Bulletin of the Military University of Technology最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis and Properties of 1-propyl-2-nitroguanidine","authors":"M. Szala, Konrad Skrobisz, T. Gołofit","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.1381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1381","url":null,"abstract":"The synthesis of 1-propyl-2-nitroguanidine (PrNQ) was performed, according to an originally\u0000modified procedure, and ca. 160 g of PrNQ was obtained in a single run. The purity of it is sufficient\u0000for further research. The structure of PrNQ molecule has been confirmed by using nuclear magnetic\u0000resonance spectrometry (NMR). The melting (99°C) and decomposition (200°C) points were determined\u0000by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 1°C/min. Mechanical sensitivity\u0000tests showed that PrNQ is an nergetic material with impact sensitivity similar to the sensitivity of one\u0000of the least-sensitive explosives, i.e., 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB). It has been shown\u0000that PrNQ can be elaborated by cold pressing or melt-cast technique.\u0000Keywords: explosives, explosive composites, melt-cast matrix, differential scanning calorimetry,\u0000infrared spectroscopy\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":232579,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Military University of Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131101110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theories of mean molecular field for liquid crystalline state","authors":"Z. Raszewski, J. Zieliński, S. Kłosowicz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.1476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1476","url":null,"abstract":"Theories of a mean molecular field developed for nematic liquid crystals are discussed. Their\u0000advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. The role of the order parameter in the description of\u0000a liquid crystalline phase is shown. The role of molecular dipole moments is underlined.\u0000Keywords: liquid crystals, order parameter, molecular theories, molecular dipole moment\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":232579,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Military University of Technology","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116010167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of the research of liquid crystals","authors":"Z. Raszewski, J. Zieliński, S. Kłosowicz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.1466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1466","url":null,"abstract":"A historical view of studies on liquid crystals is presented. Application of those materials are\u0000also taken into account. Special attention is paid to the studies conducted at Polish scientific centres\u0000since the thirties of the last century till now.\u0000Keywords: liquid crystals, physical properties, material science, liquid crystal displays\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":232579,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Military University of Technology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126414060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesomorphic state and types of mesophases","authors":"S. Kłosowicz, J. Zieliński, Z. Raszewski","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.1478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1478","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents basic types of liquid-crystalline phases obtained in different ways and\u0000supermolecular arrangement in those phases. Characteristic features of molecular structure of mesogens\u0000are discussed, moreover their influence on liquid-crystalline properties are described too. Examples\u0000of the effect of intermolecular interactions on the phase situation of a liquid crystal are given.\u0000Keywords: liquid crystals, mesophases, polymorphism, mesogens, molecular structure\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":232579,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Military University of Technology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115047259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of sediment from bottom water in tanks with stored diesel oil","authors":"Wioletta Górska-Włodarczyk, Z. Bogdanowicz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.0549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0549","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the bottom water obtained from short- and long-term storage diesel oil tanks\u0000was ex-amined in order to determine the substances that indicate the interaction of water with fuel\u0000components. The actual water phases obtained from tanks with standard diesel oil and with improved\u0000low-temperature proper-ties, with the current level of biocomponent and fuel additives were used\u0000for the research. The sediments formed as a result of water evaporation were subjected to qualitative\u0000and quantitative tests, and the obtained results were compared with the composition of commercially\u0000available additives and a biocomponent. The test results indicated the presence of hydrocarbons,\u0000additives, microorganisms and compounds unidentified in the conducted tests, which confirmed the\u0000interaction of fuel components with the water phase in tanks with stor-age diesel oil.