Ultrasonics最新文献

{"title":"Composite layer formation on AZ91D magnesium alloy via temperature-assisted ultrasonic shot peening for enhanced wear resistance","authors":"Jinrui Xiao ,&nbsp;Xu Liang ,&nbsp;Sentao Diao ,&nbsp;Xincheng Xie ,&nbsp;Lilin Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongwei Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing high wear resistance is crucial for the application of magnesium alloy components under extreme service conditions. In this study, temperature-assisted ultrasonic shot peening (TUSP) incorporating graphene particles was applied to enhance the surface properties of AZ91D magnesium alloy. A composite reinforced surface layer, consisting of micro-dimples, a graphene coating, and a gradient-hardened layer, was successfully fabricated on the surface. The samples treated by low temperature-assisted ultrasonic shot peening (LTUSP) achieved the highest surface hardness of 146.6 HV, corresponding to increases of approximately 69.7% and 23.0% compared with the untreated and conventional USP-treated samples, respectively. The tribological properties of the treated samples were evaluated using a ball-on-disc rotational friction tribometer under normal loads of 5, 7.5, and 10 N, with sliding speeds of 20, 30, and 40 r/min. At a normal load of 5 N and a sliding speed of 30 r/min, the LTUSP-treated samples exhibited a wear rate of approximately 1.63 × 10⁻⁴ mm³/N·m, representing reductions of 91.8% and 54.5% relative to the untreated and conventional USP samples, respectively. An in-depth study revealed that the enhanced wear resistance was primarily attributed to the composite reinforced layer, which mitigated three-body wear, direct contact, and shear failure during the sliding process. This work presents a viable approach for enhancing the wear resistance of AZ91D magnesium alloy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 107965"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146019919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Flow Detection through a Steel Barrier using Doppler Ultrasound: a Numerical and Experimental Study","authors":"Andreas Sørbrøden Talberg ,&nbsp;Cristiana Golfetto ,&nbsp;Tonni Franke Johansen ,&nbsp;Jørgen Avdal ,&nbsp;Ingvild Kinn Ekroll ,&nbsp;Hefeng Dong ,&nbsp;Svein-Erik Måsøy","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Uncontrolled leakages of hydrocarbons from oil and gas wells can have vast environmental consequences and lead to huge costs for the companies responsible. Thus, preventing and detecting potential leakages in wells is of great importance. In this work, Doppler ultrasound was used for the detection of flow behind steel to help assess the integrity of oil and gas wells. The main goal was to enhance flow detection with Doppler ultrasound through steel by improving the beamforming of the ultrasonic pulse. A naive beamforming approach assuming the medium to be homogeneous was compared to a ray tracing based beamforming algorithm, both in a numerical study and in an experimental setup. Simulations showed a 5 dB increase of the peak amplitude when taking refraction in the steel into account by applying the ray tracing based beamforming. In addition, the targeted focus was hit with a narrower, more precisely controlled beam on the far side of the steel layer. These two beamforming techniques were then employed and compared for flow detection behind steel in an experimental setup. Two cases were investigated, low velocity and high velocity, using three different transmit voltages for each velocity. Pulsed wave Doppler spectra were displayed, and the ratio between the flow signal power averaged over a range of frequencies was calculated. An increase of 3-4 dB was observed using the ray tracing technique, showing enhanced flow detection compared to the naive technique.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"162 ","pages":"Article 107922"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145967050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defect-parameterized physics-informed neural network for forward and inverse modeling of laser ultrasonic wavefield","authors":"Liu Yang ,&nbsp;Peipei Liu ,&nbsp;Kiyoon Yi ,&nbsp;Tam Van Huynh ,&nbsp;Hanbi Byun ,&nbsp;Jeaseung Kim ,&nbsp;Hyunsung Hwang ,&nbsp;Hoon Sohn","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate and efficient non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are essential for ensuring the structural integrity of metallic components, where surface defects, as one of the most common types, can severely compromise fatigue life and mechanical performance. Laser ultrasonics provides a non-contact and high-fidelity approach for inspecting metallic components through wavefield-based analysis. However, reconstructing complete ultrasonic fields and identifying defects from limited measurements remain challenging problems. This study proposes a defect-parameterized physics-informed neural network (DP-PINN) for the forward and inverse modeling of laser ultrasonic wavefield, with the objective of characterizing sub-millimeter surface defects in metallic components. The proposed framework embeds defect-related parameters into the governing elastodynamic equations to reconstruct the full wavefield and estimate the wave velocity field, thereby revealing defect characteristics including location and size. To comprehensively assess the method’s performance, four different defect cases are simulated, incorporating