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ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks最新文献

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Failure of Ball Joints 球接头失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001173
{"title":"Failure of Ball Joints","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001173","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Ball joints made from carburized En 353 (BS970:815A16) steel failed after several hours of being fitted into vehicles. The parts were forged, machined, and thread rolled. The threads were copper plated to prevent carburization. The heat treatment consisted of carburizing in a cyanide bath for 12 hours at 930 deg C. After tempering for 2 h at 170 to 175 deg C, the copper plate was removed by immersing in an acid bath for 45 min. The investigations found the microstructure, hardness, and chemistry all met the specification. The case depth was approximately 0.75 mm to 1.0 mm. The SEM studies showed that it was a brittle fracture and completely intergranular to a depth of about 2.5 mm. It was concluded that the failure was due to hydrogen embrittlement for the following reasons: (i) failure did not occur immediately after loading, (ii) the fracture was intergranular to a depth of two to three times the case depth, (iii) secondary cracks were observed at the surface. The hydrogen was introduced during copper plate removal by acid dipping. If the tempering operation was performed after the acid dip operation, the hydrogen would have been driven out.","PeriodicalId":235345,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks","volume":"30 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121002550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Broken Exhaust Valve 排气阀损坏
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001182
R. Kallenbach, Rudolf Fichter
{"title":"Broken Exhaust Valve","authors":"R. Kallenbach, Rudolf Fichter","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001182","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A broken exhaust valve from the cylinder of a motor car had a 30-mm disk diam and 8-mm stem diam. The site of the fracture was directly where the valve cone joined the cylindrical stem. Both the cone and the stem were heavily scaled in the vicinity of the fracture; in some parts the scale has flaked off. Furthermore, the rim of the disk was badly damaged by secondary mechanical action. The core of the valve had a very fine austenitic microstructure with precipitations of numerous granular and very fine, mostly rounded carbides and tine segregation bands. A hard alloy facing was welded on to the valve seat. Fracture was a consequence of fatigue corrosion cracking, itself strongly promoted by the presence of sulphur compounds. The origin of these corrosive sulphur compounds could not be explained.","PeriodicalId":235345,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129542841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Damaged Cylinder Lining from a Diesel Motor 柴油机缸衬损坏
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001236
Egon Kauczor
{"title":"Damaged Cylinder Lining from a Diesel Motor","authors":"Egon Kauczor","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001236","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A cast iron cylinder liner from a diesel engine suffered localized damage on the cooling water side leading to serration of the edges and heavy pitting. This heavy damage was cavitation damage, frequently observed in diesel motor cylinders. To combat such damage the following measures are recommended in the specialist literature: reduction in piston play; reduction in the amplitude by thicker-walled linings; hard chromizing of the cooling water side; and, addition of a protective oil to the cooling water. The effect of the protective oil is presumably based on a film of oil which forms on the cylinder surface and which is not so easily scoured off during vibration. The effect of the imploding vacuum bubbles is reduced by the oil film which can renew itself from the emulsion.","PeriodicalId":235345,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks","volume":"2368 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130411499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of a Truck-Engine Valve 卡车发动机气门故障
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0046981
{"title":"Failure of a Truck-Engine Valve","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0046981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0046981","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The exhaust valve of a truck engine failed after 488 h of a 1000 h laboratory endurance test. The valve was made of 21-2 valve steel in the solution treated and aged condition and was faced with Stellite 12 alloy. The failure occurred by fracture of the underhead portion of the valve. Analysis (visual inspection, electron probe x-ray microanalysis, hardness testing, 4.5x fractograph) supported the conclusions that failure of the valve stem occurred by fatigue as a result of a combination of a nonuniform bending load, which caused a mild stress-concentration condition, and a high operating temperature in a corrosive environment. When the microstructure near the stem surface was examined, it was apparent that carbide spheroidization had occurred. Also, there was a coarsening of the carbide network within the austenite grains. The microstructure indicated that the underhead region of the valve was heated to about 930 deg C (1700 deg F) during operation. The cause of fatigue fracture, therefore, was a combination of non-uniform bending loads and overheating. No recommendations were made.","PeriodicalId":235345,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125599255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Cracking of a 1040 Steel Crankshaft Because of Excessive Segregation of Nonmetallic Inclusions 非金属夹杂物偏析导致1040钢曲轴疲劳开裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0047860
{"title":"Fatigue Cracking of a 1040 Steel Crankshaft Because of Excessive Segregation of Nonmetallic Inclusions","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0047860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0047860","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The 1040 steel crankshaft in a reciprocating engine cracked within one year of operation. The journals of the main and crankpin bearings were inspected by the magnetic-particle method. Three to six indications of 1.5 to 9.5 mm long discontinuities were observed in at least four of the main-bearing journals. A crack along the fillet, almost entirely through the web, was observed in one of the main-bearing journals. Numerous coarse segregates, identified as sulfide inclusions, were identified by macroetching the surface during metallographic examination of a section taken through the main-bearing journal at the primary crack. Fatigue cracking with low-stress high-cycle characteristics was disclosed during macroscopic examination of the crack surface. Sulfide inclusions, which acted as stress raisers, were found to be present in the region where cracking originated. As a corrective measure, ultrasonic inspection was used in addition to magnetic-particle inspection to detect discontinuities.","PeriodicalId":235345,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131996732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Analyzing Failures in Pistons of Racing Car Engines 赛车发动机活塞故障分析
