The Planter最新文献

{"title":"Recognising the Value of Oil Palm in the Post-covid-19 World","authors":"D. Murphy","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.011","url":null,"abstract":"During 2020, the global oil palm sector suffered a series of shocks related to the covid-19 pandemic. In this article I survey the immediate effects of the pandemic, and related socioeconomic factors, on the oil palm supply chain, from plantation to plate. Overall, the sector has proved remarkably resilient and prospects for its post-covid-19 performance are generally promising. This can be traced to the key roles of palm oils in two vital areas, namely food security and health care, although prospects in the biofuels area are less certain. Keywords: Covid-19, food security, health care, biofuels","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79390625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Acephate and Dimehypo Against the Bagworm, Dapula (Clania) tertia by Trunk Injection","authors":"R. Balasubramaniam, T. Shaji","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.012","url":null,"abstract":"A field trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two insecticides to control a large species of bagworm, i.e. Dapula (Clania) tertia, by trunk injection. The two insecticides evaluated were acephate (in two formulations, i.e. as a soluble powder and a liquid) and dimehypo (liquid formulation only). Acephate was tested in two rates for soluble powder formulation (7.5 g a.i. and 9.4 g a.i. per palm) and two rates for liquid formulation (6 g a.i. and 8 g a.i. per palm). Dimehypo was also tested at two rates, i.e. 6 g a.i. and 8 g a.i. per palm. Post-treatment assessment of live bagworm larvae population was carried out at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the trunk injection treatments. The treatments of acephate soluble powder formulation at 7.5 g a.i. per palm and dimehypo at 6 g a.i. per palm were least effective as these two treatments recorded the highest number of larvae at the end of the trial compared to the other treatments. Liquid formulation of acephate at 6 g a.i. per palm and dimehypo at 8 g a.i. per palm caused some reduction in the population of bagworm larvae, but the desired maximum kill was not achieved. Both soluble powder and liquid formulations of acephate at the rate of 9.4 g a.i. per palm and 8 g a.i. per palm respectively were the best amongst the treatments, and resulted in fast and complete control of the bagworm larvae population at 21 days after treatment. Keywords: Bagworm, Dapula (Clania) tertia, acephate, dimehypo, trunk injection","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88156484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of Butterhead Lettuce and Cherry Tomato by Hydroponic System","authors":"A. Wayayok, Muhammad Nurfaiz Abd Kharim, Lamin F Manjang","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.013","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroponic commonly incorporates crops farming with less usage of chemical fertilisers and soil utilisation. The existing hydroponic systems can only show essential parameters such as humidity, water level, nutrients and light intensity. Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system with portable monitoring device, S shaped UPVC pipe, wood, net protection, pH meter, electrical conductivity (EC) meter, growing media for growing cherry tomato and butterhead lettuce in a netting system environment was developed which includes determination of pipe size, flowrate, angle of pipe degree and pump size. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three treatments of growing media (perlite, clay pebbles and coco fibre) and ten replications for each treatment. Plant lengths, total count of harvested cherry tomato, yield (g), pH and EC values were recorded during the study. The results showed that flowrate (Q) was 117.9 (L/h) through a 7.62 cm UPVC pipe diameter and a 90-degree elbow joint with pump power of 0.193 watts. Mean comparison of plant lengths between treatments for butterhead lettuce planting shows coco fibre produces highest leaf lengths while cherry tomato planting shows clay pebbles produces highest stem lengths. In terms of plant yield (g) and total count of harvested cherry tomato and butterhead lettuce, clay pebbles media recorded the highest values for both crops and showed significant differences to other growing media. Keywords: Nutrient film technique, pH meter, EC meter, yield, planting media, stem height and leaf lengths","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84521981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Two Fruit Typing Methods and Their Use in Assessing the Purity of Commercially Planted Topaz DxP Oil Palm Replants","authors":"M. Sidhu, A. A, Z. Sinuraya, B. B. Ang, S. S, Rizki Akbar, Kim Seng Tan, Yopy Dedywiryanto, J. Tan, Y. Samosir, M. Sharma","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.009","url":null,"abstract":"A high level of dura contamination can significantly reduce oil yield and oil extraction ratio (OER). Recent surveys carried out in oil palm nurseries, independent