Apulia, a region of Italy, by using a New Epidemiologic Fractal Model. ","authors":"Calogero Rinzivillo, S. Conte, F. Casciaro, R. Bernardini, E. Benigni, I. Monte, F. Kaleagasioglu, F. Wang, C. Mordeniz, G. Liberti, E. Conte","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-98910/v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-98910/v1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We study a new fractal model for prediction of contagions of CoViD-19 (Sarbeco Betavirus SARS-CoV-2) from August 24, 2020 to July 31, 20201 in Apulia that is a region of Italy. We obtain that the time of the peak is estimated to be at December 7, 2020 and the number of contagions will be about 575 cases.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85028125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Massless and Massive Multi-Gravity in a Multi-fold Universe","authors":"Stephane H Maes","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/jy6me","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/jy6me","url":null,"abstract":"In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. In this paper, we discuss some of the properties and implications of the massive gravity contributions. In particular we will discuss it similarities and differences with what is usually meant by massive gravity in conventional physics and derived modern bigravity theories.. Instead of being a large-scale theory, where massive gravity can support a limited range or even a repulsive behavior, multi-fold massive gravity is here a mostly small-scale effect with almost no larger scale impact other than through entangled virtual neutrino pairs. Multi-fold universe accelerated expansion come from other effects of multi-fold mechanisms. In multi-fold theory, massive gravity is also multiple (one per available virtual carrier). The resulting gravity model is different from all the massive gravity and bigravity current proposed in the literature. In particular we discuss the known issues with conventional classical massive gravity. We conclude with a suggestion to attempt, with or independently of a multi-fold models, bi (or multi) gravity models, massive only at very small scale with massless gravity at any larger scale. We already know that such model helps address many Standard Model and Standard Cosmology Model open issues: there is value in SMG: the standard Model with non-negligible gravity at its scales.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90645957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entanglement and Random Walks Concretize Time in a Multi-fold Universe","authors":"Stephane H Maes","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/x53fp","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/x53fp","url":null,"abstract":"In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. The present paper examines what can be said of time in a multi-fold universe: what is the notion of time, does it exist or make sense and is it continuous or discrete and is there an arrow of time? In particular, we discuss how multi-fold universe handles the well-known time problem, the Bryce Wheeler equation as well as the explanations proposed so far by Page and Wootters and the subsequent rigorous expansions of Gambini and Pullin. In a multi-fold universe, time can concretely exist both because of entanglement and its random walk constructive nature that renders spacetime, including time discrete, fractal and non-commutative within a spacetime geometry, yet become not observable at larger scales. Therefore, random walks and entanglement concretize time and entanglement is also responsible for the arrow of time: the multi-folds mechanisms are irreversible, yet they can appear reversible if not fully modeled, which explains why Quantum Physics and GR appear essentially reversible. When putting all these consideration together it becomes clear that random walks and entanglement not only generate and shape spacetime but they also are at the core of the concept of time and how it can be perceived by us.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73029226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Interaction of the Electron with the Vacuum Fluctuations of Electromagnetic Field","authors":"X. Tong","doi":"10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-.PP4NIOG.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-.PP4NIOG.V1","url":null,"abstract":"A new approach is proposed for evaluating the interaction energy between the electron and the vacuum fluctuations of electromagnetic field. It is applied to two cases: when the electron is free and when it is in a potential-a hydrogen atom. The results are consistent with previous relevant treatments of people.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75476803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Advance of Planets' Perihelion in Newtonian Theory Plus Gravitational and Rotational Time Dilation","authors":"C. Corda","doi":"10.20944/preprints202009.0235.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202009.0235.v1","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown through three different approaches that, contrary to a longstanding conviction older than 160 years, the orbit of Mercury behaves as required by Newton's equations with a very high precision if one correctly analyzes the situation in the framework of the two-body problem without neglecting the mass of Mercury. General relativity remains more precise than Newtonian physics, but the results in this paper show that Newtonian framework is more powerful than researchers and astronomers were thinking till now, at least for the case of Mercury. The Newtonian formula of theadvance of planets' perihelion breaks down for the other planets. The predicted Newtonian result is indeed too strong for Venus and Earth. Therefore, it is also shown that corrections due to gravitational and rotational time dilation, in an intermediate framework which analyzes gravity between Newton and Einstein, solve the problem. By adding such corrections, a result consistent with the one of general relativity is indeed obtained. Thus, the most important results of this paper are two: i) It is not correct that Newtonian theory cannot predict the anomalous rate of precession of the perihelion of planets' orbit. The real problem is instead that a pure Newtonian prediction is too strong. ii) Perihelion's precession can be achieved with the same precision of general relativity by extending Newtonian gravity through the inclusion of gravitational and rotational time dilation effects. This second result is in agreement with a couple of recent and interesting papers of Hansen, Hartong and Obers. Differently from such papers, in the present work the importance of rotational time dilation is also highlighted.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74021976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Klein-Gordon Equation and Wave Function for Free Particle in Rindler Space-Time","authors":"Sangwha Yi","doi":"10.31237/osf.io/79s32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31237/osf.io/79s32","url":null,"abstract":"Klein-Gordon equation is a relativistic wave equation. It treats spinless particle. The wave functioncannot use as a probability amplitude. We made Klein-Gordon equation in Rindler space-time. In this paper,we make free particle’s wave function as the solution of Klein-Gordon equation in Rindler space-time.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91482839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}