Pan African Journal of Life Sciences最新文献

{"title":"A novel report of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli carrying mcr-1 gene from animal and human feacal samples in Nigeria","authors":"O. Olowe, R. Olowe, A. Oluremi, O. Adefioye","doi":"10.36108/pajols/8102/10(0120)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/8102/10(0120)","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The mobilized colistin resistance (m cr)-1 gene confers transferable colistin resistance. Reports of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPE) have attracted substantial attention. However, in Nigeria, there is no report of mcr-1 gene resistance. Since colistin is a last resort for multiple drug-resistant isolates, this study therefore report the prevalence of mcr-1 gene among E. coli isolated from human and animal sources. Methods: Out of a total of 280 samples collected from animal and hum an faecal samples from selected farms in Oyo and Osun States, Southwestern Nigeria between July 2015 and June 2016, 60 E. coli were identified using standard microbiological methods. The mcr-1 gene was detected in the isolates by conventional PCR assay. Results: The m cr-1 gene was low and not statistically significant (p≥0.05). It was detected in 5 (8.3%) of 60 E. coli isolates (4= animals; 1= human) Conclusion: This study is the first report of mcr -1 gene from E. coli from human and animal sources in Nigeria. This calls for urgent caution in the use of colistin in animal husbandry.","PeriodicalId":234626,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Journal of Life Sciences","volume":"11 24","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120842046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abundance and Distribution of Odonates (Dragonflies and Damselflies) In Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"K. A. Kemabonta, R. Essien, B. Adu, Sylvester U. Ogbogu, Abdussalam Iysa, R. Uche-Dike","doi":"10.36108/pajols/8102/10(0160)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/8102/10(0160)","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Odonates are used as bio-indicators for monitoring habitat degradation both on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem because of their sensitivity to anthropogenic activities. They serve an important role in the ecological food chain by consuming aquatic larvae and being in turn consumed by birds and various amphibians. This study is part of the ongoing research on the diversity of Odonate species of Nigeria. The objective is to determine the abundance and distribution of odonates in Akwa Ibom State and to compare the species diversity across the various sites in Akwa Ibom State.\u0000Methodology: Akwa Ibom state was divided into six areas namely Ikot Akpaden, Obio Akpa, Ikot Okoro, Ikot Udofia, Urua Udofia and Obio Ndot using biotypes and a study site was randomly selected in each area. Adult members were captured using a sweep net and were preserved for identification using morphological features.\u0000Results: A total of 767 odonates were collected at the six study sites representing 24 species, 16 genera and four families namely Libellulidae (77%), Coenagrionidae (21%), Calopterygidae (>1%) and Chlorocyphidae (>1%). Most of the species collected were members of family Libellullidae (77%) with Palpopleura lucia having the highest occurrence (41%) and found in all the sites. Family Calopterygidae and Chlorocyphidae had less than 1% population of the total individuals collected. Ikot Okoro had the highest number of individuals (238) and the least evenness (e^H/S=0.3292) while Ikot Akpaden, which had the least effect of anthropogenic intrusion had the largest diversity of Odonata species (H’=2.387). Obio Ndot had the most evenly distributed Odonata species (e^H/S=0.8028). There was no statistical difference in the occurrence of dragonflies across all study sites (p= 0.238).\u0000Conclusion: The high occurrence of family Libellulidae which are anthropogenic tolerant, and the absence of more highly localized species indicate that most of the study sites have been degraded and may not be fit for species with narrow niches. It is therefore vital to conserve the Odonata community by implementing proper forest management techniques.","PeriodicalId":234626,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Journal of Life Sciences","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117148701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low levels of Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity in two Nigerian communities bordering the Niger River","authors":"J. Idakwo, Emmanuel Taiwo Idowu, K. Oyebola, O. Otubanjo","doi":"10.36108/pajols/8102/10(0130)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/8102/10(0130)","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Extensive genetic diversity of malaria parasites is a major draw back to ongoing control\u0000efforts. Population-specific investigation of genetic structure of the parasite is important for effective malaria intervention in endemic populations such as Nigeria where about one-third of the global burden of the disease is borne. This study describes the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates in the Niger River basins, North-Central Nigeria.\u0000Methodology: Parasite DNA w as extracted fr om finger -prick blood samples collected from eighty P. falciparum positive individuals. