West African journal of pharmacology and drug research最新文献

{"title":"Acute and Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Aqueous Extract of Ageratum Conyzoides Linn","authors":"C. Asonye, Oa Afolabi, G. Agu, MC Chimaroke, B. Ihemba, G. Ejidike, Ne Ezinne","doi":"10.4314/wajpdr.v27i0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/wajpdr.v27i0","url":null,"abstract":"The whole plant, the leaves and more rarely the root of Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) has medicinal value in traditional medicine wherever it grows and is non-toxic to humans. However it is needed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity potential of Ageratum conyzoides (A. conyzoides) total extract in rats. For the acute study, a crude aqueous extract of A. conyzoides was administered to Wistar rats in single doses of 3- 13 g/kg given by gavage. General behavior, adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days. For the subchronic toxicology test, the doses of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg were used in both sexes. The phytochemical study of the aqueous extract revealed the presence of pyrrolizidines alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and polyphenols. In subchronic toxicity test, the acute oral toxicity (LD 50 ) of the aqueous extract was estimated to be more than 13 g/kg bw. Furthermore, the aqueous extract showed dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects. The subchronic toxicity test, showed no effect on the body weight, food consumption and water intake. However, histological studies revealed that the extract caused dose-dependent lesions, resulting in hepatorenal changes correlated with a high level of transaminases activity and hyperleukocytosis at 800 mg/kg dose level. The hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations were also high in all groups treated with the extract. La plante entiere, les feuilles et plus rarement les racines de Ageratum conyzoides (Asteracees) ont une valeur en medecine traditionnelle partout ou elle croit et est peu toxique pour les etres humains. Cependant il est necessaire d’evaluer le potentiel de toxicite aigue et subchronique de l’extrait aqueux total de Ageratum conyzoides ( A. conyzoides ) chez les rats. Pour l’etude de toxicite aigue, l’extrait aqueux de Ageratum conyzoides a ete administre aux rats Wistar en doses uniques de 3 a 13 g/kg par gavage. Le comportement general, les effets indesirables et la mortalite des animaux a ete enregistree pendant 14 jours. Pour le test de toxicite subchronique des doses de 200, 400, 600 et 800 mg/kg ont ete utilisees pour les deux sexes. Les etudes phytochimiques de l’extrait aqueux ont revelees la presence des alcaloides pyrrolizidiniques, des tanins, des saponines, flavonoides et des polyphenols. La dose letale mediane (DL 50 ) de l’extrait aqueux a ete estime superieur a 13g/kg. Par la suite, l’extrait aqueux a montre des effets sedatifs et analgesiques dose-dependante. Le test de toxicite subchronique n’a pas montre d’effets ni sur le poids corporel, ni sur la consommation alimentaire ou la prise d’eau. Cependant, les etudes histologiques ont revelees que l’extrait causait des lesions doses dependantes, caracterisee par des anomalies hepatorenales correlees avec le niveau eleve de l’activite des transaminases et l’hyperleucocytose a la dose de 800 mg/kg. Les concentrations d’hemoglobine et d’hematocrite etaient aussi elevees dans tous les gr","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"21 1","pages":"32-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84908811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Alcohol on the Pharmacokinetics of Antipyrine.","authors":"O. Obiako, J. Nwanze, I. Abdu-Aguye, H. Kwanashie","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V24I1.59045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V24I1.59045","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol-Drug/ Food interaction is a common pharmacokinetic interaction that can cause inter-individual variability in drug kinetics and response by influencing hepatic drug metabolism and related factors. This study was aimed at establishing the influence of alcohol on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine which has often been used as an index of hepatic metabolizing capacity of the individual tested. Age and sex matched healthy volunteers were chosen respectively as control population (n =12, age = 18-32 years, weight=46-76 kg, males, non alcohol consuming) and study population (n=11, age=18-32 years, males, weight =50-80 kg, alcohol consumption =10-20 g of ethanol per week). Subjects were made to fast for 8 hours before the study. Each was then given 2 tablets of 270mg antipyrine trinitrate to swallow with 200ml of water on an empty stomach. 