Translational Research in Oral Oncology最新文献

{"title":"Stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase","authors":"M. Abraham, S. Sowmya, Roopa S. Rao, Vanishri C. Haragannavar, S. Patil, D. Augustine, Shwetha Nambiar","doi":"10.1177/2057178X18782512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057178X18782512","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Oral cancer is a major public health problem in many parts of South Asia and ranking third among the cancer types in India. Numerous diagnostic, prognostic and metastatic biomarkers have been employed till date to assess various carcinomas. Stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) is one such recently introduced biomarker that regulates key cell cycle events in normal cells and during carcinogenesis in neoplastic cells. Although SCD has been used to analyze the prognosis of breast and renal cell carcinomas, its role in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unexplored. Therefore, there is a need to analyze the role of SCD in OED and OSCC to predict their biologic behaviour. Objectives: To assess the expression levels of SCD in OED and OSCC samples and correlate them with normal oral mucosa (NOM) to determine their prognostic potential. Methodology: Fifty five tissue samples of OED (20), OSCC (20) and NOM (15) was subjected to immunohistochemistry using SCD. Clinical details and follow-up data (3 years) were recorded. Clinical and histopathological parameters were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate analyses, Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance test and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results: Descriptive analysis on OED and NOM showed a statistically significant difference in age between OED and NOM (p = 0.002). Univariate analysis of OSCC cases by log-rank test revealed significant results in the usage of smoked and smokeless tobacco and clinical staging of OSCC (p = 0.044). Significantly increased SCD expression was identified with poor survival rate (p = 0.028). However, multivariate analysis of OSCC was statistically insignificant (p = 1.00). A significantly increased SCD expression was observed in OED and OSCC when compared to NOM (p = 0.001). The expression of SCD was significantly high in OSCC when compared to OED (p = 0.029). Although an increased expression of SCD was appreciated in higher grades of OED and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, a statistical significance was not achieved (p = 0.546 and 0.388, respectively). Conclusion: The expression of SCD in OED was higher than NOM suggesting changes in cell cycle control in OED. An enhanced expression of SCD was identified in OSCC when compared to OED. Correlating the SCD expression with survival rate in OSCC patients revealed an increased SCD expression with diminished survival rate, indicating that SCD may be used to predict prognosis. However, the role of SCD in assessing the prognostic potential within the grades of OED and OSCC requires future research.","PeriodicalId":233876,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Oral Oncology","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127618201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) DNA copy number in oral rinse samples from oral cavity cancer patients","authors":"H. Shigeishi, Sho Yokoyama, K. Ohta, M. Takechi, M. Sugiyama","doi":"10.1177/2057178X18774683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057178X18774683","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) DNA copy number in the oral cavity of cancer patients using oral rinse samples. Methods: We analyzed the HPV16 DNA copy number of oral rinse samples in 13 primary oral cavity cancer patients (mean age 67.8 years, range 48–84 years) who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery of Hiroshima University Hospital (Hiroshima, Japan). The 13 oral cavity cancers included 6 carcinomas in situ and 7 squamous cell carcinomas. Real-time PCR analysis was performed to examine the number of HPV16 E6 viral copies in oral rinse samples. Additionally, the HPV16 integration status was investigated using the real-time PCR findings for HPV16 E2 genes in HPV16 E6-positive oral rinse samples. Results: HPV16 E6 copy numbers above the detection limit in a standard curve for HPV16 E6 DNA were assessed as HPV16 positive in oral rinse samples from 6 of 13 patients. The average number of HPV16 E6 viral copies was 1.71 ± 1.72 per cell (range, 0.39–4.96 copies/cell) in six oral rinse samples. The HPV16 E2 viral load was detected in four of the six HPV16-positive oral rinse samples. Two of the six HPV16-positive oral rinse samples showed HPV16 E2 copy numbers below the detection limit, indicating the full integration of HPV16 DNA. Conclusions: The number of patients in this study was small; therefore, further investigation using a larger number of participants is required to clarify the level of HPV16 viral copy number in the oral cavity of cancer patients.","PeriodicalId":233876,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Oral Oncology","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124818230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifibrotic effect of Ocimum basilicum L. and linalool on arecoline-induced fibrosis in human buccal fibroblasts","authors":"Pooja Adtani, N. Malathi, K. Ranganathan, Sivaswamy Lokeswari, A. Punnoose","doi":"10.1177/2057178X18764471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057178X18764471","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: To explore Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) and linalool for their antifibrotic activity in an arecoline-induced in vitro fibrotic model. Methods: Leaf extract of O. basilicum L. (LEOB) and linalool were used as experimental agents to test their antifibrogenic activity in vitro. