Value in Health最新文献

{"title":"EQ Health and Wellbeing (EQ-HWB): A Psychometric Assessment Across 6 Conditions and the General Population in the United Kingdom.","authors":"Anju Devianee Keetharuth, Clara Mukuria, Tessa Peasgood, Allan Wailoo","doi":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The EQ Health and Wellbeing (EQ-HWB) tools have been developed to measure and value outcomes of both health and social care interventions, including those of carers, in a manner suitable for use in economic evaluation. The aim of this article is to add to the body of psychometric evidence for the performance of EQ-HWB, and its shorter version EQ-HWB-9, by assessing construct validity and reliability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A sample of patients (n = 767) across 6 broadly defined health conditions and a sample of the general population (n = 302) completed the EQ-HWB measures alongside other measures. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman and Pearson correlations. Known-group validity was investigated by using several self-reported variables and disease specific questions for the patient sample. Test-retest reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients and the kappa statistic.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Convergent validity between EQ-HWB items and related items from EQ-5D-5L, SWEMWBS, and ICECAP-A was highest in the patient sample. At the scale level, the highest correlations of EQ-HWB summative score and other measures were observed with both PHQ-8 and GAD-7 followed by EQ-5D-5L and ICECAP-A. The EQ-HWB measures showed ability to detect differences in the defined known groups. Comparing across measures, the EQ-HWB measures had the highest standardized effect sizes for groups defined by emotional problems. The EQ-HWB measures were found to be reliable with test-retest reliability being >0.8 for both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results show that the EQ-HWB measures have promising psychometric properties across both the patient and general populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23508,"journal":{"name":"Value in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144856508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Health Technology Assessment at NICE: A Response to Ramagopalan.","authors":"James Koh, Alice Murray, Adam Brooke, Lesley Owen, Koonal Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23508,"journal":{"name":"Value in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144856507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The \"Artificial Intelligence Statistician\": Utilizing Generative Artificial Intelligence to Select an Appropriate Model and Execute Network Meta-Analyses.","authors":"Tim Reason, Yunchou Wu, Cheryl Jones, Emma Benbow, Kasper Johannesen, Bill Malcolm","doi":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This exploratory study aimed to develop a large language model (LLM)-based process to automate components of network meta-analysis (NMA), including model selection, analysis, output evaluation, and results interpretation. Automating these tasks with LLMs can enhance efficiency, consistency, and scalability in health economics and outcomes research, while ensuring that analyses adhere to established guidelines required by health technology assessment agencies. Improvements in efficiency and scalability may potentially become relevant as the European Union Health Technology Assessment Regulation comes into force, given anticipated analysis requirements and timelines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using Claude 3.5 Sonnet (V2), a process was designed to automate statistical model selection, NMA output evaluation, and results interpretation based on an \"analysis-ready\" data set. Validation was assessed by replicating examples from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Technical Support Document (TSD2), replicating results of non-Decision Support Unit-published NMAs, and generating comprehensive outputs (eg, heterogeneity, inconsistency, and convergence).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The automated LLM-based process produced accurate results. Compared with TSD2 examples, differences were minimal, within expectations (given differences in sampling frameworks used), and comparable to those observed between estimates produced by the R vignettes against TSD2. Similar consistency was noted for non-Decision Support Unit-published NMA examples. Additionally, the LLM process generated and interpreted comprehensive NMA outputs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This exploratory study demonstrates the feasibility of LLMs to automate key components of NMAs, determining the requisite NMA framework based only on input data. Further exploring these capabilities could clarify their role in streamlining NMA workflows.</p>","PeriodicalId":23508,"journal":{"name":"Value in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144856469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value-Based Commissioning of Mental Health Services in England: A Feasibility Study Using Multicriteria Decision Analysis.","authors":"Pamela Gongora-Salazar, Rafael Perera, Apostolos Tsiachristas","doi":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Improving mental health services through value-based investment is high priority in healthcare systems globally. However, there is lack of comprehensive and robust evidence on the value for money of these services that incorporates several value elements and public preferences. This study aims to demonstrate the application of multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) in the assessment of 2 early intervention in psychosis (EIP) services in England.