different defect characteristics. Furthermore, six practical scenarios are analyzed based on different levels of prior knowledge about material properties and data sparsity. Results demonstrate that defect characterization and full wavefield reconstruction can be achieved with limited measurement data of 0.42 MB. The proposed method maintains consistent detectability across varying defect cases and yields a mean Intersection over Union (<span><math><mrow><mi>I</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>U</mi></mrow></math></span>) of 0.387, indicating quantitative accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 107952"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145918512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized ultrasound imaging of phase-change nanodroplets","authors":"Charles R. Dyall ,&nbsp;Dmitry Nevozhay ,&nbsp;Andy Liu ,&nbsp;Trevor M. Mitcham ,&nbsp;George J. Lu ,&nbsp;Konstantin V. Sokolov ,&nbsp;Richard R. Bouchard","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phase-change nanodroplets (PCNDs) continue to generate significant research interest due to their potential to extravasate into tissue, to be targeted for molecular imaging and drug delivery, and to undergo an induced phase-change to “activated” microbubbles (MBs) for ultrasound (US) imaging. To accurately quantify molecular markers, however, one assumes a consistent proportion of PCNDs in a region of interest (ROI) are stably activated and imaged. Herein we present a framework for developing a diagnostic sequence that is optimized for PCND activation uniformity, contrast, and acquisition time. To develop this framework, activation was examined at three scales of increasing complexity: single, adjacent, and full ROI activation(s). First, transmit parameters for a single activation were optimized using PCNDs across concentrations (1.0 × 10⁷–10⁹ PCND/mL) in controlled phantom experiments, considering contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), area, and offset (e.g., centroid axial distance from transmit focus) of the activation region along with acquisition time. Activation regions were also compared to prospective estimates based on US-beam imaging. Next, overlap and order of adjacent activation regions was optimized by maximizing spacing while preserving uniformity and minimizing signal loss from adjacent transmit interactions. Finally, an optimized raster-scanning scheme was applied to a mock tumor ROI, yielding 1.4–7.0 dB greater contrast enhancement over unoptimized schemes while reducing acquisition time. Further, PCND concentration was found to share a nonlinear relationship with US signal enhancement that differed significantly between linear and harmonic imaging modes. In conclusion, our framework’s optimization of contrast, uniformity, acquisition time, and cavitation mitigation for PCND US imaging should help facilitate its eventual clinical translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 107933"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145842269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular pulsing-based ultrasound strain imaging with deep learning using paired proximal and distal strain sequences for liver fibrosis detection: a feasibility study","authors":"Hsien-Jung Chan ,&nbsp;Chun-Hao Lu ,&nbsp;Chiao-Yin Wang ,&nbsp;Bao-Yu Hsieh ,&nbsp;Chih-Kuang Yeh ,&nbsp;Dar-In Tai ,&nbsp;Po-Hsiang Tsui","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107936","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate assessment of liver fibrosis in the left liver lobe remains clinically challenging due to motion artifacts that compromise the reliability of shear wave elastography. This feasibility study introduces cardiovascular pulsing-based ultrasound strain imaging (CPUSI) integrated with deep learning, employing dual strain sequence strategies to assess its potential for detecting liver fibrosis in the left hepatic lobe by leveraging intrinsic cardiac motion. A total of 104 patients was enrolled for ultrasound image acquisition, which included B–mode imaging, acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI), and FibroScan measurements. The dataset was also used for CPUSI generation, extraction of proximal (cardiac-wall) and distal (intrahepatic) strain sequences, and calculation of strain metrics, including time-averaged strain (TAS) and the distal-to-proximal strain ratio (DPSR). Five deep learning models, namely recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), transformer, and temporal convolutional network (TCN), were trained using paired proximal and distal strain sequences to classify liver fibrosis stages, with histopathology serving as the reference standard. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using independent t-tests and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). CPUSI-derived TAS and DPSR significantly differentiated early-stage (F0–F1) from advanced-stage (F2–F4) fibrosis (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). ARFI, FibroScan, CPUSI-derived strain metrics (TAS and DPSR), and the CPUSI-based deep learning framework using dual strain sequences achieved AUROC values of 0.83, 0.82, 0.72–0.73, and 0.95, respectively, with the highest performance observed for the LSTM model. The proposed CPUSI–deep learning framework offers a feasible noninvasive approach for left-lobe fibrosis assessment and may serve as a complementary tool to right-lobe-based elastography. Further studies with larger cohorts are warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 107936"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-region internal imaging of metals using multi-mode VF-SAFT and surrogate model-assisted optimization of EMAT","authors":"Zhengshi Lu ,&nbsp;Zhichao Cai ,&nbsp;Riteng Sun ,&nbsp;Jianfen Wang ,&nbsp;Wenhua Hu ,&nbsp;Jing Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2026.107949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Oblique-incidence EMAT inspection can cover large areas and reduce blind zones, but traditional shear-vertical EMATs (TSV-EMATs) suffer from low conversion efficiency, weak directivity and severe modal interference. This work proposes an Optimized Shear-Vertical EMAT (OSV-EMAT) that uses a permanent-magnet array and a tailored FPC meander-line coil to reshape the magnetic field and enhance SV-wave excitation, purity and steering. A physics-guided semi-analytical model is built to map design parameters to SV-wave displacement and, together with a Kriging surrogate and an off-the-shelf swarm optimiser, performs multi-parameter optimisation without extensive transient finite-element simulations, achieving a 51× speed-up while retaining the optimal geometry. For imaging, a multi-mode variable-frequency synthetic aperture focusing technique (VF-SAFT) scheme steers the SV beam by frequency modulation, avoiding mechanical repositioning, and is combined with a lightweight GRDB-based fusion network to mitigate blind zones from direct and secondary modes. Experiments on a semi-circular aluminium plate show that the OSV-EMAT yields stronger, purer and more directional SV echoes than a TSV-EMAT and attains defect localisation errors below 1.52%, demonstrating an efficient solution for EMAT-based defect imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 107949"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145912982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and application of a ring-shaped acoustic focusing piezoelectric transducer for emulsion separation","authors":"Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Haoren Feng ,&nbsp;Liang Wang,&nbsp;Yitao Wang,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As oil production enters its middle and later stages, high water content and severe emulsification in oil wells are becoming increasingly prominent, leading to excessive energy consumption and environmental pollution. Existing downhole oil–water (O/W) separation technologies, such as gravity-based separation and hydrocyclone separation, prove inadequate for separating micro-sized oil droplets in heavily emulsified production fluids. Acoustic O/W separation has shown promising capabilities for micron-sized droplet removal, yet current studies predominantly address emulsions with high oil content. Acoustic separation techniques targeting high-water-cut emulsions have only been validated in stationary, millimeter-scale channels and lack research in large-scale, high throughput, and rapid flow rates under realistic downhole conditions. To overcome this limitation, this study introduces a novel ring-shaped acoustic focusing piezoelectric transducer. The transducer employs the inverse piezoelectric effect to excite the radial contraction–expansion vibrations of the annular structure, generating a diametrically focused full-wave acoustic field within the emulsion, with the center of the pipe serving as the focal point. Under the combined effects of acoustic radiation and acoustic streaming drag forces, dispersed oil droplets migrate toward the pressure antinode, enabling O/W phase separation. Experimental results from both static and dynamic conditions indicate that the proposed transducer effectively enriches micron-sized oil droplets in high-water-cut oil-in-water emulsion and achieves separation. Nevertheless, under dynamic conditions, separation efficiency is sensitive to the flow velocity and declines as flow rate increases. In summary, the proposed acoustic transducer provides an efficient solution for downhole high-water-cut produced fluids, supporting further developments in acoustic-based downhole separation technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 107944"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145858096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional non-contact ultrasound imaging using MHz-band air-coupled ultrasound transducer for skin assessment: A feasibility study","authors":"Hak Hyun Moon,&nbsp;Ga Yeong Lee,&nbsp;Gil Su Kim,&nbsp;Gyu Li Ra,&nbsp;Jong Seob Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-contact ultrasound imaging provides a valuable alternative for patients in whom direct skin contact is difficult or undesirable, such as those with burns or a high risk of infection. However, clinical adoption has been limited by the lack of a practical air-coupled transducer. In this study, we present a MHz-band air-coupled ultrasound transducer (ACUT) designed specifically for medical use, enabling bidirectional, contact-free imaging of the skin. The device features a compact 7 mm × 7 mm aperture and a 2 MHz center frequency, and incorporates a porous matching layer together with an optimized piezocomposite structure to overcome the severe acoustic impedance mismatch with air. These design choices result in improved transmission efficiency and stable operation at low drive voltages (tens of volts), delivering sufficient acoustic energy for