Water Science & Technology: Water Supply最新文献

{"title":"Forecasting failure rate of water pipes","authors":"M. Kutyłowska","doi":"10.2166/WS.2018.078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2018.078","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of failure rate prediction by means of support vector machines (SVM) – a non-parametric regression method. A hyperplane is used to divide the whole area in such a way that objects of different affiliation are separated from one another. The number of support vector determines the complexity of the relations between dependent and independent variables. The calculations were performed using Statistical 12.0. Operational data (provided by the Water Utility) for one selected zone of the water supply system for the period 2008–2014 were used for forecasting. The whole data set (in which data on distribution pipes were distinguished from those on house connections) for the years 2008–2014 was randomly divided into two subsets: a training subset – 75% (5 years) and a testing subset – 25% (2 years). Dependent variables ( λ r for the distribution pipes and λ p for the house connections) were forecasted using independent variables (the total length – L r and L p and number of failures – N r and N p of the distribution pipes and the house connections, respectively). Four kinds of kernel functions: linear, polynomial, sigmoidal and radial basis functions were applied. The SVM model based on the linear kernel function was found to be optimal for predicting the failure rate of each kind of water conduit. This model9s maximum relative error of predicting failure rates λ r and λ p during the testing stage amounted to about 4% and 14%, respectively. The average experimental failure rates in the whole analysed period amounted to 0.18, 0.44, 0.17 and 0.24 fail./(km·year) for the distribution pipes, the house connections and the distribution pipes made of respectively PVC and cast iron.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":"29 1","pages":"264-273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83710095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Situations, challenges and strategies of urban water management in Beijing under rapid urbanization effect","authors":"Wen Liu, Weiping Chen, Q. Feng, R. Deo","doi":"10.2166/WS.2018.057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2018.057","url":null,"abstract":"As the capital and a major political hub for China, Beijing has undergone a rapid urbanization effect with significant population growth in recent years. At the same time, Beijing has also been suffering from severe water problems such as, water scarcity, urban flooding and other issues related to water pollution. These have increasingly generated severe water problems and stymied the pace and scope of sustainable urban development. The critical challenges faced by water resource administrations pertains to the issues of sustainable management of water resources and the relevant actions to be put in place in order to address these water related problems. In this study, the current water situation of Beijing are described in great details focusing on the water resources amounts, water supply, water consumption and water pollution changes analyzed from historical to the recent years. The challenges of Beijing urban water management systems are also analyzed to offer possible solutions in light of the current trends. Finally, a number of useful strategies and action-oriented measures are provided for Beijing9s urban water resource administration to assist them in overcoming the current water management challenges and or them to move towards a more sustainable developmental city.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":"13 1","pages":"115-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83339414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy consumption in the life cycle of plumbing fixtures","authors":"A. Kalbusch, E. Ghisi","doi":"10.2166/WS.2018.053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2018.053","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this paper is to propose a method for quantifying the energy consumption in the life cycle of different plumbing fixtures. The method can be used to estimate the energy consumption in the production, use and disposal phases of plumbing fixtures. This allows for the comparison between the performances of different plumbing fixtures and the identification of the share of each phase on the energy consumption over the life cycle. The method was applied in a case study in Southern Brazil to quantify the energy consumption in the life cycle of two types of taps installed on a university campus. The total energy consumption in the life cycle of ordinary and self-closing taps used in the study was respectively, 177.71 MJ and 164.11 MJ over four years. Production accounted for 33% of the energy consumption share of the ordinary tap, while the use phase accounted for 65% and the disposal phase for 2%. For the self-closing tap, the production phase accounted for 46% of the energy consumption share, the use phase for 52% and the disposal phase for 2%. Therefore, considering the energy consumption in the life cycle, self-closing taps should be preferred over ordinary taps.