estates and the commercial sector in Malaysia by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), indicates that dura contamination remains a serious concern. Although no recent survey data is available from Indonesia, field visits to medium and smaller estates suggests a similar problem also exists there. Although genetic tools are now available for fruit typing, a simple, quick and practical survey method is still required, especially during due diligence visits to brownfield plantations up for acquisition, where quick decision making is required. This paper reports on the results of an investigation comparing the accuracy of two survey methods, namely individual palm survey (IPS) versus harvester platform survey (HPS) and the use of both methods to assess the purity of Topaz D x P seedlings planted in progeny trials and in commercial second generation replants in Asian Agri estates in Indonesia. Results of the investigation conducted in three fields with varying levels of dura contamination [low, medium, high], showed that inspecting harvested fresh fruit bunches (FFB) on 20 per cent of roadside harvesters platforms (HPS) was just as reliable as fruit typing individual palms (IPS) in the field. No significant differences were recorded between the two methods. At medium to low contamination levels, HPS tended to slightly over estimate contamination levels but differences were small and within acceptable range. As HPS is based on inspecting ripe and harvested FFB, it excludes counting of pisifera palms which are female sterile and bunches abort before maturity. Nevertheless, numbers of the latter in commercial fields were found to be low or negligible. The HPS method was also easier to conduct, faster and less labour intensive than IPS. However, if an individual palm survey was required, inspection at 5 to 10 per cent intensity was just as accurate as 100 per cent palm inspection. IPS was used to assess the purity of new Topaz D x P progenies planted in 18 breeding trials established from 2003 to 2010. Out of the 28 772 palms individually inspected, only five palms were non-tenera [0.02%] and were detected in only four out of the 18 trials. The HPS was comprehensive, covering three provinces and a total of 14 estates which had undergone replanting from 2006 – 2016. Approximately 4 800 hectares were randomly surveyed encompassing 161 field blocks and 2 677 harvesters platforms (20 per cent). Out of over 25 000 FFB fruit typed, only 33 FFB (0.13 per cent) were found to be of dura type. Such low levels of non-tenera contamination in both the progeny trials and commercial fields are a testament to the excellent quality control measures implemented by Asian Agri R & D’s seed pollination unit and a guarantee on the purity of Topaz D x P seed. Keywords : Contamination , dura, D x P, oil palm, Topaz.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78203252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control of Rat Damage in Oil Palm Plantation Using Local Hunting Dogs-IOI Kahang Estate’s Experience","authors":"K. Saravanan, M. A. Idrus, A. Prakash","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.010","url":null,"abstract":"Kahang Estate, situated in the south eastern part of Johor state is known for severe rat damage on oil palm fruits for more than two-and-a-half decades. The main species is Rattus tiomanicus and the current practice of poison baiting with high number of rounds per campaign was found to be short lived in controlling the rat damage on fresh fruit bunches. A coincidental observation on one of the harvester’s hungry mongrel dog hunting a running rat in the field gave the idea and prompted the estate management to train and establish a rat hunting dog team since 2017. The current paper shares this first of its kind experience of Kahang Estate management in controlling the rat population by dogs in a consolidated area of 364 hectares of 2009 replants. Keywords: Rattus tiomanicus, bait shyness rats, mongrel dogs.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85594469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing the Rugose Spiraling Whitefly Using Novel Technologies: Feasibilities and Possibilities","authors":"P. Kalidas","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.008","url":null,"abstract":"Rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin. is an invasive pest feeding on all the green leaved plants including oil palm causing nutrient as well as photosynthetic loss resulting in yield reductions. To manage the pest incidence, use of various possible and feasible measures in an integrated manner is the only available answer. Although many of these measures are not fool proof in giving 100 per cent control of the pest, in the present conditions it is the only solution to implement in the infested areas to reduce the pest incidence and infestation to below threshold limits. Based on the results obtained at different places, Good Agricultural Practices have been drawn for the successful mitigation of the pest. Most of these were tested in farmers’ fields and found suitable to implement in all the infested areas in an integrated manner