British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Does Training in Second-Language Word Recognition Skills Affect Reading Comprehension? An Experimental Study","authors":"R. Fukkink, J. Hulstijn, Annegien Simis","doi":"10.1111/J.0026-7902.2005.00265.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.0026-7902.2005.00265.X","url":null,"abstract":"Two classroom-based experiments investigated automatization of lexical access in a second language (L2) with a computer-based training, involving a Grade 8 population in the Netherlands, with Dutch first language (L1) and intermediate knowledge of L2 English. Results of the first experiment showed that the students' lexical access was faster and less variable for words on which they were trained than for words on which they were not trained. In the second experiment, lexical access for some words was accelerated but was not more automatic. There was no transfer of acceleration of lexical access to reading speed or to higher-order text comprehension. Various explanations for the findings are considered and the notion of automatization of L2 word recognition is discussed. Further research should follow up on this study, which is the first one to test a possible causal link between speed of word access and higher-order L2 reading comprehension.","PeriodicalId":229922,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123914892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parts-of-speech systems and word order","authors":"K. Hengeveld, J. Rijkhoff, A. Siewierska","doi":"10.1017/S0022226704002762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226704002762","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues that the word order possibilities of a language are partly determined by the parts-of-speech system of that language. In languages in which lexical items are specialized for certain functionally defined syntactic slots (e.g. the modifier slot within a noun phrase), the identifiability of these slots is ensured by the nature of the lexical items (e.g. adjectives) themselves. As a result, word order possibilities are relatively unrestricted in these languages. In languages in which lexical items are not specialized for certain syntactic slots, in that these items combine the functions of two or more of the traditional word classes, other strategies have to be invoked to enhance identifiability. In these languages word order constraints are used to make syntactic slots identifiable on the basis of their position within the clause or phrase. Hence the word order possibilities are rather restricted in these languages. Counterexamples to the latter claim all involve cases in which identifiability is ensured by morphological rather than syntactic means. This shows that there is a balanced trade-off between the syntactic, morphological, and lexical structure of a language.","PeriodicalId":229922,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114637876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating spam: Directive 2002/58 and beyond","authors":"Lodewijk F. Asscher","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.607183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.607183","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the legal framework regulating unsolicited commercial communications or spam in the European Union. Our focus is on the Directive on privacy and electronic communications of July 12, 2002 (the E-Privacy Directive), as this directive has introduced new rules on the regulation of spam. The economic impact of spam is rising and so is the awareness of spam's cost to society. Secondly and not coincidentally, the attention of the legislator towards spam came to a peak during 2002-2003, with the EU adopting its E-Privacy Directive, with a transposition deadline of 31 October 2003, and the US adopting their CAN SPAM Act 2003. It is therefore fair to say that spam is currently also very much on the political agenda as lawmakers realize that junk e-mail has become a huge cost factor for businesses and a significant nuisance to voters. On a more general level, attempts to regulate spam pose questions that are very interesting for a number of reasons. First, the proliferation of spam in publicly available networks puts some communications law principles in a whole new light. For example, one of the classical ground rules used to be the obligation to transport all mail offered to the postal service provider indiscriminately. The twin principle of communications secrecy and the obligation to carry for a common carrier have evolved into an almost dogmatic aspect of the relevant field of law. Now that most or all of the communication service providers consist of private parties and now that their networks are overflowed with unsolicited e-mails, it is fair to take a new look at old principles. Also, as everybody concedes that the solution to spam is to be found in a combination of technology and law, the problem of how to cope with spam might shed light on the future development of the interaction between law and information technology. The fact that law and technology are intertwined and that law and information technology look at each other to provide answers is in a way symbolic of a lot of other problems of tech regulation. Our main research objective is to assess the practical legal consequences of the new regulatory regime. The question we therefore have to answer is: What are the consequences of the new regulatory regime of unsolicited communications, as introduced in (Article 13 of) the new E-Privacy Directive? To answer that question we have to answer a number of sub-questions. First of all, we need to compare the new regime with the legal landscape before the E-Privacy Directive. This requires us to assess the other relevant European Directives as well as related initiatives. Secondly, if we want to be able to say something about the consequences that the Directive will have, we will need to find out what the Directive does not regulate. In other words, we will have to find the gray areas or weak spots in the new regulation. We will also take a look at the definitions used in the Directive. Related but different is the question as t","PeriodicalId":229922,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130577378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement structures and invariant statistics","authors":"C. Chiang","doi":"10.1111/J.2044-8317.1997.TB01101.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2044-8317.1997.TB01101.X","url":null,"abstract":"A suitable connection between measurement structures and statistical structures is suggested. It is pointed out that, under appropriate conditions, invariant statistics, which include invariant test statistics and equivariant estimators, are comparison invariant in the measurement-theoretic sense. Examples of invariant functions used in statistics are discussed.","PeriodicalId":229922,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"119294756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confidence intervals for Kendall's tau","authors":"J. Long, N. Cliff","doi":"10.1111/J.2044-8317.1997.TB01100.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2044-8317.1997.TB01100.X","url":null,"abstract":"A simulation study was conducted to examine the performance of several confidence intervals (CIs) for Kendall's tau (txy) under a variety of population conditions. Two normal population variables (N = 10,000) were transformed to have tau correlations, τ = 0, .19, .41, or.71. Samples (n = 10, 50, 200) were drawn from the transformed populations 2000 times under each level of correlation, and accompanying CIs were computed on each sample. The results show that the CI for τ based on a consistent estimate of the variance of txy has the best coverage and power among a number of alternatives. Kendall's txy is unaffected by non-normality induced by monotonic transformations and, with its consistent variance estimated from the sample, performs well under a wide range of conditions.","PeriodicalId":229922,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"119920374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hyperbolic cosine latent trait model for unfolding polytomous responses: Reconciling Thurstone and Likert methodologies","authors":"D. Andrich","doi":"10.1111/J.2044-8317.1996.TB01093.