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) genotyping was carried out to target K1, MAD20 and R033 allelic families of Merozoite Surface Protein (MSP) -1 gene and FC27 and 3D7 allelic families of MSP-2 gene.\u0000Results: Proportion of isolates with K1 family w as 28(70%) with two alleles in Idah and 16(40%) with two alleles in Ibaji. Proportion of isolates with MAD20 family was 8 (20%) and a total of two alleles were observed in Idah and 4(10%) with two alleles in Ibaji. RO33 proportion was 16 (40%) in Idah one allele and 8(20%) in Ibaji where the allelic family was also observed to be monomorphic. K1 was the most predominant MSP1 allele in the two parasite populations and the frequency of FC27 genotype was higher than 3D7 in both populations. Multiplicity of infection (Mol) with MSP-1 loci was higher in Ibaji (1.30) than Idah (1.05) while MoI with MSP-2 loci was lower in Ibaji (2.00) than Idah (2.13). However, there is no significant difference in the mean Mol between Idah and Ibaji (P > 0.05). The expected heterozygosity (HE) value was 0.56 for MSP-1 and 0.84 for MSP-2.\u0000Conclusion: Our findings revealed high levels of monoclonal infections with P. falciparum, suggesting low parasite diversity. This may be a pointer to a reduction in malaria transmission in the river basins.","PeriodicalId":234626,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Journal of Life Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126885158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-Dependent Prevalence of Malaria in Akeddei Community in South-South Nigeria","authors":"R. Funwei","doi":"10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0230","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Malaria is highly endemic in Nigeria, making malaria morbidity and mortality a leading public health challenge. The most at risk population of malaria attack is under-five years’ children. However, malaria is presumptively treated in older age groups. This study aimed to determine the age-dependent prevalence of malaria amongst three age groups in a rural community in south-south Nigeria.\u0000Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey comprising febrile and afebrile participants (n = 300) were randomly selected and included for the study. The study participants were grouped into three groups: under-five years old children (n = 100), older children of aged 6-15 years (n = 100) and 16 years and above (n = 100). Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) and Giemsa-stained microscopy were used for malaria diagnosis and parasite detection. Clinical and demographic parameters as well as malaria prevalence were analyzed. The level of statistical significance was considered at ρ = 0.05\u0000Results: Malaria prevalence in the under-five age group was 73% by RDTs and 49% by microscopy. For the 6–15 years, the prevalence of malaria was 60% and 43% by RDTs and microscopy respectively while RDTs accounted for 38% and microscopy 17% for the 16 years and above group.\u0000Conclusion: Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) administration to older children and adults should be based on parasitological confirmation of suspected cases with at least malaria RDTs to reduce drug pressure.","PeriodicalId":234626,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Journal of Life Sciences","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115554481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haematological and Haemostatic Changes Associated with Major Depressive Disorder among Nigerians.","authors":"O. Ekun","doi":"10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0210","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A link between major depressive disorder (MDD) and haematological as well as co-agulation disorders has been postulated. This study aims to evaluate haematological and haemostatic changes among Nigerians with major depressive disorder\u0000Methods: Two hundred volunteers consisting of an equal number of individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) based on DMS-IV criteria and apparently healthy control participated in this study. The blood sample was collected into tri-sodium citrate K2EDTA bottles respectively and was evaluated for some haemostatic parameters , using ELISA, Clauss, Quick’s One Stage, Proctor and Rapaport’s methods.\u0000Results: The mean WBC, hemoglobin and differential lymphocyte were significantly higher among MDD total volunteers (p < 0.001). The red cell indices and platelet count were lower among MDD (p <0.001). Also the prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen, protein-C and erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) were all raised (p <0.001) among volunteers with MDD. Positive associations existed be-tween MCV and RBC (r: 0.364; p<0.001), PT and APTT (r: 0.319 p <0.001), APTT and fibrinogen (r: 0.239, p = 0.017) as well as PT and fibrinogen (r: 0.275 p = 0.006) at 95% confidence interval.