rather than alone. The compatibility among different practices when implemented together shows the significance of individual as well as combined practices in managing the pest population. Since the pest is an invasive one with no boundaries on feeding, it is required to draw attention on Intergrated Pest Management (IPM) practices to check the population effectively. For this purpose all the possible measures like stopping procurement of nursery plants from the infested areas, taking control measures on all the feeding plants, growing pest repellent plants like marigold all around the garden, hanging sticky traps in the gardens to attract the adult flies and thereby reduce the pest load, conservation of existing and release of available parasitoids and predators need to be carried out in an integrated manner. Entomopathogen, Isaria fumosorosea fungus is a good and effective Myco biocontrol agent for causing maximum mortality of the pest population. The feasible practices on its multiplication using locally available low cost material were developed at ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi. The methodology to multiply the mother culture by farmers in their homes was also developed which is helpful for further multiplication and usage of it against the pest. The cost of multiplication of mother culture using locally available materials was found to be half the price to that of the laboratory prepared one. This methodology nullifies the farmers’ dependency for mother culture on various institutes/laboratories and helps to have sufficient culture with them. Keywords: Rugose spiraling whitefly, Isaria fumosorosea, Encarsia guadeloupae, oil palm.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75420923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary Observation of Phenolic Acids on Basal Stem Rot Infected Oil Palm","authors":"Phin Chong Khim, Mun HO Chong, J. Dayou, Yan Cheong Sung","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.007","url":null,"abstract":"An observation was conducted in Kam Cheong Plantations Sdn Bhd, Lungmanis Fields 8 and 10, Sandakan, Sabah from October 2018 to September 2019. A biocontrol formulation consisting of phenolic acids was applied to Ganoderma infected palms via trunk injection to control the basal stem rot (BSR) and reduce the oil palm yield losses. The formulation was first produced in Universiti Malaysia Sabah before being applied to the infected palms. A total of three rounds of the phenolic acids formulation were applied to 120 infected palms in Kam Cheong with two months interval each. Every infected palm was injected with 40 ml of the formulation (20 ml/injection hole) using a manual trunk injector. This was followed by monitoring and recording of the oil palm yield and disease recovery. The recovery of the infected palms was assessed based on the physical changes of the palms. Out of the 120 treated palms in the two affected areas, 68.33 per cent were still productive although infected, 13.33 per cent recovered from the infection, 9.17 per cent had dead Ganoderma fruiting bodies but with BSR foliar symptoms while 9.17 per cent collapsed or died after the six months’ observation. The fresh fruit bunch yield increased from 1.24 to 3.14 tonnes per hectare in Field 10, an increment of about 154 per cent. However, the yield varied in Field 8 during the observation. This paper serves as a preliminary report on the benefits of phenolic acids to Ganoderma infected palms. More research may be necessary in the future to confirm this result especially on the effect of yield. Keywords: Ganoderma, phenolic acids, biocontrol, oil palm, basal stem rot.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83203288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Endophytic Trichoderma and Other Microbes for Potential Biocontrol of Ganoderma Basal Stem Rot Disease on Oil Palm Seedlings","authors":"D. Haryadi, H. Hendra, M. Sidhu, Tumpal Panjaitan, Y. Samosir, M. Sharma","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.005","url":null,"abstract":"To minimise infection risk and impact of basal stem rot (BSR) disease on its new second generation oil palm replants, Asian Agri has adopted a four stage integrated disease management (IDM) strategy of which, protection of newly planted oil palm seedlings with an effective biocontrol agent is an important component. At its R & D Centre, evaluation of soil microbes is being carried out in three phases. Potential microbes from in vitro laboratory screenings (phase 1) are further tested in the nursery (phase 2) with final validation of successful candidates in field trials (phase 3). This paper reports on the results of eight nursery trials which evaluated a total of 42 in-house Endophytic Trichoderma (ET) isolates and 13 commercial bioagent products for their effectiveness in controlling the BSR pathogen, Ganoderma boninense. All 42 ET isolates conferred some degree of protection to the oil palm seedlings against Ganoderma infection, when compared to the unprotected control seedlings. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in the efficacy of the 42 ET isolates. Ten ET isolates averaged below 25 per cent disease incidence (DI) of which, ET 501 was the most effective and most consistent in performance. ET 501 recorded a low average DI of only 14 per cent as compared to 81 per cent in the control seedlings. Its consistency in performance was reflected in all eight trials with a narrow DI range of 6 - 20 per cent as compared to a DI of 73 - 88 per cent in the control seedlings. The high DI range in the control seedlings in all eight trials also confirmed the aggressive pathogenicity of the Ganoderma isolate used for screening. The latter is critical, as low values could lead to wrong interpretation and analysis of the performance of the products being tested. Of the 13 commercial products evaluated, all conferred some degree of protection to the inoculated seedlings, although only five products recorded average DI levels below 50 per cent (range: 21 - 43 per cent). However, none of the 13 commercial products were as effective as Asian Agri’s ET 501 isolate, which consistently recorded the lowest DI values in these comparative screening trials. Laboratory and nursery screening is invaluable, as they help to identify and shortlist potential candidates for final evaluation in the field. Direct screening in the field would be costly and time consuming, in view of the large number of isolates and products to be tested. However, field validation is vital as soil chemistry, climate and microbial populations in the rhizosphere may differ between nursery and field, hence affecting the efficacy of the applied bioagents. In view of this, the most promising ET isolates are being further tested in field trials on both mineral and peat soils, to confirm their effectiveness prior to commercial use. Keywords: Basal stem rot, Endophytic Trichoderma, Ganoderma boninense, oil palm seedlings","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73200715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding Climate Change: Causes, Impacts, Policies and Actions","authors":"F. Yew, Mei Lee Yew","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.006","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is already happening in the world today. Global warming leading to melting of polar icebergs and snow covers is seen today and causes the sea level to rise. Extreme weather conditions have also become the new norms. Consequently, life on earth is affected, mostly with negative outcomes. Human activities that emit three primary greenhouse gases (GHG), namely carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are found to be the principal causes of climate change. As such, there is an urgent need for concerted efforts by mankind to limit and abate the emission of these gases in order to slow down climate change. At the international level, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which is a UN based institution, has been setting up policies and actions to abate climate change. It is presently coordinating actions to limit a global temperature rise to below 1.5oC. Malaysia is a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) climate treaty in 1992 and is doing her part to contribute to this agenda. In this respect, Malaysia has pledged to maintain at least 50 per cent of the landmass perpetually under forest cover. Malaysia also pledged to reduce the GHG emissions intensity of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the emissions intensity of GDP in 2005 for the country at COP21 (Conference of Parties) in 2015. Keywords: Climate change, greenhouse gas, global warming, sea level rise, El Nino, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79659733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aspects on Life History of Eurycantha insularis Lucas (Phasmida : Phasmatidae) from Papua New Guinea","authors":"R. Dikrey, B. Sapau, C. Dewhurst","doi":"10.56333/tp.2020.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2020.004","url":null,"abstract":"The oil palm stick insect is a sporadic pest but occasionally a serious defoliator of oil palm in Northern (Oro) Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG), although it seldom causes significant damage to warrant any chemical intervention. There are currently two recorded egg parasitoids and one, (possibly two) entomophagous fungi that attack the adults. Parasitoids are not currently being reared as biological control agents. Adults and nymphs are often collected from oil palm cooked and eaten by the local people, especially children. Except for the taxonomy, the biology of this species is not fully understood; and this study attempts to fill in part of this information gap. Egg incubation period is 80 days. Five nymphal instars were identified for males and six for females. Males complete developmental stage in 97 days whilst females in 118 days. Female adults survived only slightly longer than males being 48 and 35 days respectively. Any control efforts should target nymphal stages to break the breeding cycle. Keywords: Oil palm, stick insect, parasitoids, Northern Province, PNG, biology.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85060742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}