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for arecoline, ethanolic LEOB, and linalool was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. To evaluate the antifibrotic effect of ethanolic LEOB and linalool on pretreatment, that is, both the testing agents were added to the human buccal fibroblasts (HBFs) prior to induction with arecoline, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out to study the response of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), collagen 1 subtype A2 (COL1A2), and collagen 3 subtype A1 (COL3A1). To appreciate the morphological alterations in HBFs on treatment with arecoline, ethanolic LEOB, and linalool, Masson’s trichrome staining was performed. Results: Arecoline enhanced fibrotic activity by upregulating TGFβ1, COL1A2, and COL3A1 levels, whereas ethanolic LEOB and linalool on pretreatment significantly downregulated the increased levels of TGFβ1, COL1A2, and COL3A1 in primary HBF cell cultures. Conclusion and implication to clinic: Both ethanolic LEOB and linalool exhibited significant antifibrotic activity in an in vitro model. Further studies in an in vitro model can help attain a foundation for an herbal formulation in gel form that can be prescribed to patients diagnosed with oral submucous fibrosis for topical application. It can also be used synergistically with Western medicine.","PeriodicalId":233876,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Oral Oncology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130334628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) in the adult population of Córdoba, Argentina","authors":"María Inés Criscuolo, Paola Belardinelli, R. Morelatto, Jessica Mosmann, R. F. Venezuela, A. Kiguen, C. Cuffini, S. A. L. D. Blanc","doi":"10.1177/2057178X18757334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057178X18757334","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To determine the prevalence of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) in the population of Córdoba, Argentina and its association with other risk factors. Methods: A sample of 401 volunteers over 18 years, representative of Cordoba city population, was selected. Using a questionnaire, we collected sociodemographic data including the use of tobacco, alcohol, and mate consumption. Two biological samples were taken from each individual, whole mouth saliva and a scraping of the posterior border of the tongue. HPV was determined by polymerase chain reaction using MY09/11 primers. Statistical associations were analyzed using χ2 test. Results: Prevalence of HPV in the population was of 3% (13/401). The mean age of HPV-positive cases was 42 years with a range of 20–85; 54% were females. Among the 13 cases whose saliva was positive for HPV, only 7 (54%) had HPV-DNA in the tongue scraping. All identified genotypes were of low risk and HPV11 was the most frequent type in 62% of positive cases. None of the positive subjects exhibited oral lesions compatible with HPV infection. Ten (77%) of the HPV-positive subjects exhibited lesions in the oral mucosa, mostly related to chronic mechanical irritation (CMI) (odds ratio 3, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–8.97, p < 0.05). Fifty-four percent of HPV-positive individuals were light smokers and consumed alcohol moderately. The combination of both habits was observed in 31%. Sixty-two percent drank mate at high water temperatures. No differences were detected in the sexual behavior or in the reported number of sexual partners between HPV-positive and -negative subjects. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of oral HPV in adults was 3%; only the low-risk genotypes were detected and no association with other risk factors for oral cancer was found. However, an association with CMI of the oral mucosa was noted. The saliva sample proved to be a simple, efficient, and well-tolerated method suitable for screening for HPV, and more cases were detected in saliva compared with tissue scrapings.","PeriodicalId":233876,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Oral Oncology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129652807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Could chronic mechanical irritation facilitate entry of human papillomavirus (HPV) facilitating oral HPV infection?","authors":"G. Gilligan, M. F. Galíndez Costa, L. Moine, R. Panico, E. Piemonte","doi":"10.1177/2057178X17746799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057178X17746799","url":null,"abstract":"There are similarities between the clinical conditions associated with genital and oral mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV). The role of HPV infection in oral carcinogenesis is currently controversial. Also, factors underlying this infection are still unclear. The frequent location of HPV lesions in areas of trauma indicates the role of mechanical irritation as a necessary event for the penetration and/or reactivation of the virus into the epithelium. Oral mucosa is frequently exposed to mechanical irritation, as it is in constant and intimate association with hard tissues. During the oral HPV infection, favorable