\u0000Conclusion: Changes in total leucocytes count, lymphocytes values and haemostatic parameters among volunteers with depression may impacts deleterious effects on the immune response as well as haemostatic homeostasis, while decreased red cell indices may suggest occult nutritional anaemia.","PeriodicalId":234626,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Journal of Life Sciences","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114829506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomedical Applications of Green Synthesized-Metallic Nanoparticles: A Review","authors":"Lateef Agbaje, J. A. Elegbede, P. O. Akinola, V. Ajayi","doi":"10.36108/pajols/9102/30(0170)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/9102/30(0170)","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology to modulate materials at nanoscale level has continued to have great impact on different disciplines of science and engineering as well as agriculture and medical fields. The surge in the utilization of benign and non-toxic biomolecules to engineer enhanced biocompatible nanomaterials has contributed to a large extent to the applications of nanomaterials in healthcare; an emerging sub-discipline termed nanomedicine. Among the several nanomaterials that have been produced, metallic nanoparticles occupy prime position owing to their optical, catalytic and biological characteristics. These nanoparticles, which are of different types existing singly as mono-metallic nanoparticles or in two or more metals as alloys have found extremely useful applications as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anticoagulant and thrombolytic agents amongst others. In this review, an attempt is made to project the different applications of green synthesized metallic nanoparticles in diverse areas of biomedicine, including the discussion of issues of toxicity and prospects of nanotechnology in biomedical field.","PeriodicalId":234626,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Journal of Life Sciences","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123229149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of Amodiaquine for its in vitro Anti-cancer Activity on Breast Cancer Cell Lines- a Case Study for Drug Reprofiling","authors":"K. Salako","doi":"10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0240","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cancer is one of the foremost contributors to global disease bur den and constantly requires new therapeutic options. The development of new drugs has failed to keep up with its incidence. Hence, drug reprofiling strategies are emerging as novel therapeutic options. The study aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of amodiaquine (anti-malarial drug) using a combination of murine and human breast cancer cell lines\u0000Methods: Amodiaquine was authenticated by ultra-violet spectrophotometry, high- performance liquid chromatography and 1D nuclear magnetic resonance. In vitro cytotoxicity of amodiaquine was evaluated against three breast cancer cell lines. MDA-MB-453, 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with the drug at different concentrations (0.78, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.50, 25.00, 50.00, 100.00 μM) for 72 h, after which cell viability testing was conducted using the cell counting kit-8 assay. Negative control in which no drug was added to the cells was also evaluated. The flow cytometry analysis of MDA-MB-231 cells when treated with amodiaquine was also evaluated by a flow cytometer using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assay.\u0000Results: Cell viability studies showed that the IC50 values of amodiaquine on MDA-MB-453, 4T1, and MDAMB-231 cells were 6.48 ± 1.12, 10.50 ± 1.17, and 19.23 ± 1.16 μM, respectively. The flow cytometry analysis of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells treated with amodiaquine showed cancer cell death by necrosis.\u0000Conclusion: This study has shown that amodiaquine may be potentially reprofiled as an anti-cancer agent in\u0000managing androgen receptor-positive / HER-2 positive and triple-negative breast cancer types. An additional probable mechanism of action of anti-cancer activity of amodiaquine was found to be necrosis .","PeriodicalId":234626,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Journal of Life Sciences","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124648124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adult Males and Females in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria Manifest Extremely Low Level of Rubella Virus Susceptibility: Herd Immunity Implication","authors":"Motunrayo A. Awodeji, W. F. Sule","doi":"10.36108/pajols/9102/20(0160)","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/9102/20(0160)","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Despite the epidemic-prone nature of rubella and absence of its vaccine in routine immunization in Nigeria, there have been no reported cases of rubella outbreak in Osogbo, capital city of Osun State. We therefore hypothesized that susceptibility to rubella viral infection was low among males and females attending LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo.\u0000Methodology: To verify this, 89 sera of consecutively selected consenting males and females in the General-Out-Patient Department of LAUTECH Teaching Hospital were tested for presence of protective level of anti-rubella virus IgG antibody using ELISA. Relevant socio-demographic/clinical data were obtained with interviewer-administered questionnaires. The serologic results were analyzed vis-à-vis the participants’ data.\u0000Results: The 89 participants were aged 3-85 years (mean age: 39.4 years) with 38.2% as males (mean age: 36.3 years). Overall rubella virus IgG seropositivity was 97.8%. Consequently, the rubella viral infection susceptibility rate was 2.2%, with group-specific susceptibility ranging from 0.0% to 4.2%. The susceptibility for males and females were 2.9% and 1.8% respectively. None of the participants’ variables was statistically associated with the susceptibility; this was mainly due to zero susceptibility of most groups of the participants. The 11 pregnant women and the 7 participants reporting skin rash had zero susceptibility to rubella.