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An MCDA-based evaluation using patient records was conducted to evaluate the value-for-money of 2 EIP services in South-East England: Oxfordshire (EIP-Oxf) and Buckinghamshire (EIP-Bucks). The assessment considered 5 value elements: years of life, quality of life (time to relapse), patient experience (disengagement rates), health inequality (time-to-relapse disparity), and average annual cost. Performance on each value element was estimated using generalized linear models and propensity score matching on electronic health records of 1127 patients. Total MCDA scores integrated standardized predicted means with relative weights that were derived in a previous study. Robustness was assessed using probabilistic sensitivity analysis and service affordability was illustrated in conditional multiattribute acceptability curves.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>EIP-Oxf outperformed EIP-Bucks in overall scores (0.563 vs 0.552) and offered higher value per pound spend according to cost-per-value ratios (£10 438 per unit of value vs £12 655). Results were driven by lower annual cost per patient and health inequality in EIP-Oxf.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MCDA can facilitate value-for-money assessments of mental health services, addressing gaps in comprehensive rationing frameworks. This approach provides a systematic, evidence-driven method for local decision making, with potential for broader healthcare applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23508,"journal":{"name":"Value in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144800400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APPRAISE: A Tool for Appraising Potential for Bias in Real-World Evidence Studies on Medication Effectiveness or Safety.","authors":"Katsiaryna Bykov, Ashley Jaksa, Jennifer L Lund, Jessica M Franklin, Cynthia J Girman, Madlen Gazarian, Hongbo Yuan, Stephen Duffield, Seamus Kent, Elisabetta Patorno","doi":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Real-world evidence (RWE) plays an increasingly important role in health technology assessment (HTA), as well as regulatory and clinical decision making. RWE studies, however, are subject to multiple sources of bias, which are often not easy to identify, impeding credibility and inclusion of RWE in decision making. A comprehensive, fit-for-purpose, and easy-to-use bias assessment tool would help streamline RWE evaluation, enabling efficient utilization of RWE for decision making globally.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A working group of the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology collaborated with HTA experts to develop a tool that could guide bias assessment in observational studies on the comparative safety and effectiveness of medications, building upon existing methodological tools, best practice guidelines, and checklists for the analysis of real-world data. The tool was further tested and refined in collaboration with HTA agencies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>APPRAISE (APpraisal of Potential for Bias in ReAl-World EvIdence StudiEs) covers key domains through which bias might be introduced into an RWE study: inappropriate study design and analysis, exposure and outcome misclassification, and confounding. Each domain contains a series of questions. Responses to questions auto-populate a summary of the potential for bias within each domain and of the actions to take to avoid, mitigate, or explore the impact of bias.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>APPRAISE is a tool to guide bias assessment in observational studies on medication comparative effectiveness or safety. Although the tool was designed for HTA, it will be useful for many other users of RWE and will help guide optimized RWE generation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23508,"journal":{"name":"Value in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12392756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144800398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating Informal Caregiving Time Into Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Adults Aged 50 and Older: Estimating From Health-Related Quality of Life and Functional Status.","authors":"Boshen Jiao, Xinran Lu, Darius N Lakdawalla, William V Padula, Fangli Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Informal caregiving, often provided by family and friends, is essential for supporting individuals with functional impairments. However, these caregiving costs are frequently excluded from cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs), potentially biasing the evaluation of medical interventions dependent on informal caregiving. Although guidelines recommend including these costs in CEA from a societal perspective, implementation has been inconsistent because of limited data. To address this gap, we developed US-based models estimating informal caregiving time by linking it to health-related quality of life (HrQoL) of care recipients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data from the 2010 to 2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of Americans aged 50+, we focused on individuals with limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) or instrumental ADLs (IADLs). We performed regression analyses to estimate the association between informal caregiving time and HrQoL, developing separate models with and without ADL/IADL predictors. Additionally, we created models with both preference-based health utility scores from the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 and visual analog scale scores as the HrQoL measures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The models demonstrated strong predictive accuracy based on cross-validation. Findings from the models using HrQoL as the primary predictor indicate that lower Health Utilities Index or visual analog scale scores are associated with increased caregiving time. The models incorporating the number of ADL and IADL limitations as additional predictors further highlight the growing demand for informal caregiving as functional impairments worsen.