conditions must be generated for the infection to be successful. Some of them, associated with proliferation of basal keratinocytes, are related to the presence of external stimuli, such as chronic mechanical irritation (CMI). The objective of this work is to demonstrate, through the presentation of three clinical cases, the possible role of CMI in the pathophysiology of HPV lesions of the oral mucosa.","PeriodicalId":233876,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Oral Oncology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131317313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of curcumin-mediated signalling pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","authors":"Vishalakshi Nanjappa, G. Sathe, Ankit P Jain, Pavithra Rajagopalan, R. Raja, Tejaswini Subbannayya, Arun H. Patil, Prashant Kumar, T. Prasad, P. Mathur, D. Sidransky, H. Gowda, Aditi Chatterjee","doi":"10.1177/2057178X17743142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057178X17743142","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Curcumin has been shown to exhibit anti-neoplastic effects. However, due to its poor bioavailability, the use of curcumin as an anti-cancer drug is limited. Thus, it is necessary to identify molecules as an alternative to curcumin that could serve as anti-cancer targets. In this study, we attempted to understand the underlying curcumin-mediated signalling pathways contributing to anti-neoplastic effects of curcumin. Methods: We carried out mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic analysis of head and neck cancer cell line, CAL 27, treated with and without curcumin to identify curcumin-mediated signalling pathways. Serine/threonine kinases were enriched using titanium dioxide. Results: This resulted in the identification of 5921 phosphopeptides corresponding to 1878 proteins. Of these, 275 and 183 phosphopeptides corresponding to 335 and 242 proteins (≥2.0-fold) were found to be hyper- and hypo-phosphorylated, respectively, in response to curcumin treatment. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2), a serine/threonine kinase, and its downstream target protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1 (PRKAB1) were found to be hypo-phosphorylated when treated with curcumin. Further, silencing or inhibiting CaMKK2 resulted in decreased invasion and colony forming ability of not only CAL 27 cells but also other head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines. Further, Western blot analysis showed that curcumin-mediated signalling is corroborated by CaMKK2. Conclusions: Taken together, our results suggest that CaMKK2 could be a novel therapeutic target in HNSCC and can serve as an alternative to curcumin.","PeriodicalId":233876,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Oral Oncology","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116187662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of exposure to thiazolidinediones on the development of head-and-neck cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus","authors":"R. Govindarajan, E. Siegel","doi":"10.1177/2057178X17739809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057178X17739809","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) ligands with a variety of metabolic activities approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to being potent hypoglycemic agents, they are recognized through in-vitro studies as having antiproliferative activity. This study was conducted to explore the impact of TZD exposures on the development of head-and-neck cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted on subjects attending 10 Veterans Affairs medical centers comprising Veterans Integrated Services Network 16 (VISN-16). Data were collected from the VISN-16 database created from the electronic patient charts. Male diabetics who were eligible to be prescribed TZDs were followed for the development of head-and-neck cancer. Head-and-neck cancers were identified by International Statistical Classification of Diseases 9 (ICD 9) codes; exposures to TZDs and other antidiabetic agents were determined from pharmacy dispensing records. Results: A total of 130,406 subjects who met the study criteria were followed for a total of 571,237 person-years, during which time 911 head-and-neck cancers developed. There was a significant reduction in the incidence of head-and-neck cancers among subjects exposed to TZDs after adjusting for other antidiabetic agents, race, age, body mass index (BMI), and glycosylated hemoglobin [hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)] (hazard ratio 0.43, confidence interval 0.21–0.89; p = 0.023). Conclusion: A statistically significant reduction was noted in the incidence of head-and-neck cancers among male diabetic veterans exposed to TZDs. These data warrant further investigation.","PeriodicalId":233876,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Oral Oncology","volume":"95 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132242018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinico-pathological prognosticators in oral squamous cell carcinoma","authors":"Barnali Majumdar, S. Patil, S. Sarode, G. Sarode, Roopa S. Rao","doi":"10.1177/2057178X17738912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057178X17738912","url":null,"abstract":"Despite diagnostic and therapeutic advancements, mortality and morbidity rates in the patients diagnosed with oral cancer remain static. Hence, an understanding of the factors