Transactions of the ASABE最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Biomimetic Press Roller Type, Material, Velocity, and Packing Force on Soil Compaction Characteristics","authors":"Qingzhu Zhang, Bing Li, Yunjie Xu, Jinbo Zhang, Mo Li, Jin Tong","doi":"10.13031/trans.14135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14135","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsThe performance of biomimetic rollers was better than that of a conventional roller.The biomimetically ridged roller had better soil compaction performance.The resistance order of rollers with different materials was: Fe360A steel > UHMWPE > enamel coating.Packing force was the most significant factor.Abstract. To reduce soil adhesion and rolling resistance during seeding and improve the uniformity of plant spacing, a biomimetically ridged press roller (BRPR) and a biomimetically polyhedral press roller (BPPR) were designed. Moreover, hydrophobic materials, i.e., ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and enamel coating, were applied and compared with uncoated Fe360A steel. Field experiments were conducted to test the effects of the biomimetic press roller type, material, velocity, and packing force on soil compaction characteristics. A conventional press roller (CPR) was used as a reference. Traction resistance (TR), soil bulk density (SBD), soil moisture content (SMC), emergence rate (ER), and percent change of plant spacing (PCPS) were measured. The packing force was the most significant factor affecting each index. For all rollers, the TR, SBD, ER, and PCPS increased with increasing packing force, while the loss of SMC decreased. The TR and SBD decreased with increasing velocity. All rollers achieved proper SBD for corn seeds. The biomimetic press rollers had a significant effect on TR, PCPS, and SMC on the third day after sowing. The BRPR had lower PCPS and TR than the BPPR and higher SMC than the BPPR on the third day after sowing. Compared with the CPR, the PCPS for all biomimetic rollers decreased, and the ER and SMC increased. The BPPR with Fe360A steel had a slightly higher TR than the CPR, but the other biomimetic rollers had a lower TR than the CPR. The BRPR decreased the TR by 2.13% to 22.30%, while the BPPR decreased the TR by 0.35% to 18.59%. Moreover, both types of biomimetic press rollers had the highest TR values when using Fe360A steel, followed by UHMWPE, and the enamel coating had the lowest TR values. The BRPR decreased the PCPS by 19.46% to 48.34%, while the BPPR decreased the PCPS by 9.69% to 36.99%. The biomimetic rollers increased the ER by 2.17% to 11.36%. On the 18th day after sowing, the SMC was 4.21% to 7.75% higher for the biomimetic press rollers compared to the CPR when the packing force was 700 N. This study can provide a reference for the biomimetic design, material, and force selection of press rollers. Keywords: Biomimetics, Compaction characteristics, Enamel coating, Press roller, UHMWPE.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83436693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Surface Water Pesticide Exposure Assessments for Ecosystem Protection","authors":"G. Fox, R. Muñoz‐Carpena, B. Brooks, T. Hall","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14225","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Crop protection and pest management programs continue to be integral for modern food production. Potential ecological impacts of pesticides must be assessed, and key mitigation practices adopted. Efforts are needed to advance surface water pesticide exposure assessments from field to landscape scales. Ensuring effective pesticide mitigation practices requires quantifying dynamic site-specific characteristics. Ecological assessments must improve prediction of adverse population and community-level outcomes. Abstract. As the global food demand increases, the use of pesticides will continue to increase with significant growth in low- and middle-income countries. Agricultural systems in which pesticides are used are complex with significant and often unknown biological, human, and physical-chemical interactions. These interactions include climate and hydrology, soil type, selection and use of best management practices, chemical fate and transport, application technology, and land use socioeconomics. The objective of this review article is to highlight key research opportunities identified from recent special meetings and workshops on advancing pesticide exposure assessments and mitigation. Research is needed in using advanced analytics and forensics to better understand the distribution of pesticides in the environment through novel monitoring and detection. Higher-tier modeling approaches can help inform monitoring a priori to better characterize pesticide distributions in the environment. Current pesticide exposure assessments are largely focused on the field or watershed scale, but advancements are needed to move toward landscape-scale analyses capable of analyzing for interacting ecosystems. Assessing the effects of complex, low-dose chemical mixtures on non-target aquatic organisms must advance with new quantitative high-throughput experimental methods focused on identifying interactions and not just additive effects. Field mitigation measures are currently considered as part of the pesticide exposure and risk assessment process using qualitative, fixed-efficiency type approaches, but we specifically call for the use of existing quantitative tools moving forward. These mechanistic modeling and simulation tools can capture the inherent complexity within an agroecological system. There is a need for risk assessment to be more predictive of population and community-level impacts as part of environmentally relevant scenarios. Finally, it is imperative that professional societies take a more proactive role in promoting the transdisciplinary collaboration of biological and agricultural engineers with other disciplines contributing to advances in ecological risk assessment.