The Scientific World Journal最新文献

{"title":"Sliding Wear Performance of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites.","authors":"Rajdeep Paul, Sumit Das Lala, Payel Deb, Abhijit Bhowmik, Nagaraj Ashok","doi":"10.1155/tswj/6617516","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tswj/6617516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While synthetic fiber composites offer some positive environmental attributes, researchers are trying to explore natural fiber composites (NFCs) due to the high cost and pollution associated with their production. As a result, it is essential to look at the tribological properties that natural composite materials exhibit. This research aims to provide a thorough examination of the current literature about the tribological characteristics of particle-reinforced and fiber-reinforced natural composites under lubrication, such as volume loss, friction, and wear. Additionally, the operational and material aspects influencing tribological behavior are also examined in this study. The results show that a wide range of material parameters, including particle size, volume fraction, fiber orientation, fiber length, surface treatment, and aspect ratio, as well as numerous operational factors, including normal load, sliding velocity, sliding distance, and temperature, significantly affect the tribological properties. The current review study, which focuses on the tribological characteristics of NFCs in lubricated environments, is assumed by the authors to have the ability to direct future research in the creation of innovative material designs for tribological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":22985,"journal":{"name":"The Scientific World Journal","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e6617516"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13140251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicotiana tabacum: From a Beneficial Plant to Harmful Products-A Comprehensive Review of Smokeless Tobacco and Its Adverse Health Effects.","authors":"Abir Chami, Afaf Allaoui, Hassane Mekhfi, Younes Zaid","doi":"10.1155/tswj/3369964","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tswj/3369964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nicotiana tabacum is a cash crop that originated in America and was introduced to the world by Christopher Colombus. It is now cultivated in many countries with major producers including China, the USA, India, and Brazil. The plant was widely used by the indigenous people of America for different reasons (spiritual, hallucination, and medical). The medicinal usage of the plant was confirmed by many phytochemical and pharmacological studies on different parts of the plant. The plant essentially contains alkaloids (nicotine is the major component) and phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and many phenolic acids. Glycosides and terpenes are also present in N. tabacum. These components are responsible for many pharmacological effects. Besides the therapeutic usage of the plant, the leaves of the plant served as a hallucination agent; they were either smoked or chewed. Nowadays tobacco products are universally used. Smokeless tobacco products are numerous and diversified; they can be handmade or manufactured. Unlike the plant, smokeless tobacco products are harmful to health. Many products exist around the world with different compositions and names, such as paan, zarda, toombak, khaini, naswar, loose leaf, moist snuff, snus, and shammah. These products have been confirmed to cause many serious pathological conditions. In addition to being addictive, they can lead to various types of cancer especially oral cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, fertility issues, and fetal damage when consumed by pregnant women. They also increase the risk of thrombosis and so on. While the harmful effects of some products have been scientifically proven, others (e.g., chemma) have not. This highlights the importance of scientific investigation to confirm their potential risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":22985,"journal":{"name":"The Scientific World Journal","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e3369964"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147781877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and In Silico Evaluation of the Methanolic Extract of Cayratia trifolia Leaves: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Activities.","authors":"Nasrin Jubayda, Md Tanveer Ahsan, Md Kaisar Alam, T S Farah Mousumi, Tanbirul Azim Maharaj, Mohammad Arman","doi":"10.1155/tswj/8390762","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tswj/8390762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cayratia trifolia is traditionally used for treating pain, inflammation, and oxidative disorders, yet comprehensive experimental and computational validation of its pharmacological potential remains limited. The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical profile and evaluate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of methanolic and n-hexane fractions of C. trifolia leaves using integrated in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. Leaves were extracted with methanol and fractionated via a modified Kupchan method. Phytochemical screening, DPPH radical scavenging, HRBC membrane stabilization, carrageenan-induced paw edema, acetic acid-induced writhing, and tail immersion assays were performed. In silico analysis included PASS prediction, ADME/T profiling, and molecular docking of 40 previously documented GC-MS compounds against COX-2 (PDB: 6COX, 1CX2, 5IKR, and 1CQE) and CYP2C9 (PDB: 1OG5 and 4L7B) protein targets. Methanolic extract demonstrated potent antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 2.69  μg/mL) and 87.46% HRBC membrane stabilization. Significant anti-inflammatory effects were observed in vivo through reduced paw edema. The n-hexane fraction produced notable analgesic responses, inhibiting writhing by 21.84% and increasing reaction time in the tail immersion test by 59.44% ( ^∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001). In silico analyses identified