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These models provide practical tools to facilitate the inclusion of informal caregiving costs in US-based CEAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23508,"journal":{"name":"Value in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"Adrift From the World\": Exploring the Lived Experiences of Individuals Affected by an Inherited Optic Neuropathy in the United Kingdom-A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Benson S Chen, Chloe Seikus, James Ferguson, Valerija Tadić, Mike Horton, Patrick Yu-Wai-Man, Stephanie Archer","doi":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Little is understood about the lived experiences of individuals affected by inherited optic neuropathies (IONs) in the United Kingdom. The aim of this study was to understand how autosomal dominant optic atrophy (DOA) and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, the 2 more commonly encountered IONs, impact affected individuals and the factors contributing to their vision-related quality of life (VRQoL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 individuals with a genetic diagnosis of DOA (10 participants) or Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (10 participants) and affected by vision loss. Eligible participants were purposively sampled to achieve variation in participant age, sex, duration of visual impairment, and location in the United Kingdom. Using inductive thematic analysis, a range of themes and subthemes were developed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants' experiences could be broadly summarized across 4 overarching themes: (1) IONs affected all aspects of life, most notably psychosocial and emotional well-being; (2) participants learned to cope by adapting and adjusting to visual impairment, often on their own, with little external support or resources; (3) participants' identities as visually impaired people were determined by how they viewed themselves and others' reactions to their disability; and (4) good VRQoL was defined as having independence with the support of others.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Visual impairment due to an ION threatens the independence of affected individuals, leading to psychosocial losses and reduced emotional well-being. Despite the challenges they face, people living with an ION describe a \"relatively\" good VRQoL, often because of the positive impact of social support, enabling them to lead fulfilling lives.</p>","PeriodicalId":23508,"journal":{"name":"Value in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144800397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining simulation model-based outcomes with county-level data for geographic health equity impact evaluations of new interventions.","authors":"Jeroen P Jansen, Michael P Douglas, Kathryn A Phillips","doi":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Geographic health disparities persist across the United States, with substantial variations in health outcomes between regions. Evaluating how emerging health technologies might affect these disparities is crucial for developing equitable health policies. This paper introduces an approach for geographic health equity impact evaluation by combining predicted outcomes by equity-relevant subgroup from a simulation model with US county-level data on subgroup proportions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The approach involves the following steps: 1) Create a dataset with county-level information on equity-relevant factors and lifetime risk of the target indication; 2) Estimate QALYs and costs with and without the intervention for different combinations of equity-relevant factors with the simulation model; 3) Calculate expected and incremental QALYs in target population, incremental net health benefits per 100,000 general population, and quality adjusted life expectancy at birth (QALEs) without and with LB for each county based on its distribution of equity-relevant factors and step 2 estimates; and 4) Quantify inequality in QALYs and QALEs between counties with and without the technology and the corresponding health equity impact.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We illustrate the approach using liquid biopsy for first-line treatment in non-small cell lung cancer. Future applications should incorporate more detailed information on the equity-relevant groups by county.