\u0000Keywords: solubility of hydrocarbons, bottom water, fuel storage tanks, fuel additive\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":232579,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Military University of Technology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129964139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Military Protection ‒ Collective Protection Measures Against Contamination","authors":"W. Harmata","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.0536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0536","url":null,"abstract":"This material presents the general principles of use and classification of collective means\u0000of protection against contamination. Functional and operational recommendations for collective\u0000protection measures are specified and the ventilation system for facilities is described depending on\u0000the type of facility.\u0000Keywords: chemical sciences, security sciences, weapons of mass destruction, collective protection\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":232579,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Military University of Technology","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127595520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collection and Identification of Biological Samples Based on Military On-Site Detection Devices","authors":"Monika Kuligowska, S. Neffe","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.0545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0545","url":null,"abstract":"Due to still current biological threats related to the activities of terrorist groups, crisis\u0000situations in many regions of the world, as well as cyclical epidemics, fast and reliable detection\u0000of biological contamina-tion is an essential element of ensuring broadly understood safety of the\u0000population.\u0000The work deals with the sampling and verification procedures. This paper focuses on sample preparation\u0000techniques for analysis and details analytical methods for identifying biological agents. Additionally,\u0000on-site technologies implemented in military devices for the detection of biological contamination\u0000were discussed. The work enables the reader to get acquainted with modern techniques of detection of\u0000factors of biological origin and their identification, which is the knowledge necessary when choosing\u0000the appropriate equipment depending on the purpose of the contamination recognition sub-unit\u0000and the task at hand. Knowledge of sam-pling and preparation of samples for analysis will help to\u0000increase the skills of the sampling teams to do so and to achieve reliable results by using appropriate\u0000procedures and eliminating the possibility of loss of the analyte or inadvertent contamination of the\u0000sample. It will also increase safety at every stage of working with biological samples. All these activities\u0000can contribute to the global increase in security of the population around the world.\u0000Keywords: chemical sciences, biological weapon, bioterrorism, CBRN, PCR, UV-LIF\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":232579,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Military University of Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130544620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The study of large-scale variability in total water storage within the context of modern satellite gravity missions","authors":"Jan Mikocki, Artur Lenczuk, J. Bogusz","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.0554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0554","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of Earth’s gravity field changes is the one of essential task of physical geodesy.\u0000So the knowledge about selected characteristics of gravity field is the basic element of the Earth shape\u0000determining process and help to find information about mass redistribution in the Earth system. Since\u00002002, the gravity field changes have been successfully observed by the Gravity Recovery and Climate\u0000Experiment (GRACE) satellite gravity mission and its continued GRACE-FO (GRACE Follow-On)\u0000mission. The results obtained from GRACE/GRACE-FO observations are presented, among other, in\u0000form of mascons and they are provid-ed by three processing centers: (1) Center for Space Research\u0000(CSR; Austin, United States), (2) Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL; Pasadena, United States), and (3)\u0000Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC; Maryland, United States). In the following study, we used\u0000data provided by GSFC in form of the global distribution of Total Water Storage (TWS), which are\u0000expressed in terms of Equivalent Water Height (EWH). In our study, we focused on identifying areas\u0000with significant changes in TWS. We analysed TWS fluctuations in seasonal short-term changes, i.e.,\u0000amplitude of annual oscillation (the most pronounced oscillation in the land hydro-sphere) and longterm\u0000changes, i.e., trend (a key parameter for climate studies) determined using the Least Squares\u0000Method. As a result, we selected 15 areas characterised by extreme TWS changes, i.e., 11 areas for\u0000annual amplitude and 4 areas for trend parameter. We obtained seasonal changes greater than 140 mm\u0000in areas within the equator (mainly Amazon, Niger, Ganges, Brahmaputra river basin regions) and\u0000areas covered by huge ice masses (Alaska, Greenland). The greatest rate of change in water storage at\u0000±70 is observed around West Antarctica, Patagonia or the Caspian Sea. The results also emphasize the\u0000significant human impact in continental water masses (e.g. Mexico, Indus and Ganges river basins).