that predict the progression of oral cancer appears to be useful in deciding on the most appropriate therapy, thereby improving survival. To do so in practice, a critical knowledge of prognostic markers that have high sensitivity is essential. Though recent research has introduced newer molecular markers, challenging the conventional prognostic assessment methods their universal application is yet to be determined. In practice, clinical and histopathological parameters are widely used for the selection of treatment strategies and for the determination of prognosis in oral cancer patients. A literature search yielded a multitude of parameters to be involved in the determination of prognosis of a patient. Based on published evidence, factors of significance were pTNM, tumour volume, depth of invasion, surgical margin status, tumour budding, vascular and perineural invasion, medullary bone invasion, extracapsular spread and the presence of distant metastasis.","PeriodicalId":233876,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Oral Oncology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126477901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of HPV screening methods and sample storage in oral lichen planus lesions","authors":"A. Poulopoulos, M. Hempel, G. Karakitsos, A. Fakis, D. Andreadis","doi":"10.1177/2057178X17727674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057178X17727674","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: We investigated the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA distribution in oral lichen planus (OLP) samples using non-invasive methods, with the potential for much broader population screening. Methods: Three different non-invasive collection methods (dry storage, lysis buffer preservation, and use of a commercial tool to rake epithelial cells and immersion of the collection device into the provided rinse solution) were evaluated. HPV DNA was detected in brushed or scraped samples of the lesion site using a commercial HPV DNA polymerase chain reaction kit. Results: In the group of patients with OLP lesions, HPV was detected significantly more frequently than in the healthy control group (lysis buffer for control = 2.1%, p = 0.046; DNA•SAL™ rinse solution for control = 4.2%, p = 0.0003; dry storage for control = 6.3%, p = 0.0001) regardless of the different collection and preservation methods. HPV DNA was detected in 12.85% of the samples preserved in lysis buffer. HPV DNA was detected in 34.28% (p = 0.0048 vs. lysis buffer) of samples preserved in the DNA•SAL rinse solution. In the case of dry storage, HPV DNA was detected in 38.57% (p = 0.0008 vs. lysis buffer and p = 0.726 vs. DNA•SAL) of samples. Conclusion: The results suggest that the most effective sample preservation methods are provided by dry storage or DNA•SAL collection compared to lysis buffer. Our findings indicated that HPV DNA detection in superficial OLP scrapings has potential as a screening tool and has important applications for both research and clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":233876,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Oral Oncology","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122812191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of comorbidities on the management and prognosis of oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer patients in Taiwan","authors":"W. Chiang, Yi-Hsin Yang","doi":"10.1177/2057178X17725433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2057178X17725433","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Comorbidity is often associated with negative outcome of prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and impact of comorbidities in a retrospective nationwide population-based study of patients with oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers in Taiwan. Materials and Methods: A total of 4733 oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer patients diagnosed in the period 2007–2010 were identified through the Taiwan Cancer Registry (TCR) database. By linking this data set to the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) and the Death Registry (DR), information on comorbidity and cause of death was obtained and adapted to the Charlson’s comorbidity index (CCI). The influence of comorbidity on overall survival and cancer-related death was evaluated by Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox regressions. Results: There were 23.5% of patients with comorbidities during the year before cancer diagnosis. Patients with comorbidities are associated with lower survival rates for stage 3 and for oropharynx. Although there was a tendency that patients with comorbidities received less curative treatment within the same cancer stage, the statistical significance was not reached. The data suggest having a co-morbidity condition had a significant effect on all-cause death (age and gender adjusted hazard ratios = 0.68-0.40) but no significance in cancer-related deaths. Conclusion: The cancer management was not significantly different between patients’ comorbidity conditions. However, the larger differences between all-cause and cancer-specific survival rates in certain treatment groups emphasize the importance of managing other medical conditions in cancer patients.","PeriodicalId":233876,"journal":{"name":"Translational Research in Oral Oncology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114411048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}