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2044-8317.1996.TB01093.X","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1920s, Thurstone articulated a theory for the measurement of social variables that involved two distinct steps: first constructing and operationalizing a linear continuum by locating statements according to their affective values; second measuring persons. The first step involved the pair-comparison design and the cumulative response mechanism, the second step involved the direct-response design (of the form Agree or Disagree) and the unfolding response mechanism. In the 1930s, Likert proposed a procedure that obviated the need for the first step and apparently permitted measuring persons from their responses to statements that were similar to those used by Thurstone, but which required a response that indicated degrees of intensity of the form Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree or Strongly Disagree. Furthermore, and in contrast to Thurstone, he implicitly used the cumulative mechanism, scoring the successive categories with successive integers and simply summing them to obtain a measurement for each person. The two procedures were considered to be distinct and alternative, and in general, this is still the perception with a number of matters still not reconciled between the two procedures. \u0000 \u0000By resolving the Disagree response in the unfolding mechanism into its two constituent components, this paper presents an unfolding model for direct responses from first principles, and then generalises it to provide an unfolding model for polytomous responses of the Likert style. This model permits an understanding of those matters still not reconciled between the Thurstone and Likert approaches: First, Likert's success in using Thurstone-like statements with the cumulative mechanism rather than the unfolding mechanism; second, the gap found between two clusters of locations when statements from a Likert-style questionnaire are scaled using the Thurstone procedure; and third, the consistent problem with the middle category of Undecided in Likert-style response formats.","PeriodicalId":229922,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"119247861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of some recent developments in robust regression","authors":"R. Wilcox","doi":"10.1111/J.2044-8317.1996.TB01088.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2044-8317.1996.TB01088.X","url":null,"abstract":"In situations where the goal is to understand how a random variable y is related to a set of p predictor variables, modern robust regression methods can be invaluable. One reason is that even one unusual value in the design space, or one outlier among the y values, can have a large impact on the ordinary least squares estimate of the parameters of the usual linear model. That is, a single unusual value or outlier can give a highly distorted view of how two or more random variables are related. Another reason is that modern robust methods can be much more efficient than ordinary least squares yet maintain good efficiency under the ideal conditions of normality and a homoscedastic error term. Even when sampling is from light-tailed distributions, there are situations where certain robust methods are highly efficient compared to least squares, as is indicated in this paper. Most applied researchers in psychology simply ignore these problems. In the hope of improving current practice, this paper reviews some of the robust methods currently available with an emphasis on recent developments. Of particular interest are methods for computing confidence intervals and dealing with heteroscedasticity in the error term.","PeriodicalId":229922,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120255030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A latent trait and a latent class model for mixed observed variables","authors":"I. Moustaki","doi":"10.1111/J.2044-8317.1996.TB01091.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2044-8317.1996.TB01091.X","url":null,"abstract":"Latent variable models are widely used in social sciences in which interest is centred on entities such as attitudes, beliefs or abilities for which there exist no direct measuring instruments. Latent modelling tries to extract these entities, here described as latent (unobserved) variables, from measurements on related manifest (observed) variables. Methodology already exists for fitting a latent variable model to manifest data that is either categorical (latent trait and latent class analysis) or continuous (factor analysis and latent profile analysis). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000In this paper a latent trait and a latent class model are presented for analysing the relationships among a set of mixed manifest variables using one or more latent variables. The set of manifest variables contains metric (continuous or discrete) and binary items. For the latent trait model the latent variables are assumed to follow a multivariate standard normal distribution. Our method gives maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters and standard errors of the estimates by analysing the data as they are without using any underlying variables. The mixed latent trait and latent class models are fitted using an EM algorithm. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000To illustrate the use of the mixed model three data sets have been analysed. Two of the data sets contain five memory questions, the first on Thatcher's resignation and the second on the Hillsborough football disaster; these five questions were included in British Market Research Bureau International August 1993 face-to-face omnibus survey. The third data set is from the 1991 British Social Attitudes Survey; the questions which have been analysed are from the environment section.","PeriodicalId":229922,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120266346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Type I error rates for Huynh's general approximation and improved general approximation tests","authors":"J. Algina, T. C. Oshima","doi":"10.1111/J.2044-8317.1994.TB01029.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2044-8317.1994.TB01029.X","url":null,"abstract":"For split plot designs exact univariate F tests of the within-subjects main effect and the between × within interaction are based on the assumption of multi-sample sphericity. Type I error rates are reported for three tests designed for use when multisample sphericity is violated: the general approximation test, the improved general approximation test and a revised improved general approximation test. The results indicate that when sample sizes are unequal and dispersion matrices are unequal, using the improved general approximation or revised improved general approximation test of the interaction allows better control of the Type I error rate than does the -adjusted test.","PeriodicalId":229922,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118161918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the medians of dependent groups","authors":"R. Wilcox","doi":"10.1111/J.2044-8317.1992.TB00983.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.2044-8317.1992.TB00983.X","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations of the characteristics of real data indicate that psychometric measures can have highly skewed distributions with heavy tails and outliers. In terms of power, the paired t test is known to be unsatisfactory when distributions have heavy tails, and there is the issue of whether some measure of location, other than the mean, might be more appropriate when distributions are skewed. This paper proposes a method for comparing the medians of two dependent groups. Simulations indicate that the proposed procedure controls the probability of a Type I error to a reasonable degree. In terms of power, the new procedure is much less affected by contamination than the paired t test or the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Brief consideration is also given to an extension of the proposed procedure to more than two groups.","PeriodicalId":229922,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"119698458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}