multiple bioactive compounds-especially 2-cyclohexylethyl isobutyl ester and lup-20(29)-en-3-yl acetate-with binding affinities surpassing diclofenac, aspirin, and ascorbic acid, along with favourable ADME/T profiles. The combined experimental and computational findings indicate that C. trifolia contains phytoconstituents with strong therapeutic potential. Its methanolic fraction, supported by in silico validation, represents a promising source for developing natural antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic lead molecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":22985,"journal":{"name":"The Scientific World Journal","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e8390762"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277625/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148272998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fortification of Sago Starch With Egg Powder: Impacts on Starch and Noodle Properties.","authors":"Agus Budiyanto, Risfaheri Risfaheri, Christina Winarti, Widaningrum Widaningrum, Sari Intan Kailaku, Anna Sulistyaningrum, Irpan Badrul Jamal, Tatang Hidayat, Agung Hendriadi, Abdullah Bin Arif","doi":"10.1155/tswj/3631288","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tswj/3631288","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sago starch can potentially serve as a carbohydrate-rich staple food substitute for rice in Indonesia. However, its limitations include low protein content and a lack of other essential nutrients. This study is aimed at enhancing sago starch's nutritional value and functional properties to make it comparable to rice by fortifying it with whole egg powder and egg white powder. The fortified sago starch was evaluated for its nutritional value, pasting properties, and its application in noodle production. The results indicate that fortifying sago starch with either whole egg powder or egg white powder can increase its nutritional value and improve the quality of both the sago starch and the resulting noodles. Specifically, formulations containing 80% sago starch and 20% whole egg powder yielded a protein content of 8.20%. In contrast, those with 90% sago starch and 10% egg white powder achieved a protein content of 8.64%. The addition of whole egg powder or egg white powder changed how sago starch pastes, which changed how it gelatinizes and forms gels. Compared to pure sago starch, fortification caused a drop in peak viscosity (PV), trough viscosity (TV), and final viscosity (FV). The drop in breakdown viscosity (BV) shows that the structure was stronger when heated. Adding both types of egg powder made the surface of the noodles thicker. Egg white powder had the most noticeable positive effect on the surface of the noodles, making them more compact and less porous and cracked. This improvement makes the noodles last longer, taste better, and have a better texture. The results of this study provide important information for making sago-based foods better and for using sago starch in more ways in the food industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":22985,"journal":{"name":"The Scientific World Journal","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e3631288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13383008/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardioprotective Effects of Dysphania ambrosioides Leaves Against Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Myocardial Injury in Langendorff-Perfused Rat Heart.","authors":"Mounime Kadi, Ali Berraaouan, Hassane Mekhfi, Abderrahim Ziyyat, Mohamed Bnouham, Abdelkhaleq Legssyer","doi":"10.1155/tswj/2570536","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tswj/2570536","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The ethnopharmacological relevance of Dysphania ambrosioides (commonly known as M'khinza) is evident in its longstanding traditional use across various cultures, where it is valued for its medicinal properties in addressing a range of health conditions, emphasizing the potential for further pharmacological exploration.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The present study aims to investigate the cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injuries following the administration of aqueous extract (Aq.E) of D. ambrosioides leaves in isolated rat hearts according to Langendorff.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The hearts of male Wistar rats were isolated, allowed to acclimate for 30 min, and then experienced global ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min. Krebs-Henseleit buffer (KHB) was infused into the control group. However, a solution with 10, 20, and 40 µg/mL of extract was infused into the treatment groups (KHB). The Aq.E anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and antioxidant properties were also assessed, and its mineral composition was examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results demonstrate that the D. ambrosioides leaf Aq.E has considerable cardioprotective activity, evidenced by its beneficial hemodynamic, biochemical, and histological effects in mitigating myocardial lesions induced by the IR sequence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings from this study indicate that the D. ambrosioides leaf Aq.E provides cardioprotective benefits in the context of IR injury. This protective effect is attributed to the extract's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant properties, as evidenced by significant hemodynamic, biochemical, and histological improvements. These findings highlight the potential of D. ambrosioides as a medicinal substance for preserving cardiac function and integrity during ischemic events.