both brightness-mode (B-mode) and acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging. To assess performance, tissue-mimicking agar phantoms with different stiffness levels were fabricated, and fully air-coupled B-mode and ARFI imaging were performed. Both reflected intensity and ARFI-induced displacement clearly distinguished stiffness differences. Additionally, temperature measurements during insonification indicated that measurable acoustic energy reached the target surface, consistent with the observed ARFI displacements. Experiments on ex vivo porcine skin with varying degrees of thermal damage further showed that superficial intensity and displacement responses varied consistently with tissue condition. These findings demonstrate that the proposed approach enables simultaneous acquisition of anatomical and biomechanical information from the skin surface without physical contact, offering a promising tool for safe, efficient, and quantitative assessment of skin integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 107948"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145900951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an automatic damage detection methodology using ultrasonic piezoelectric sensors under varying temperature conditions","authors":"Trésor Kanyiki","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents an experimental study of the effects of temperature variations on ultrasonic waves and proposes a methodology to improve the robustness of damage-detection indicators under such environmental conditions. The investigation is based on laboratory tests carried out in air on specimens instrumented with embedded piezoelectric sensors and subjected to controlled thermal cycles. As a first step, the well-known time-stretching technique is applied to correct propagation delays induced by thermal expansion and the temperature dependence of wave speed. Interestingly, while this method remains effective for moderate excursions, its performance degrades at higher temperatures due to strong waveform distortion. Under such conditions, classical indicators relative velocity variation and correlation coefficient-lose reliability.</div><div>To overcome this limitation, we evaluate three processing chains that combine time-stretching with (i) an autoassociative neural network (autoencoder), (ii) principal component analysis (PCA), and (iii) a support vector machine (SVM). The first two approaches extract features that are more resilient to thermal effects and provide better stability when temperature fluctuates. In addition, the squared Euclidean distance between the input and its reconstruction is used as a damage indicator, while extreme value statistics (EVS) are employed to define adaptive alarm thresholds; among the candidate tail models, the Fréchet distribution proves particularly suitable for representing the extremes of the indicator. By contrast, in our protocol, the SVM approach does not yield a significant gain.</div><div>Overall, the results show that coupling time-stretching with dimensionality reduction (linear or nonlinear) and EVS-based thresholding markedly improves monitoring reliability, distinguishing healthy from damaged states with an acceptable false-alarm rate under variable environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 107947"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inertial Cavitation-based Release Estimation - ICbRE","authors":"Benedikt George ,&nbsp;Ula Savšek ,&nbsp;Jan Helmerich ,&nbsp;Georg Fischer ,&nbsp;Dagmar Fischer ,&nbsp;Stefan J. Rupitsch","doi":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107897","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ultras.2025.107897","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cancer research increasingly focuses on local drug release in tumorous tissue by using drug carriers. Concurrently, techniques to quantify the associated drug release are under investigation. This study presents a Inertial Cavitation-based Release Estimation (ICbRE) method. The estimation is based on the assessment of inertial cavitation (IC) noise and its correlation to release data. To develop ICbRE, we used poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocapsules loaded with a fluorescent dye, which were flowed through a tissue-mimicking phantom, and exposed them to focused ultrasound bursts at 550–950 kHz with peak rarefaction pressures (PRP) of 0.22–1.85 MPa, corresponding to mechanical index (MI) values of 0.3–1.9. Cavitation activity was recorded using a passive cavitation detection (PCD) system. By training on acoustic data, we derived weight functions, interpreted as transfer functions, to solve this inverse problem. These weight functions were multiplied by a test set of the acoustic data to estimate payload release. The most accurate estimation showed an absolute error of 0.3% and a standard deviation of 1.9% from the nominal value. Given its precision, we propose the integration of ICbRE into focused ultrasound systems to estimate drug carriers’ payload release. In the course of prospective cancer treatments, a drug’s released payload may be simultaneously quantified while monitoring the cavitation noise to ensure an effective therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23522,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasonics","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 107897"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}