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The Origin of Life: the Evolution of Viruses, the Simplest Bacteria and the Last Universal DNA Molecule 生命的起源:病毒、最简单的细菌和最后一个通用DNA分子的进化
viXra Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3722842
V. Bezverkhniy, Vitaliy Bezverkhniy
{"title":"The Origin of Life: the Evolution of Viruses, the Simplest Bacteria and the Last Universal DNA Molecule","authors":"V. Bezverkhniy, Vitaliy Bezverkhniy","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3722842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3722842","url":null,"abstract":"Since viruses are the first form of life on Earth, it can be shown that it was viruses that formed and spread biological life on the planet. The evolutionary transition from giant viruses to the first protozoan bacteria is logical and can be considered proven. The genome of the organism is encoded in DNA and viruses are the first form of life, therefore, in the past, there should have been the last universal DNA molecule, which contained the genes of all possible living beings in our biosphere.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75004597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Presumptive Evidence for ADAR1 A-to-I Deamination at WA-sites as the Mutagenic Genomic Driver in Hepatocellular and Related ADAR1-Hi Cancers 在肝细胞癌和相关的ADAR1- hi癌症中，wa位点ADAR1 A-to-I脱胺是致突变的基因组驱动因素的推定证据
viXra Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.35248/2157-2518.20.S14.002
R. Lindley, E. Steele
{"title":"Presumptive Evidence for ADAR1 A-to-I Deamination at WA-sites as the Mutagenic Genomic Driver in Hepatocellular and Related ADAR1-Hi Cancers","authors":"R. Lindley, E. Steele","doi":"10.35248/2157-2518.20.S14.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2157-2518.20.S14.002","url":null,"abstract":"In hepatocellular cancer (HCC) there is an over expression of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1. Further, the prominent genomic somatic mutation signature in HCC is almost exclusively focused on mutations at A:T base pairs where A-to-G mutations far exceed T-to-C mutations (when read on the non-transcribed strand). A clear mechanism for this extreme transcriptional strand biased mutation signature, putatively associated with over expression of ADAR1 deaminase, is yet to be explicitly demonstrated. The standard description of this strand bias has been nominally called “Transcription Coupled Damage” (TCD) to distinguish it from more conventional “Transcription Coupled Repair” (TCR). We show that the TCD description does not satisfy all features of the molecular evidence. The conventional view is that ADAR1 is thought to target adenosines at WA-sites for editing to inosine (I) in double stranded RNA stem-loop structures in transcripts. Here we show that the totality of the molecular and cellular data on these mutation signatures provides strong presumptive evidence for a clear role for ADAR1-mediated A-to-I deamination at WA-sites as the mutagenic driver in hepatocellular and possibly other related ADAR1-Hi cancers displaying biased mutation features at A:T base pairs.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85375999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Special Primes And Some Of Their Properties 特殊素数及其一些性质
viXra Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202106.0681.v1
Mantha Sai Gopal
{"title":"Special Primes And Some Of Their Properties","authors":"Mantha Sai Gopal","doi":"10.20944/preprints202106.0681.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202106.0681.v1","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present the definition, some properties, and solve a problem on special primes. These properties help in providing us with a better understanding of the problem posed related to special primes on the open problem garden website. The problem involves finding all the primes q, given a prime p such that q≡1(mod p) and 2^((q−1)/p)≡1(mod q). We prove that a prime number q is a special prime of p if and only if the order of 2 in U(q) divides q−1p. Also, we prove that a prime number q is not a special prime for any prime number if 2 is a generator of the group U(q) and that there exist infinitely many special primes for any given prime number.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78967271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A framework of host immune responses against four types of parasitic infections 宿主对四种寄生虫感染的免疫反应框架
viXra Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/wcvpm
Wan-Chung Hu
{"title":"A framework of host immune responses against four types of parasitic infections","authors":"Wan-Chung Hu","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/wcvpm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/wcvpm","url":null,"abstract":"Host immunity against parasitic infections are complicated. It will be categorized into four immunological pathways against four types of parasitic infections. For intracellular protozoa, the host immunological pathway is TH1 immunity with macrophages, IFNg CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, and IgG3 B cells. For free living extracellular protozoa, the host immunological pathway is TH22 immunity with neutrophils, IL-22/IL-17 CD4 T cells, and IgG2 B cells. For helminths (endoparasites), the host immunological pathway is TH2a immunity with eosinophils, IL-5/IL-4 CD4 T cells, and IgG4 B cells. For insects (ectoparasites), the host immunological pathway is TH2b immunity with basophils, mast cells, IL-3/IL-4 CD4 T cells, and IgE B cells. Thus, the framework of the whole immunological pathways against four types of parasitic infection is given.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74869598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Klein-Gordon Equation and Wave Function in Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity 宇宙狭义相对论中的Klein-Gordon方程和波函数