</p>","PeriodicalId":22985,"journal":{"name":"The Scientific World Journal","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e2570536"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13121862/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147781916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnobotanical Study of Wild and Semi-Wild Edible Plants in Addi Arkay District, Northwestern Ethiopia.","authors":"Worku Misganaw, Getinet Masresha, Ermias Lulekal, Asmamaw Alemu, Daniel Tadesse","doi":"10.1155/tswj/6632779","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tswj/6632779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The exploration of wild and semi-wild edible plants (WEPs) has received global attention as valuable alternative food sources. This study explored and documented the indigenous knowledge of WEPs within the Addi Arkay District of Ethiopia. Ethnobotanical data were collected from 385 informants, including 355 general informants selected through systematic random sampling and 30 purposively selected key informants. The analysis employed the frequency of citations, UVs, preference ranking, DMR, Jaccard similarity index (JSI), t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. In the study area, 42 species belonging to 28 families were identified as WEPs. The t-test and one-way ANOVA results revealed that indigenous knowledge of WEPs in the study area was significantly influenced by sociodemographic (age, gender, education, and informant types) and socioeconomic factors (occupation). Greater knowledge among elders underscores the need to preserve and transmit this wisdom to younger generations. Moraceae was the dominant family (9.5%), shrubs represented the largest growth form (42.9%), and fruits were the most commonly used plant part (64.3%). Most species (26, 61.9%) were collected from natural forests. Fruits were the most commonly used (61.9%). The most common preparation and consumption methods were fresh and raw (71.43%). The frequency of citations, use values, and JSI ranged from 83.38% to 4.16%, 0.97% to 0.03%, and 9.68%-95.83%, respectively. Diospyros mespiliformis was the most preferred WEP, with Cordia africana and D. mespiliformis being the most common multipurpose species. The peak collection occurred from September to November, and Ziziphus spina-christi and D. mespiliformis were the most marketable species. Deforestation, fuelwood extraction, and house construction represent the primary threats to WEPs. The WEPs in the study area support food security, nutrition, livelihood, and cultural values. Future research should focus on nutritional and phytochemical analyses, conservation, domestication, and the sustainable commercialization of nutraceutical WEPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":22985,"journal":{"name":"The Scientific World Journal","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e6632779"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13140352/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147487338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medicinal Plants Used by Tanzanians for Human Paediatric Ailments: A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review of Ethnomedicinal Evidence.","authors":"David Sylvester Kacholi, Neema Gideon Mogha","doi":"10.1155/tswj/1260466","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tswj/1260466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paediatric ailments (PAs) pose an increasing health and economic challenge in many low- and middle-income countries. In Tanzania, over 80% of the rural population relies on traditional medicine for primary healthcare. Although documentation of medicinal plants (MPs) used to treat and manage PAs remains fragmented, this systematic review consolidates evidence on MPs used by Tanzanians to address these conditions. A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Embase, Cochrane Library and Wiley Online Library) and grey literature sources, using predefined keywords related to PAs and MPs. The search covered publications from 1982 to 2024 and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Data from 34 ethnobotanical studies were analysed using descriptive statistics in Microsoft Excel. A total of 146 MPs from 54 families were documented, with Fabaceae (10.9%) and Asteraceae (8.9%) the most frequently used families. Approximately 59.6% of MPs were collected from wild ecosystems, while 15.8% were sourced from cultivated ecosystems. The analysis of recipes shows that leaves (52.1%) and roots (39.0%) are the preferred parts, with shrubs (46.0%) the dominant life form. 63.0% of the MPs have shown positive pharmacological effects, while 37.0% lack scientific evidence but may offer potential remedies. Of the recorded MPs, 80.8% were native, and 19.2% were introduced and used to treat 51 PAs in the country. The data from this review substantially enhance the literature on MPs for paediatric diseases and can aid the development of new pharmaceutical products to reduce child mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":22985,"journal":{"name":"The Scientific World Journal","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e1260466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13140249/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147575299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Effects of Various Types of Mouthwash on Enamel and Cementum of Permanent Teeth: An In Vitro Study.","authors":"Mita Shanbhag, Amitha J Lewis, N Srikant","doi":"10.1155/tswj/5583978","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tswj/5583978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mouthwashes are widely utilised for their affordability, ease of use and oral hygiene benefits. However, indiscriminate use of these over-the-counter mouthwashes can cause morphological changes in enamel and cementum, compromising tooth structure. This study evaluates the change in the surface roughness, surface hardness and colour of enamel and cementum after the use of various mouthwashes using surface profilometry, Vickers hardness tester and spectrophotometry, respectively, for 7 and 15 days.