2 hours later, they were allowed to eat food and drink water. Alcohol ingestion and cigarette smoking were not allowed. Blood samples were then collected from each subject at times 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 12.0 and 15.0 hours. Plasma antipyrine was extracted by adding methanol, benzoic acid and distilled water to the plasma. The mixture was then centrifuged and filtered. The filtrate was injected into a high pressure liquid chromatography using reversed phase Bondesil C18 (0.5um) column, with benzoic acid (as internal standard) and acetonitrile: acetic acid (in 1% water) (35:65) as mobile phase. The concentrations of the antipyrine were determined from the chromatographic calibration output. The pharmacokinetic parameters of antipyrine in these subjects were compared with control using the Student's “t” test with significance in the values of the elimination rate constant, elimination half-life, systemic (plasma) clearance, lag time, time to attain peak drug concentration and the area under the drug concentration-time curve (zero to 15 hours and zero to infinity respectively). However, parameters such as absorption half-life, absorption rate constant, the extrapolated plasma drug concentration at zero time, the peak plasma drug concentration and volume of distribution were not significantly different in the two populations (P >0.05). The precision of the method used in the study was checked by manual Peak height (PH) method of quantitation with precision of 1.1- 5.5 %. This study has shown that chronic alcohol ingestion increased the systemic clearance of antipyrine by decreasing its elimination half-life without affecting its absorption from the intestine and its distribution in the body. Key words: Alcohol, drug-food interaction , antipyrine, pharmacokinetics","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"182 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74389543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative and Interactive Studies of Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Lamiaeceae),Vitamins C and E on the Basal Serum Phosphatase Levels of Male Guinea Pigs","authors":"J. Aprioku, A. Obianime","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V24I1.59051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V24I1.59051","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to investigate the comparative effects of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. (Lamiaceae), vitamin C and vitamin E on the basal serum phosphatases- alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total acid phosphatase (ACPT) and prostatic acid phosphatase (ACPP) of the male guinea-pig. Also investigated were the interactive effects of these agents on the biochemical parameters. Adult male guinea-pigs were divided into nineteen groups of five animals each and orally administered with different doses of O. gratissimum (11-352 mg/kg), vitamin C (1.25-80 mg/kg), vitamin E (75-2400mg/kg) and the last group (control) was given distilled water. Animals were sacrificed after 4h and blood samples collected and analyzed for ALP, ACPT, and ACPP. In another set of animals, O. gratissimum was administered 1h before obtaining the dose-responses of vitamins C and E and vice versa. O. gratissimum (11-352mg/kg), vitamin C (1.25-80mg/kg) and vitamin E (75-2400mg/kg) caused significant (p Keywords: Ocimum gratissimum , basal phosphatase, vitamin C and vitamin E.","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"288 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73282799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Molecular Marker Compounds from Vitexagnus cactus Using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Evaporative Light Scattering Detector Techniques","authors":"Somasekhar Penumajji, V. Bobbarala, V. Vadlapudi, K. Naidu","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V24I1.59043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V24I1.59043","url":null,"abstract":"Dried whole plant of Vitexagnus cactus was extracted with organic solvents in different ratios and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with evaporative light scattering (ELS) detector. The markers of interest in Vitexagnus castus were agnuside, casticin and vitexyl acetone. These standard molecular markers do not contain strong chromophores, hence it is difficult to identify them using the UV detection system in high performance liquid chromatography. ELS detector is regarded as a valuable alternative to UV detection system for identification of the compounds that do not contain strong chromophores. The results of the present study show that the ELS detection system is more efficient than the UV-visible detection system. Key words: Vitexagnus castus , evaporative light scattering detector, high performance","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88738117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioural effects and mechanisms of essential oils of Dennettia tripetala G. Baker (Annonaceae) in mice.","authors":"I. Oyemitan, E. Iwalewa, M. Akanmu, A. Gbolade, T. A. Olugbade","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V25I1.59068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V25I1.59068","url":null,"abstract":"The fruits of the plant Dennettia tripetala G.Baker (Annonaceae) are