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Combining simulation model outcomes with county-level data on equity-relevant subgroups provides a novel approach for health equity impact evaluations of new interventions. It facilitates examining how introducing a new health technology can impact geographic disparities in health, and can help identify areas that may benefit most from a new intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":23508,"journal":{"name":"Value in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144804932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Head-to-Head Comparison of the Psychometric Properties of the EQ-5D-Y-3L, EQ-5D-Y-5L, and CHU9D in Children Aged 8 to 18 Years With Eczema.","authors":"Rachel Lee-Yin Tan, Jian Yi Soh, Elizabeth Huiwen Tham, Anne Eng Neo Goh, Mark Jean Aan Koh, Nisha Suyien Chandran, Madeline Sheun Ling Ho, Lucinda Siyun Tan, Michael Herdman, Nan Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.07.021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study evaluated and compared the psychometric properties (ceiling effects, construct validity, and responsiveness) of EQ-5D-Y-3L (Y-3L), EQ-5D-Y-5L (Y-5L), and child health utility 9D (CHU9D) in pediatric patients with eczema.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patients completed the Y-3L, Y-5L, CHU9D, and the Child Dermatology Life Quality Index and were followed up during their next visit. Clinicians assessed patients' skin status using the Validated Investigator Global Assessment scale for Atopic Dermatitis. Ceiling effects of the 3 instruments were compared. Convergent validity was assessed using correlation with the Child Dermatology Life Quality Index; known-group validity was evaluated using F-statistics; and responsiveness was assessed using standardized effect sizes (SESs) among patients reporting improved health.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 164 patients (mean age: 12.2 years; female: 47.6%) participated in the study. Of those, 67 patients (mean age:11.9; female: 53.8%) completed the follow-up survey. The ceiling effects of Y-3L, Y-5L, and CHU9D were 34.8%, 28.7%, and 9.8%, respectively. All known-group hypotheses, defined by the Validated Investigator Global Assessment scale for Atopic Dermatitis and scratching frequency, were met, with Y-5L showing the strongest performance in discriminating between patients based on symptom severity. Convergent validity was met in 70.0%, 70.0%, and 83.3% of hypotheses tested for Y-3L, Y-5L, and CHU9D, respectively. CHU9D (SES = 0.53) was relatively more responsive to change than Y-3L (SES= 0.18) or Y-5L (SES = 0.43).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Y-3L and Y-5L were more sensitive to clinical outcome differences, whereas CHU9D appeared to be more responsive to self-rated health improvement. Further research using clinical measures and more diverse eczema patient samples is needed to confirm these findings and support evidence-based instrument selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":23508,"journal":{"name":"Value in Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144800396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do We Always Need a New Preference Study? A Scoping Review of Promising Research Areas for Meta-Analyses and Benefit Transfers of Patient Preference Studies","authors":"Michael Bui MSc ,&nbsp;Catharina G.M. Groothuis-Oudshoorn PhD ,&nbsp;A. Cecilia Jimenez-Moreno PhD ,&nbsp;Byron Jones PhD ,&nbsp;Conny Berlin Dipl-Math ,&nbsp;Janine A. van Til PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.06.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jval.2025.06.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Although patient preference (PP) studies are costly, time intensive, and burdensome on patients, their findings are rarely used beyond the purpose of the original study. If PP study findings could be transferred to other contexts through meta-regression (benefit transfers), resources could be better utilized. We conducted a scoping review to assess the readiness of the current PP study landscape for evidence synthesis and benefit transfers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Quantitative PP studies examining risks and benefits of treatments were identified through a systematic search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Based on benefit transfer guidelines from environmental economics, prospects for transferring PP study findings were judged based on the number of studies across indications, consistency in elicitation methods, consistency in treatment attributes, and consistency in computed preference parameters.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total, 777 studies were included. Of these, 580 were discrete choice experiments (DCEs). Geographically, most studies were conducted in the United States (<em>N</em> = 271), multicountry designs (<em>N</em> = 105), Germany (<em>N</em> = 61), the United Kingdom (<em>N</em> = 59), and The Netherlands (<em>N</em> = 54). Indication wise, most research was concentrated in type 2 diabetes (T2D) (46 DCEs, 7 non-DCEs), psoriasis (24 DCEs, 8 non-DCEs), and multiple sclerosis (21 DCEs, 7 non-DCEs).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The landscape of PP studies is dispersed across various indications and therapeutic focus areas, which generally limits interstudy comparisons. However, numerous DCEs on T2D exhibited a high consistency in computed preference parameters and a moderately high degree of overlap in studied attributes (hypoglycemia, glycemic control, weight change, and out-of-pocket costs). Hence, benefit transfers seem feasible in T2D.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23508,"journal":{"name":"Value in Health","volume":"28 9","pages":"Pages 1426-1443"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144785398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}