viXra Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.31237/osf.io/fsw9c
Sangwha Yi
{"title":"Klein-Gordon Equation and Wave Function in Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity","authors":"Sangwha Yi","doi":"10.31237/osf.io/fsw9c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31237/osf.io/fsw9c","url":null,"abstract":"In the Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity, we study energy-momentum relations, Klein-Gordon equation and wave function.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74041435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Topological Stationarity and Precompactness of Probability Measures 概率测度的拓扑平稳性和预紧性
viXra Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/fe693
Yu-Lin Chou
{"title":"Topological Stationarity and Precompactness of Probability Measures","authors":"Yu-Lin Chou","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/fe693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/fe693","url":null,"abstract":"We prove the precompactness of a collection of Borel probability measures over an arbitrary metric space precisely under a new legitimate notion, which we term textit{topological stationarity}, regulating the sequential behavior of Borel probability measures directly in terms of the open sets. Thus the important direct part of Prokhorov's theorem, which permeates the weak convergence theory, admits a new version with the original and sole assumption --- tightness --- replaced by topological stationarity. Since, as will be justified, our new condition is not vacuous and is logically independent of tightness, our result deepens the understanding of the connection between precompactness of Borel probability measures and metric topologies.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77936980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The New Signal Photodiode 新型信号光电二极管
viXra Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/hrdms
L. Nascimbene
{"title":"The New Signal Photodiode","authors":"L. Nascimbene","doi":"10.31234/osf.io/hrdms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hrdms","url":null,"abstract":"A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower response time as their surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode. Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device. Many diodes designed for use specifically as a photodiode use a PIN junction rather than a p–n junction, to increase the speed of response. A photodiode is designed to operate in reverse bias.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90672607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity 宇宙狭义相对论
viXra Pub Date : 2020-10-19 DOI: 10.31237/osf.io/tfj4y
Sangwha Yi
{"title":"Cosmological Special Theory of Relativity","authors":"Sangwha Yi","doi":"10.31237/osf.io/tfj4y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31237/osf.io/tfj4y","url":null,"abstract":"In the Cosmological Special Relativity Theory, we study Maxwell equations, electromagnetic wave equation and function.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86278444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Structural Entropy of Daily Number of COVID-19 Related Fatalities 每日COVID-19相关死亡人数的结构熵
viXra Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.19.20215673
Eren Unlu
{"title":"Structural Entropy of Daily Number of COVID-19 Related Fatalities","authors":"Eren Unlu","doi":"10.1101/2020.10.19.20215673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.19.20215673","url":null,"abstract":"A recently proposed temporal correlation-based network framework applied on financial markets called Structural Entropy has prompted us to utilize it as a means of analysis for COVID-19 fatalities across countries. Our observation on the resemblance of volatility of fluctuations of daily novel coronavirus related number of deaths to the daily stock exchange returns suggests the applicability of this approach.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73879750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Derivation of the Equivalence Principle in a Multi-fold Universe 多重宇宙中等效原理的推导
viXra Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/a58nz
Stephane H Maes
{"title":"Derivation of the Equivalence Principle in a Multi-fold Universe","authors":"Stephane H Maes","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/a58nz","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/a58nz","url":null,"abstract":"In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very small scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model. The mechanisms proposed to address entanglement and that are responsible for gravity when considering entanglement of virtual particles, also automatically result into the (weak) principle of equivalence, without postulating it. It also required better qualifying the tenancy model of multi-folds in terms of Higgs interactions.","PeriodicalId":23650,"journal":{"name":"viXra","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82643310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
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