well known in many communities of some southern states of Nigeria and some West African countries. They are commonly eaten as spices. We investigated the acute toxicity and behavioural effects of the essential oils of these fruits in mice and the mechanism(s) involved in the mediation of the observed behavioural effects. The result obtained showed that LD50 value of the oils in mice is 470 mg/kg (i.p.). The oils at all the dose levels used suppressed the gross behaviours and significantly (p oil treatment, atropine, naloxone and yohimbine did not reverse the inhibitory effects of the oil on locomotive activity of mice, but cyproheptadine further enhanced the inhibitory effects of the oil while flumazenil reversed significantly the inhibitory effect. These results showed that the inhibitory effect of the oil on locomotive activity is mediated through GABA-benzodiazepine and serotonergic receptors. It is concluded that the essential oil of D. tripetala may possess depressant effects on central nervous system. Keywords: Dennettia tripetala , essential oil, acute toxicity, behavioural effects, mechanisms, mice","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90562016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypoglycemic potential of Verbesina encelioides Benth. roots.","authors":"R. Sindhu, S. Arora","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V25I1.59075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V25I1.59075","url":null,"abstract":"Medical plants play an important role in the management of diabetes mellitus especially in developing countries where resources are meager. Plant-based drugs have been used against various diseases since a long time. The nature has provided abundant plant wealth for all the living creatures, which possess medicinal virtues. Therefore, there is a necessity to explore their uses and to conduct pharmacognostic and pharmacological studies to ascertain their therapeutic properties. In fact, nowadays, diabetes is a global problem. Hence, the present study aims to open new avenues for the improvement of medicinal uses of Verbesina encelioides Benth. roots for the selected area for diabetes.. Dried aqueous and alcoholic extracts were subjected for hypoglycaemic activity in swiss albino mice (30-40g). Blood sugar level was determined using digital glucometer. The oral administration of roots extracts at doses of 400 mg/ kg lead to a significant blood glucose reduction in normal and in Streptozotocin, alloxan diabetic mices significantly within 4h. Continued, daily administration of the drug produced a sustained effect. Keywords: Verbesina encelioides , alloxan-induced diabetes, streptozotocin-induced diabetes, Hypoglycaemic activity.","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85161176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Etude de l'amidon d'igname (dioscorea cayenensisrotundata) variete kponan en granulation par vobe humide dans la formulation de comprimes a base de chloroqueve diphosphate.","authors":"I. Dally, A. Koffi, S. Coulibaly","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V25I1.59059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V25I1.59059","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was to study the behaviour of yam starch \"KPONAN\" variety as a diluent on tablets formulation based on chloroquine diphosphate. In a previous study, we had investigated the technological, galenic and biogalenic properties of grains before and after compression compared The to traditional starch on Pharmacopoeia i.e. maize and potato starches. The results have demonstrated that KPONAN starch possess an excellent ability for compression with an average hardness of tablets of 9.4 ± 0.7 Kp, a weight average of 460.2 ± 2.4 mg and a disintegration rate of 1.94%. Disintegration time rates were 8.13 ± 0.4 min and 5.07 ± 0.5 min, respectively, for formulas with and without disintegrant agent. Times of liberation of 50% of chloroquine were 5.0 ± 0.1 min and 3.0 ± 0.1 min, respectively for formulas with and without disintegrant agent. We conclude that KPONAN variety of yam starch can be used successfully in tablet formulation as diluent, binder and disintegrant. It behaved in compression after wet granulation like potato starch.","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80281708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective monitoring of drug utilisation in cardiovascular patients at a teaching hospital in Nigeria","authors":"I. L. Nwidu, E. Ezenwanyi, A. Oparah","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V25I1.59074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V25I1.59074","url":null,"abstract":"This retrospective study was carried out to established drug prescribing trends in the management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the cardiovascular unit of the Department of Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers State, Nigeria. 100 folders of patients with various CVDs were randomly selected over a period of three years, 2003-2005. The retrieval was made possible with the aid of nurses register which contain patients name, age, sex and provisional diagnosis. 