</p><p><strong>Materials and methodology: </strong>Five common mouthwashes, namely, Colgate Plax, Listerine, Himalaya, Chlorhexidine and warm saline water were tested on 10 extracted permanent teeth in each group. Teeth were sectioned longitudinally from crown to root, embedded in acrylic and examined for defects. Baseline values for colour, hardness and roughness were recorded before immersing the samples in mouthwash as per the manufacturers' instructions. Postimmersion measurements were taken at specified intervals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant decrease in enamel hardness after 7 days with chlorhexidine (108.28 ± 85.17), Himalaya (104.02 ± 94.22), warm saline (85.42 ± 70.9) and Listerine (55.32 ± 83.68) was observed, but not with Colgate Plax. Cementum hardness decreased over 15 days but was not statistically significant. The greatest increase in surface roughness was seen in saline followed by Himalaya whereas the decrease was seen in chlorhexidine and Colgate Plax at the end of 7 days. Listerine caused the highest colour change in enamel. Since trends towards decreased hardness and increased roughness were noted, long-term usage could pose clinical concerns. Warm saline showed subtle yet significant changes, indicating the need for further investigation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings underscore the importance of regulating mouthwash use and recommending it only when the benefits outweigh the risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":22985,"journal":{"name":"The Scientific World Journal","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e5583978"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13140431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Flavonoid Sources on Nutrient Intake and Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, Growth Performance, Milk Production and Endoparasites in Ruminant Production: A Review.","authors":"Lindokuhle Christopher Mhlongo, Onke Hawu, Lwando Mbambalala, Lwazi Mwanda, Thando Tenza","doi":"10.1155/tswj/9915012","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tswj/9915012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this review was the assessment of the effect of flavonoid sources on nutrient intake and digestibility, rumen fermentation, growth performance, milk production and endoparasites in ruminant production. The increasing human population is creating a greater demand for animal products to meet the protein needs. However, an increase in animal production is likely to force the overuse of synthetic antibiotics, which may intensify drug-resistant pathogens. As a solution, there is a need to discover natural feed additives to improve environmental harmlessness, health and performance in ruminant production. This is because ruminants produce methane and suffer from infections such as gastrointestinal nematodes and mastitis that limit animal performance. Hence, there is a need to identify feed additives that decrease this gas without limiting nutrient utilization and animal performance. Flavonoid dietary inclusion is a potential solution to this challenge in ruminant production and has received research attention. However, there is a preliminary understanding of the effect of inclusion on effectiveness in decreasing methane production and pathogens, improving rumen fermentation, milk production and growth performance in ruminants. Therefore, there is a need for the identification of the effect of flavonoid inclusion on the abovementioned parameters for the detection of research limitations requiring assessment for the identification of a single flavonoid inclusion with a holistic effect on the production parameters of ruminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":22985,"journal":{"name":"The Scientific World Journal","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e9915012"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13140240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147581985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Investigation of Microplastics Abundance in Raw Water for Treated Water on the Primary Irrigation Canal of Karawang, West Java, Indonesia.","authors":"Gina Lova Sari, Ahsanal Kasasiah, Marsah Rahmawati Utami, Setyo Budi Kurniawan, Mhd Fauzi, Nur Ridha Amethysia, Andini Siti Rohmana, Adinda Melianda Nainggolan","doi":"10.1155/tswj/4705541","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tswj/4705541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The abundance of microplastics (MPs) in the aquatic environment is increasingly threatening the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems and human health. Moreover, conventional raw water treatment for treated water used for drinking water supply has not been able to remove MPs, which can cause biomagnification and accumulation in the human body. Information regarding the distribution and characteristics of MPs, which contaminate raw water for treated water, still needs to be provided, which becomes the aim of current research. The objectives of this research are to determine the abundance and characterization of MPs in raw water for treated water in the primary irrigation canals of Karawang, which originates from the Citarum Watershed. Fifty water samples were taken along 50.00 km of primary irrigation canals with 1.00 km from each point by the volume reduction method using two modified manta trawls in duplicates. MPs were prepared, observed, and analyzed using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration method, Olympus BX-41 microscopes, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometry (ATR-FTIR), respectively. The results showed that MPs had contaminated raw water for treated water along the primary irrigation canals of Karawang as much as 48.33-339.17 particles/L, which was dominated by less than 1.00 mm of particles and fragments in size and shapes, respectively. The polymer of contaminated MPs was dominated by polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride with similarities of 80.11%-92.26%, 81.26%-87.44%, and 88.96%. The development and improvement of management for water resources, solid waste, wastewater, and drinking water supply systems in Karawang are recommended to address the potential for MPs contamination, consumption, and biomagnification to humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":22985,"journal":{"name":"The Scientific World Journal","volume":"2026 1","pages":"e4705541"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13240420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148138887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}