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":"70 1","pages":"70-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81760806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative impact of precipitation and human activity on runoff in the upper and middle Taoer River basin","authors":"Ying Sun, Xiujuan Liang, Changlai Xiao, Z. Fang","doi":"10.2166/WS.2018.049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2018.049","url":null,"abstract":"Improved analysis and usage of water resources in the Taoer River basin requires an evaluation of the contributions of precipitation and human activities to runoff. In this study, we apply an integrated method combining the non-parametric Mann–Kendall trend test and the double-mass curve to analyze runoff data from 1961 to 2010. The major findings are as follows: (1) annual runoff showed a statistically significant decrease, while precipitation showed no significant trend; (2) an abrupt change point was identified in 1998 at four representative stations, resulting in the study period being divided into pre-change and post-change periods for subsequent analysis. The double-mass curves were approximately linear in the pre-change periods, indicating that the dominant factor was probably climate change. Annual precipitation–runoff curves showed a decreasing trend from 1998, probably because of human activity; (3) the contributions of human activity to runoff in the post-change period for the four selected stations were 58.31%, 17.81%, 37.17%, and 47.66%, and the influence of human activity increased after the abrupt change point.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":"6 1","pages":"19-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89692195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geo-spatial analysis of radon in spring and well water using kriging interpolation method","authors":"Abdul Razzaq Khan, M. Rafique, S. Rahman, M. Basharat, Chand Shahzadi, Ishtiaq Ahmed","doi":"10.2166/WS.2018.070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2018.070","url":null,"abstract":"Radon activity concentration was measured in 101 springs and well water samples collected from Muzaffarabad city and its outskirts. Sixty springs and 41 well water samples were analyzed, using RAD7, an electronic radon detector manufactured by Durridge Company Inc., for the estimation of radon borne activities and their relevant effects. Results obtained show that for spring water, the water borne radon activity varied from 0.246 ± 0.348 to 34.36 ± 5.54 Bq L −1 with an average value of 10.16 ± 2.42 Bq L −1 . For well water, the water borne radon activity varied from 0.86 ± 0.10 to 16.12 ± 0.22 Bq L −1 with an average value of 4.21 ± 0.13 Bq L −1 . Concentration of radon borne activities were subsequently used for determination of inhalation and ingestion doses. The inhalation and ingestion doses for spring water samples varied from 0.0062 ± 0.0087 to 0.865 ± 0.14 mSv y −1 and 0.052± 0.073 to 7.22 ± 1.16 mSv y −1 , respectively. The inhalation and ingestion doses for well water varied from 0.022 ± 0.0025 to 0.41 ± 0.0054 mSv y −1 and 0.18± 0.021 to 3.38 ± 0.045 mSv y −1 , respectively. 33.33% of spring and 7.32% of well water samples were found with values above the recommendation levels of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (∼11.1 Bq L −1 ). As a single measurement cannot serve as a best estimate of the unsampled areas in the region, Kriging interpolation method, a geo-statistical method, was used to get an estimate of spatial distribution of water borne radon in the area of study. Kriging mapping shows that higher radon concentrations are found in areas with lithology consisting of sandstones, siltstones, shales and claystones.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":"36 1","pages":"222-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82040167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of artificial intelligence models for the estimation of daily suspended sediment load: a case study on the Telar and Kasilian rivers in Iran","authors":"S. Emamgholizadeh, Razieh Karimi Demneh","doi":"10.2166/WS.2018.062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2018.062","url":null,"abstract":"The suspended sediment load estimation of rivers is one of the main issues in hydraulic engineering. Different traditional methods such as sediment rating curve (SRC) can be used to estimate the suspended sediment load of rivers. The main problem of this method is its low accuracy and uncertainty. In this study, the ability of three intelligence models namely Gene Expression Programming (GEP), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) were compared to the SRC method. The daily flow discharge and sediment discharge of two hydrometric stations of Kasilian and Telar rivers in the period of 1964–2014 were used to develop intelligence models. The performance of these methods indicated that all intelligence models give reliable results in the estimation of the suspended sediment load and their performance was better than the SRC method. Moreover, results showed that the GEP model with a high coefficient of determination (R 2 ) and a low mean absolute error (MAE) was better than both the ANN and ANFIS models for the estimation of daily suspended sediment load of the two sub-basins of Kasilian and Telar rivers.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":"70 1","pages":"165-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73465270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pressure management and residential consumption reduction","authors":"M. Garmendia, J. Almandoz, A. Arrizabalaga, F. Arregui","doi":"10.2166/WS.2018.071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2018.071","url":null,"abstract":"The benefits of applying pressure management in urban water supply networks have been well known for more than 10 years. Apart from reducing leakage, it also reduces burst frequency and consumption. However, the reduction of consumption with pressure is an objective that has only been considered a priority in water scarcity scenarios and suffers from a lack of systematic or conclusive studies. This paper analyses the relationship between pressure and consumption in a water distribution network equipped with remote water meter reading. Based on end use breakdowns, the paper estimates the percentage of pressure-dependent consumption. It establishes three different scenarios and assesses the relationship between pressure and consumption by means of the N3 coefficient.