58 coherent folders were used for this study while 42 incoherent registers were excluded. The study revealed that of the 58 folders, 40(69.0%) were males and 18 (31%) were females with age range of 28-80 years and a mean age of 49 years. A total of 13 CVDs were diagnosed. 40 patients (69.0%) had 2 CVDs, 16 patients (27.6%) had 3 CVDs and 2 patients (3.4%) had 4 CVDs. A range of 6-15 prescriptions was written per patient and a total of 520 prescriptions were generated with a mean of 8.97 prescriptions per patients. Also, a range of 2-6 drugs was written per prescription and a total of 1983 drugs were prescribed. Drugs in fifteen pharmacological class and three combination therapies were prescribed. A total of 1242 (62.6%) branded drugs and 741(37.4%) generic drugs were utilized in disease management. The present study represents the current prescribing trends of cardiovascular drugs and it highlights certain inadequacy in the existing prescribing practice. There are considerable scopes for improvement, particularly the over-utilization of branded drugs, antiplatelet agents and many other irrational prescribing in the present prescribing pattern of cardiovascular drugs. Key words: Retrospective study, drug utilization, prescription monitoring, prescribing pattern, cardiovascular diseases","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83509922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidative effect of epichlorohydrin on rat cauda epididymal spermatozoa","authors":"K. Muthu, P. Krishnamoorthy, S. Arokya, A. Sasi","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V25I1.59056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V25I1.59056","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of epichlorohydrin (ECH) on the antioxidant system of rat cauda epididymal sperm. Fresh epididymides of adult male rats were obtained from JIPMER, (Pondicherry) were collected by chopping the epididymis in modified Ringer's phosphate solution (RPS medium). After several washings the sperm samples were equally dispersed in RPS medium and incubated with epichlorohydrin (25, 50 and 100 μmol) and ECH /ascorbate (50/100 μmol) with or without ECH (25, 50 and 100 μmol) for 3 h at 32oC. After incubation, the sperm motility and viability were assessed. An aliquot of sperm samples were homogenized and centrifuged and the supernatant used for biochemical studies. In ECH-incubated sperm and in sperm co-incubated with ECH and vitamin C, the sperm motility and viability showed no significant changes as compared to the corresponding controls. In ECH-incubated sperm the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-Stransferase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly decreased while lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Co-incubation of sperm with ECH and vitamin C showed no significant changes in the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase and in the level of lipid peroxidation. Epichlorohydrin induced oxidative stress in epididymal sperm of rat by decreasing the level of antioxidant enzymes. Co-incubation of sperm with ECH and vitamin C, a natural antioxidant, reversed the effect of ECH.","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"122 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87645746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Crinum glaucum on Isolated Guinea Pig Trachea","authors":"S. O. Okpo, O. Adeyemi","doi":"10.4314/WAJPDR.V24I1.59046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/WAJPDR.V24I1.59046","url":null,"abstract":"The aqueous extract of Crinum glaucum was evaluated using guinea pig trachea and was observed to neither relax the spontaneous tone of the guinea pig trachea nor KCl-induced tone. It, however, produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of carbachol- and histamine- pre-contracted trachea. The relaxant effect of the extract on carbachol-induced tone was not inhibited by propranolol, but potentiated by glibenclamide, procaine, methylene blue and L-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) with a progressive decrease in the median effective concentration (EC50) values. The extract (5-40 mg/kg body weight/day) produced a rightward shift and a depression of the maximal effects (Emax) of the anaphylactic contractions of the trachea while the extract at 2mg/ml produced a complete inhibition of the contractions. The results of this study clearly showed that the aqueous extract of Crinum glaucum possesses spasmolytic and anti-spasmogenic properties on normal and sensitized trachea and this may account for its use in the treatment of cough, asthma, and convulsions in traditional medicine. Key words: Crinum glaucum , trachea, anaphylactic contractions, histamine, carbachol","PeriodicalId":23624,"journal":{"name":"West African journal of pharmacology and drug research","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78524930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}