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87564595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods for Analyzing Submerged Jet Erosion Test Data to Model Scour of Cohesive Soils","authors":"T. Wahl","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14212","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsFifty-two jet erosion tests performed on four cohesive soils were analyzed by nine different methods.Nonlinear methods performed well on some individual tests but fit inconsistently overall.Several alternate linear solution methods outperformed the widely used Blaisdell method.Simple linear regression of erosion rate versus applied shear stress provided the most consistent relationship between erosion rate and critical shear stress parameters.Abstract. The submerged jet erosion test (JET) is widely used in lab and field settings to quantify erodibility of cohesive soils and determine erosion rate coefficients and critical shear stress values. Test devices with different scales and configurations have been developed in recent years, along with several alternative methods for processing the collected data to determine parameters of linear and nonlinear soil erosion equations. To facilitate standardization, 52 JET experiments were conducted on four different cohesive soils compacted at optimum water content and 2% dry and wet of optimum. Each test was analyzed using nine different methods, four based on the linear excess stress equation (including the commonly used Blaisdell method) and five based on nonlinear erosion equations, including two using the recently popular Wilson model. Results were analyzed to determine the erosion equations and parameter-fitting methods that most effectively represent the observed erosion rates and are of greatest utility for soil erosion modeling and the ranking and classification of soils according to erodibility. Methods based on nonlinear erosion equations fit some data sets well, but they exhibited poor correlation between the erosion rate coefficient and the threshold shear stress parameter for initiating erosion, which is problematic for soil erodibility classification work. Linear methods that simultaneously optimized erosion equation parameters to best fit the total depth of scour or the elapsed time needed to reach specific depths of scour performed better than the Blaisdell method, which has been the informally accepted standard of practice since the late 1990s. However, they also exhibited weak correlation of the erosion rate and critical shear stress parameters. Simple linear regression of average scour rate versus average applied stress provided an effective method for representing the erosion rate versus applied stress curve and exhibited the strongest correlation of the erosion rate coefficient and critical shear stress parameters. Keywords: Cohesive soil, Critical shear stress, Erodibility, Erosion, Erosion laws, Erosion models, Jet erosion test, Shear strss, Soil moisture.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85899189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Behavior of Steel-Clad, Wood-Framed Shear Walls under Cyclic Lateral Loading","authors":"Khoi Mai, W. Cofer, D. Bender","doi":"10.13031/TRANS.14250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/TRANS.14250","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsA finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed to predict behavior of steel-clad, wood-framed (SCWF) shear walls under cyclic loading.This FEA model will be useful in determining post-frame building response to seismic forces.The model will save time and money in developing design coefficients and planning experiments for SCWF shear walls.Abstract. This article presents finite element (FEA) model results of steel-clad, wood-framed (SCWF) shear walls under cyclic lateral loading. The shear wall model consists of beam elements to model framing members, equivalent orthotropic plane stress elements to model corrugated steel cladding, linear spring elements to model nail connectors between framing members, and nonlinear hysteresis spring elements to model screw connectors. Screw connectors attaching steel panels to wood framing and steel panels to steel panels at lap joints were tested under cyclic loading to provide the constitutive relationships needed. A modified Bouc-Wen-Barber-Noori (BWBN) model was developed to capture slack, pinching, and strength and stiffness degradation of screw connectors under cyclic loading. The finite element models were validated by comparing them with experimental test results of six different SCWF shear wall configurations. Predicted peak shear strengths for most load cycles were slightly higher than those from the experimental tests, especially for stitched shear walls. Visual inspection of the FEA predicted hysteretic load curves demonstrated that pinching, and strength and stiffness degradation were well captured. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of the FEA model for comparative studies of different SCWF shear wall constructions under cyclic lateral loading. Keywords: Cyclic lateral loading, Diaphragm design, Post-frame building, Steel-clad wood-frame diaphragm.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85511750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field Trials of a Self-Adjusting Seed Finger System to Improve Gin Turn-Out and Fiber Properties","authors":"A. Krajewski, S. Gordon, David Fox","doi":"10.13031/trans.14489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14489","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsSeed roll density is dynamic and affected by the seed finger partition angle.At low and medium pressures, the system improved energy consumption, gin turn-out, and fiber quality.At low and medium pressures, the system improved energy consumption, gin turn-out, and fiberAbstract. Previously, we reported a prototype system whereby the position of the seed fingers in a saw gin could be adjusted continuously to affect the amount of residual lint on the ginned seed and provide more fiber (increased gin turn-out). The system combines partitioned seed fingers pivoted on a shaft that are controlled by electric actuators able to adjust the angular position of each seed finger partition according to the load exerted by the seed roll. That previous work noted that as the seed finger angle and load on the seed roll were increased, more residual lint was removed. Initial tests showed differences of up to 1.4% less residual lint with no impact on seed damage after the seed finger angle of the partitions was increased (in unison) to the maximum value. Following those findings, a dynamic feedback mechanism for automatically adjusting the seed finger partitions according to a relationship between the load applied by the seed roll and the seed finger angle was developed. In this article, we describe preliminary tests of the automatic mode (auto mode), i.e., the application of auto-modulating low (6°), medium (12°), and high (18°) loads to the seed roll in a commercial saw gin during seasonal production. The resulting effects on residual lint (turn-out), seed damage, and fiber quality in each mode were measured. The best results in terms of energy savings, reduced residual fiber on the ginned seed, seed damage, fiber length, and color grade were found when low (6°) to medium (12°) loads were applied across the seed roll. Keywords: Automation, Cotton, Ginning, Load sensor, Roll box, Seed finger, Seed roll.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90822906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drying Performance of Coffee in a Batch-Type Heat Pump Dryer","authors":"A. J. Fernando, K. Amaratunga, H. Madhushanka, H. S. Jayaweera","doi":"10.13031/aim.202001301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aim.202001301","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81421140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of a Prototype Pneumatic Machine to Control the Colorado Potato Beetle on Potato Plant Growth and Tuber Yield","authors":"Saad Almady, M. Khelifi","doi":"10.13031/trans.14734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14734","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsA prototype pneumatic machine used to control the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) had no effect on potato plant growth.Yields in pneumatic treatment plots were comparable to those of control plots treated with a biological insecticide.Pneumatic control of the CPB could be an alternative to reduce reliance on chemical insecticides in potato fields.Abstract. The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is the major insect pest of potato plants. Currently, the most effective method for controlling the CPB is to apply chemical insecticides throughout its lifecycle. However, the CPB has the ability to resist most chemical insecticides. Control of this insect pest has therefore become extremely difficult, prompting researchers to explore effective alternatives. The use of pneumatic methods to control the CPB is a promising alternative to chemical means. The objective of this study was to develop an effective pneumatic control method for the CPB to reduce the reliance on chemical insecticides in potato fields. In this context, a prototype pneumatic machine was designed and built. The prototype uses positive air pressure to dislodge CPBs from potato foliage, deposit them on the ground between the rows, and crush them. The effects of three airflow velocities (45, 50, and 55 m s-1) and two tractor travel speeds (5 and 6 km h-1) on CPB control, plant growth, and tuber yield were investigated in potato plots. Overall, the results showed no significant differences in yield between treatments (p = 0.3268), indicating that the yield of potato plants treated with the prototype was comparable to that of plants treated with a biological insecticide (Entrust). In addition, the prototype did not have any negative effects on plant growth. This suggests that the prototype could be safely and efficiently used in potato fields to control the CPB. The success of this innovative control method could greatly contribute to reducing the use of chemical insecticides to control the CPB. Keywords: Airflow velocity, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), Pneumatic control, Potato, Travel speed.