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":"19 1","pages":"236-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87542688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydraulic optimization of corrugated stilling basin with adverse slope","authors":"T. Honar, Nafiseh Khoramshokooh, M. Nikoo","doi":"10.2166/WS.2018.079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2018.079","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, perhaps for the first time, a data-driven simulation–optimization model is developed based on experimental results to find the effects of state and decision variables on the optimum characteristics of a stilling basin with adverse slope and corrugated bed. The optimal design parameters of the stilling basin are investigated to minimize the length of the hydraulic jump and ratio of the sequent depths of the jump while the relative amount of energy loss is maximized. In order to model the relationship between design variables of the bed, the experimental results are converted to a data-driven simulation model on the basis of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network. Then, the validated MLP model is used in a genetic algorithm optimization model in order to determine the optimum characteristics of the bed under the hydraulic jump considering the interaction between the bed design variables and the hydraulic parameters of the flow. Results indicate that the optimum values of bed slope and the diameter of the corrugated roughness (2 r ) can be considered as −0.02 and 20 millimetres, respectively.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":"23 1","pages":"313-322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87479887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporation of the simplified equilibrium temperature approach in a hydrodynamic and water quality model – CE-QUAL-W2","authors":"Senlin Zhu, Xinzhong Du, Wenguang Luo","doi":"10.2166/WS.2018.063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2018.063","url":null,"abstract":"Water temperature is an important indicator for biodiversity and ecosystem sustainability. In this study, a simplified equilibrium temperature model was incorporated into the CE-QUAL-W2 (W2) model. This model is easy to implement, needing fewer meteorological variables and no parameter calibration. The model performance was evaluated using observed data from four stations on the Lower Minnesota River. Results show that the simplified equilibrium temperature model performed as well as the original equilibrium temperature model and the term-by-term process model for water temperature predictions with the values of the coefficient of determination ( R 2 ), Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), and Percent Error (PE) in the accepted range ( R 2 = 0.974, NSE = 0.972, PE = 1.377%). The impact of the water temperature on Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen Demand (CBOD) concentrations under three different water temperature models was evaluated, and results show that the monthly averaged CBOD concentrations of the simplified equilibrium temperature model were almost the same as that of the term-by-term approach. For all the four calibration stations, the simplified equilibrium temperature approach performs better than the other two models for dissolved oxygen simulation ( R 2 = 0.791, NSE = 0.65, PE = 7.596%), which indicates that the simplified equilibrium temperature model can be a potential tool to simulate water temperature for water quality modelling.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":"14 1","pages":"156-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76764877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The All Towns Reconciliation Strategies a partnership between water resource management and water services","authors":"M. Esterhuizen, L. D. Jager, W. Jeżewski","doi":"10.2166/WS.2018.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2166/WS.2018.054","url":null,"abstract":"In 2012, the South African Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) initiated a study: Continuation of the Northern Planning Region9s All Towns Reconciliation Strategies: Phase 1. This study reviewed, prioritised and updated the rudimentary All Towns strategies initially developed by DWS in 2011. The purpose of the strategies was to reconcile water requirements with available resources for the 2011–2035 planning horizon by estimating the projected water requirements, determining available water resources (surface and groundwater) and developing a water balance. Recommendations were made to conserve, manage and administer local water sources as well as to augment water supplies from other sources if required. The recommendations provided actions and options for implementation by the relevant Water Services Authorities and the DWS at a local and regional level, providing the opportunity for integrated and coordinated planning. Bulk and reticulation metering, the implementation of water conservation and demand management programmes and recommendations on the updating of water use allocations were prioritised. Detailed studies required to determine the most feasible water resource augmentation options to ensure a positive water balance were identified. The study coordinated efforts by officials and stakeholders representing both the water resources and water services sectors. The prioritised strategies defined the deficit or surplus of the water resources per water source on a technical level, but also highlighted the need for planning and coordination between the water resources and water services sectors. The strategies are not legally mandated documents, but represent some of the best efforts spanning across various sectors to realise coordinated water infrastructure planning in DWS’ Northern Planning Region. The use of the documents in the local, district and national planning environments should be promoted for integrated planning, and it may be fitting to incorporate the All Towns Reconciliation Strategy documents as a valuable resource to inform the water legislation currently being reviewed.","PeriodicalId":23573,"journal":{"name":"Water Science & Technology: Water Supply","volume":"75 1","pages":"79-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86003993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}