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001543
E. G. Kendall, R. Sherman
{"title":"Analyzing Failures in Pistons of Racing Car Engines","authors":"E. G. Kendall, R. Sherman","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001543","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 To determine the effect of severe service on cast 357 aluminum pistons, a metallurgical evaluation was made of four pistons removed from the engine of the Hawk-Offenhauser car which had been driven by Rich Muther in the first Ontario, California 500 race. The pistons were studied by visual inspection, hardness traverses, radiography, dye penetrant inspection, chemical analysis, macrometallography, optical microscopy, and electron microscopy. The crown of one piston had a rough, crumbly deposit, which was detachable with a knife. Two pistons had remains of carbonaceous deposits. The fourth was severely hammered. It was concluded that the high temperatures developed in this engine created an environment too severe for 357 aluminum. Surfaces were so hot that the low-melting constituent melted. Then, the alloy oxidized rapidly to form Al2O3, an abrasive which further aggravated problems. The temperature in much of the piston was high enough to cause softening by overaging, lowering strength.","PeriodicalId":235345,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116900323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Worn Gears for Fuel Injection Pumps 燃油喷射泵齿轮磨损
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001189
F. Naumann, F. Spies
{"title":"Worn Gears for Fuel Injection Pumps","authors":"F. Naumann, F. Spies","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001189","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Two fuel injection pump gears that were nitrided in a cyanide bath were submitted by the engine manufacturer for examination of hardness distribution and failure analysis. The gears showed signs of wear after only comparatively brief operation. They were made of normalized unalloyed steel C 45 (Material No. 1.0503) according to DIN 17200 and were normalized. Gear 1 with 1905 h of operation showed at one side pittings on both flanks of the teeth as well as incipient fractures. Gear 2 with 1713 h of operation also showed at one side incipient fractures of the nitride layers at the outer part of the teeth. The nitride layer did not stand up to the high and one-sided compressive stress applied in this case and could not prevent pitting. It could even have accelerated the wear by the incipient break down. Gas nitriding at greater depth under application of a suitable special steel or case hardening would have been better under these circumstances.","PeriodicalId":235345,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122489642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Metallographic Examination of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in a Fire Truck Water Tank 消防车水箱微生物腐蚀的金相检验
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001704
T. N. Ackerson
{"title":"Metallographic Examination of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in a Fire Truck Water Tank","authors":"T. N. Ackerson","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001704","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Several type 304 stainless steel fire truck water tanks developed through-wall leaks after being in service for approximately two years. One representative tank underwent a comprehensive laboratory analysis, which included metallographic examinations and chemical analyses. The examinations revealed a classic case of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), which preferentially attacked the heat affected zones of the tank welds, resulting in the leaks.","PeriodicalId":235345,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks","volume":"190 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131641537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Fracture of 4520 Steel Wheel Studs 4520钢车轮螺栓的疲劳断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0048586
{"title":"Fatigue Fracture of 4520 Steel Wheel Studs","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0048586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c0048586","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Each of the ten studs on one wheel of a semitrailer used to haul coal broke in half while the trailer was in operation. Both halves of each of three studs were sent to the laboratory to determine the cause of failure. Visual examination of the fracture surfaces of the studs disclosed beach marks, indicative of fatigue cracking, starting at opposite sides of each stud, with final fracture occurring across the stud. Each failure occurred in the first thread of the stud. It was concluded that the wheel studs fractured by reversed-bending fatigue. To minimize the possibility of a recurrence, the wheel nuts were tightened with an air impact wrench to a torque of 610 to 678 J (450 to 500 ft · lb) dry. All wheel studs were checked at normal maintenance periods to ensure uniform and proper loading, and no further failures occurred.","PeriodicalId":235345,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115884176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure Analysis of an Automobile Weldment 某汽车焊件失效分析
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001514
S. Edelglass
{"title":"Failure Analysis of an Automobile Weldment","authors":"S. Edelglass","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.auto.c9001514","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A front-wheel drive hatchback automobile was involved in a severe front end impact. Failure analysis of the automobile revealed only a single sound spot weld in each of two 66 cm (26 in.) sections of both upper and lower floor sill flanges. Consequently, upon impact, the floor pan separated from the rocker panel, buckled and rotated upward and forward. This introduced slack in the seat belts since their retractors, being anchored to the floor pan, also rotated forward. Although not contributory to the accident itself, the faulty welds were responsible in part for the severity of the injuries sustained by the driver. The faulty welds in the unit body were apparently a consequence of improper settings of parameters on a multihead electrical resistance spot welding machine. Lack of appreciation of the hazard associated with failure of this weldment may have contributed to the low frequency of their physical inspection during production. A similar case involving faulty welds in a fuel delivery truck is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":235345,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Automobiles and Trucks","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125893720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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