\u0000Keywords: GRACE, TWS, land hydrology, gravity missions\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":232579,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Military University of Technology","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123778322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Homogeneous mixture CI engines as a key to the further development of IC piston engines","authors":"Grzegorz Szamrej","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0016.0535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.0535","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents synthetically the methods of ignition of the air-fuel mixture in Internal\u0000Com-bustion (IC) engines along with the characteristics of their advantages and disadvantages, the\u0000problems of their use and the possibility of development. The further development of piston engines\u0000will require a drastic reduction in the emission of harmful exhaust components and carbon dioxide,\u0000which is the most important greenhouse gas emitted by IC engines. For this reason, not only the\u0000engines themselves must be changed but fuels as well. For the most effective use of them, self-ignition of\u0000a homogeneous fuel-air mixture should be implemented. In the present state of technical development is\u0000not possible to widespread use the most ad-vanced ways of self-ignition methods. Typical homogeneous\u0000charge compression ignition (HCCI), where an engine uses only one type of the fuel and correctly\u0000self-ignite in the full scope of work is still not implemented in a serial production.\u0000In the foreign literature, there is a significant number of publications on various methods of Compression\u0000Igni-tion (CI) in IC engines, including IC in Dual Fuel (DF) engines. The Polish literature, however,\u0000is extremely sparse in this matter, and one can find a number of works on CI in single-fuel engines\u0000[1-10], but the topic of DF fueling is not too extensively described. For this reason, it seems important\u0000to publish an article on this important topic today.\u0000Keywords: internal combustion engines, CI engines, homogeneous mixture, dual-fuel engines, RCCI,\u0000DUAL FUEL, HCCI, ENGINES, PCCI, PPCI, PCI, SPCCI, SACIThe article presents synthetically the methods of ignition of the air-fuel mixture in Internal\u0000Com-bustion (IC) engines along with the characteristics of their advantages and disadvantages, the\u0000problems of their use and the possibility of development. The further development of piston engines\u0000will require a drastic reduction in the emission of harmful exhaust components and carbon dioxide,\u0000which is the most important greenhouse gas emitted by IC engines. For this reason, not only the\u0000engines themselves must be changed but fuels as well. For the most effective use of them, self-ignition of\u0000a homogeneous fuel-air mixture should be implemented. In the present state of technical development is\u0000not possible to widespread use the most ad-vanced ways of self-ignition methods. Typical homogeneous\u0000charge compression ignition (HCCI), where an engine uses only one type of the fuel and correctly\u0000self-ignite in the full scope of work is still not implemented in a serial production.\u0000In the foreign literature, there is a significant number of publications on various methods of Compression\u0000Igni-tion (CI) in IC engines, including IC in Dual Fuel (DF) engines. The Polish literature, however,\u0000is extremely sparse in this matter, and one can find a number of works on CI in single-fuel engines\u0000[1-10], but the topic of DF fueling is not too extensively described. For this reason, it seems importan","PeriodicalId":232579,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Military University of Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130066453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis of halogen analogues of sulfur mustard","authors":"Paweł Sura, S. Popiel, J. Nawała","doi":"10.5604/01.3001.0015.8773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8773","url":null,"abstract":"Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, known as mustard gas (HD), is a well-known, poisonous warfare\u0000agent whose first use on the battlefield dates back to the First World War. However, there are halogen\u0000analogues which, instead of two chlorine atoms bonded to carbon atoms in the beta position, have\u0000bromine, iodine, or fluorine atoms. These compounds were not used for military purposes and they\u0000were not covered by the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Moreover, these are the substances\u0000that are very poorly described in the literature. However, due to their chemical structure and properties,\u0000they can be excellent imitators of sulfur mustard, used to carry out a number of tests without the need\u0000to use the above-mentioned chemical warfare agent. Halogen analogues of sulfur mustard can be used\u0000to study the course and kinetics of electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions, as well as to conduct the\u0000decontamination process, including its effectiveness, in much safer conditions, while maintaining the\u0000credibility of the results. The article reviews the literature data on the properties of halogen analogues\u0000of sulfur mustard and it presents descriptions of the synthesis of these compounds. Then, their analysis\u0000was carried out using gas chromatography coupled with an atomic emission detector (GC-AED) and\u0000gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). As a result of the performed syntheses and\u0000analyses, it was possible to obtain the assumed chemicals and to collect their mass spectra, while the\u0000spectra of bis (2-iodoethyl) sulfide and bis (2-fluoroethyl) sulfide are not available in commercial\u0000mass libraries.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":232579,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Military University of Technology","volume":"98 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125967624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}