\u0000Conclusion: The study concludes that males, as well as females, had very low level of susceptibility suggestive of herd immunity against the virus which apparently was responsible for absence of rubella outbreaks in Osogbo, Osun State. As the high positivity rate indicated rubella endemicity, we recommend inclusion of rubella virus-containing immunization in national routine immunization for children and young adults, as well as, public enlightenment regarding rubella in Osogbo, Osun State.","PeriodicalId":234626,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Journal of Life Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126565930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of Finger Dermatoglyphics Traits and other Biometric Indices among Health Science Undergraduates of the Osun State University, Nigeria","authors":"Joseph Dare","doi":"10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0250","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Finger dermatoglyphics has been useful in diagnosing genetically related diseases and detecting crimes. A cross-sectional study was carried out to establish the relationship between fingerprint traits and biometric indices\u0000Methods: Finger dermatoglyphics data were obtained using the ink method among the Health Sciences Students of Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria. Finger pattern intensity, finger pattern distribution, and finger ridge counts were measured and compared. These were done by counting and classifying ridge patterns and pattern configuration of arches, loops, and whorls and counting their ridge densities. The subject’s height, weight, and colour of the pupil were measured and recorded, respectively\u0000Results: The ulnar loops and arches were the most predominant finger patter ns in females, while males showed significantly spiral whorls. The sex differences between these patterns were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Subjects with brown pupils demonstrated higher ulnar loop and elliptical whorl, while those with black pupils possessed significantly well-distributed arches, and were insignificant in pattern width and intensity. Body Mass Index (BMI) polymorphism showed the lowest pattern size (Finger Ridge Counts) demonstrated by significantly reduced total finger ridge count among the subjects with BMI range of 24-26 and predominance of the concentric whorl, radial loop, and arches. However, higher pattern size was observed in subjects with a higher BMI value 27-29 BMI range with corresponding ulanr and spiral whorl respectively.\u0000Conclusion: This study demonstrated the prevalent biometrics measure of finger dermatoglyphics traits, in relations to the biometrics distribution of pupillary colour and body mass index among the Health Sciences Students of Osun State University, Osogbo Nigeria","PeriodicalId":234626,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Journal of Life Sciences","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127517579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergetic Treatment of Ascorbic Acid and Nicotine Ameliorates Aluminium Induced Neurotoxicity in the Prefrontal Cortex of Wistar Rat","authors":"T. Abayomi","doi":"10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/pajols/1202.50.0260","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Though the neuroprotective roles of ascorbic acid are well established, the therapeutic role of nicotine in various neurological disorders is attracting increasing attention. This study evaluated the putative ameliorative role of the synergetic treatment of nicotine and ascorbic acid against neurodegenerative consequences associated with free radical species and amyloid plaques generation in adult male Wistar rats\u0000Methods: A total of 35 Wistar rats were distributed into five groups labeled A-E. Group A served as the control group; animals in group B were treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) for 21 days. Group C animals were treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride for 21 days and post-treated with 14mg/kg body weight of nicotine for 21 days. Group D was treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride for 21 days and post-treated with 100mg/kg bodyweight of ascorbic acid for 21 days. Group E animals were treated with 100mg/kg body weight of aluminium chloride for 21 days and post-treated with 100mg/kg bodyweight of ascorbic acid and 14mg/kg body weight of nicotine. On completion of treatments, the prefrontal cortex was excised and processed for biochemical and histochemical examinations.\u0000Results: Oxidative stress was evident from the diminished level of catalase and glutathione per oxidase and elevated lipid peroxidation levels in animals administered with aluminium in addition to the presence of amyloid plaques in these animals. However, synergetic administration of ascorbic acid and nicotine attenuated these oxidative and histochemical perturbations induced by aluminium.\u0000Conclusion: Synergetic treatment with ascorbic acid and nicotine provided better ameliorative potential against aluminium-induced neurotoxicity compared to either ascorbic acid or nicotine treatments alone","PeriodicalId":234626,"journal":{"name":"Pan African Journal of Life Sciences","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122585468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}