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77244240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Pulsed Electric Fields Combined with Thermosonication on the Physicochemical Properties of Chinese Rice Wine","authors":"Chenang Lyu, Xiaolu Qi, Sun Ying, Jianping Wang","doi":"10.13031/trans.14457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14457","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsThe TS-PEF diminished the color change compared to individual treatments.The concentration of Fe, Cr, and Ni increased after the treatments of PEF and TS-PEF.The volatile flavor compounds decreased after the treatment of TS and TS-PEF.Abstract. Chinese rice wine (CRW) is a traditional wine prevalent in East Asia. In current industrial production of bottled CRW, an additional thermal pasteurization is required at the bottling stage to extend the shelf life of the product, and this thermal treatment results in quality degradation and even carcinogen formation. In our previous studies, non-thermal technologies such as pulsed electric fields (PEF), thermosonication (TS), and their combination (TS-PEF) have been shown to significantly inactivate Saccharomyces cerevisiae in CRW as an alternative to thermal pasteurization of bottled wine. However, studies of their effects on the quality of CRW are very limited. In this study, we compared the physicochemical properties of CRW treated by pasteurization, PEF, TS, and TS-PEF. The results showed that the basic physicochemical indicators of CRW (total sugar, non-sugar solids, total acidity, amino acid nitrogen, and pH) did not change significantly after all these treatments. The TS-PEF treatment reduced the total color difference caused by the TS or PEF treatments. However, corrosion of the electrodes during PEF and TS-PEF treatment caused a significant increase in iron, chromium, and nickel concentrations. In addition, volatile flavor compounds, such as alcohols, esters, acids, and aldehydes, were reduced much more after TS and TS-PEF treatment than after pasteurization and PEF. Further research is needed on minimizing the negative impacts of these new technologies on the flavor of CRW in the context of effective sterilization. Keywords: Chinese rice wine, Metal ion, Physicochemical properties, Pulsed electric fields, Ultrasound, Volatile flavor compounds.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81272395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontier: Discipline-Based Education Research to Advance Authentic Learning in Agricultural and Biological Engineering","authors":"H. Diefes‐Dux","doi":"10.13031/trans.14422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14422","url":null,"abstract":"Discipline-based education research can provide unique insights for agricultural and biological engineering.Authentic learning has the potential to transform teaching practices and student learning.Work in the five areas of engineering education research provides a foundation for discipline-specific inquiry.An agricultural and biological engineering education research agenda is advised. Keywords: Authentic learning, Discipline-based education research.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77950819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a Buffered Longitudinal Vibratory Picking Mechanism for Berry Shrub Fruits","authors":"Jiayao Chen, Ying Wang, Dongtai Liang, Wenhao Xu, Yang Chen","doi":"10.13031/trans.14119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.14119","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsA spring buffering system was added to a longitudinal vibration picking mechanism for berry shrub fruits.Vibration models of the picking part and side branch were established to obtain the vibration relationship.Blueberry picking experiments were conducted to verify the performance of the picking mechanism.Abstract. Current berry shrub picking mechanisms are generally rigid structures, which can easily cause the mechanism to jam and produce rigid impacts, damaging the berry shrub branches. In view of this situation, a longitudinal vibratory picking mechanism for berry shrub fruits is proposed in this study with a spring system added to provide a buffering effect. Vibration models were established for the picking part and for the berry shrub side branch, and analysis was performed to obtain the vibration relationships. Using blueberry as an example, suitable parameters were determined through calculation and then used in blueberry picking experiments with a prototype of the picking mechanism. The experiments verified that the vibration frequency calculated with the vibration relationships can meet the requirements for picking, and the performance of the longitudinal vibratory picking mechanism for berry shrub fruits was verified. Keywords: Berry shrub picking, Buffer, Longitudinal vibration, Vibration analysis.","PeriodicalId":23120,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of the ASABE","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82562257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}