{"title":"Prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes among patients attending outpatient clinic at a tertiary health institution in Southwestern Nigeria","authors":"A. Adetola, I. Ani, J. Matthew, Grace Abodunde","doi":"10.4103/njc.njc_14_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njc.njc_14_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The prevalence of noncommunicable diseases such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, etc., has been on the increase globally. The study assessed the prevalence and association between obesity, hypertension, and diabetes among patients visiting the dietetics outpatient clinic of Babcock University Teaching Hospital. Methodology: The prevalence and association between obesity, hypertension, and diabetes were assessed in this retrospective study. The study was conducted at the outpatient clinic of the Dietetics Department, Babcock University Teaching Hospital Ilisan-Remo Ogun State. Age, gender, height, weight, and diagnosed diseases were extracted from the record of individuals who presented at the clinic for 75 months. Data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Result: A total of 1059 patient's record was used in the study. The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes were 58.9%, 37.4%, and 18.9%, respectively. Obesity and diabetes were prevalent among females than males (m = 20.4%, f = 38.5%), (m = 8.8%, f = 10.1%), while hypertension was prevalent among males (m = 19%, f = 18.4%). Diabetes was prevalent among older adults, while obesity and hypertension were prevalent among adolescents and young adults (23.9%). Obesity was significantly associated with hypertension (P < 0.05), and diabetes (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in this study was high. Obesity and hypertension were prevalent among adolescents and young adults.","PeriodicalId":228906,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Cardiology","volume":"306 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122981326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atinuke Richard, Folasade Daniel, P. Adebola, O. Ogunleye, A. Ekun
{"title":"Diagnostic usefulness of NT-proBNP in asymptomatic left ventricular dysunction in black hypertensive patients","authors":"Atinuke Richard, Folasade Daniel, P. Adebola, O. Ogunleye, A. Ekun","doi":"10.4103/njc.njc_40_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njc.njc_40_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hypertensive patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, may be asymptomatic early in the disease process but tend to develop overt heart failure later on. While the usefulness of NT-proBNP in the early detection of LV dysfunction has been well studied among the Western population, there remains a relative paucity of information about its usefulness among black hypertensive patients. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic usefulness of NT-proBNP in the early detection of asymptomatic LV dysfunction in black hypertensive patients. Methodology: The LV function of 134 patients with hypertension who were never in heart failure and 89 age- and sex-matched normotensive individuals were assessed using echocardiography and serum NT-proBNP assay. However, due to various factors (such as drop out and abnormal laboratory results), 131 hypertensives and 79 controls were eventually analyzed. Echocardiography was used as gold standard in determining LV functions. NT-proBNP levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data obtained were summarized with appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics at a 5% level of significance using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Version 22.0 software. Results: Asymptomatic LV dysfunction was present in 107 hypertensive individuals (81.7%): 102 (77.9%) had isolated diastolic dysfunction and 5 (3.8%) had combined diastolic and systolic dysfunction; whereas the remaining 24 patients (18.3%) had normal LV function. NT-proBNP were 175.21 ± 227.75 and 430.13 ± 491.88 pg/ml, P = 0.017, in hypertensive individuals without and with asymptomatic LV dysfunction, respectively. Using the NT-proBNP level of 56 pg/ml obtained among the controls, NT-proBNP level had a sensitivity of 62.8% and specificity of 60.9%. NT-proBNP level also had a positive predictive value of 88.0% and negative predictive value of 26.4%. Conclusion: NT-pro-BNP could be incorporated as a screening tool for early detection of asymptomatic LV dysfunction and possibly, stratify patients for further evaluation and treatment.","PeriodicalId":228906,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Cardiology","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134001052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Q. Daniels, F. Okpokowuruk, C. Duru, O. Ige, E. Abolodje, Patience Udo, C. Yilgwan, Olawale Olabiyi
{"title":"Cardiac disease and associated comorbidities seen among children in Niger Delta region of Nigeria during a cardiac screening program","authors":"Q. Daniels, F. Okpokowuruk, C. Duru, O. Ige, E. Abolodje, Patience Udo, C. Yilgwan, Olawale Olabiyi","doi":"10.4103/njc.njc_34_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njc.njc_34_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There are few studies on the pattern of cardiac diseases (CD) among children in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. This study examines the pattern of cardiac disease and associated comorbidities among children living in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria during a cardiac mission. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study which involved all children with prior diagnosis of CD referred from all the states of Niger Delta region of Nigeria. All children had echocardiogram and electrocardiogram performed by a team of Paediatric cardiologists. Results: Out of a total of 155 children who presented for the cardiac screening exercise, 145 (75 males and 70 females) children had CD. Their ages ranged from 0.2 to 180 months with a mean age of 45.5 ± 44.3 months which was significantly higher than their mean age at first diagnosis of 12.2 ± 22.9 months (P = 0.0072). Of the 145 children with cardiac disease, 128 (88.3%) of the patients had congenital heart disease and 17 (11.7%) had acquired heart disease and arrhythmias. Ventricular septal defect, Tetralogy of Fallot, and Rheumatic heart disease were the commonest acyanotic, cyanotic and acquired heart diseases respectively. Solitary lesions accounted for 91 (62.8%) of cases while multiple lesions accounted for 54 (37.2%) with as many as 35 (24.1%) children having complex heart diseases. Sixty-nine (47.6%) children presented with comorbidity. Conclusion: The burden of cardiac disease and complex heart disease in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria remains high. Early detection and prompt intervention would help to reduce the morbidity.","PeriodicalId":228906,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Cardiology","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124486601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
EhiJ Ogbemudia, Eunice Aghimien, OD Aghimien, AustineO Obasohan
{"title":"Factors associated with low adherence to medications in heart failure","authors":"EhiJ Ogbemudia, Eunice Aghimien, OD Aghimien, AustineO Obasohan","doi":"10.4103/njc.njc_7_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njc.njc_7_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Medical therapy is fundamental in the management of heart failure (HF), and it is associated with favorable outcomes. These outcomes are attainable with good adherence to medications. However, the level of adherence to HF medications and the associated factors have not been well documented in Nigeria. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the level of adherence to HF medications and the associated factors in HF patients. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of HF patients in a tertiary health facility. A researcher-administered questionnaire was used to obtain demographic variables, assess adherence to HF medications with the Morisky medication adherence (MA) scale, and determine barriers to adherence. The proportions of respondents with a high and low adherence were derived, and the associated factors were investigated with Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression. Results: They were 168 respondents with a median age of 63 years, and 94 (56%) were females. The median MA score was 4.13. Forty eight (28.6%) and 120 (71.4%) had high and low MA, respectively. The associations of comorbidities, method of payment, and alternative medicines with the level of adherence gave p values of 0.000, 0.002, and 0.000, respectively. Barriers to adherence were financial 43 (35.8%), forgetfulness 38 (31.7), and others constituted 44 (36.7%). Conclusions: Adherence to HF medications is suboptimal. It is associated with out-of-pocket payment, comorbidities, and usage of alternative medicines. Financial constraint and forgetfulness are the common self-reported barriers to adherence. Interventions to address these factors should be initiated.","PeriodicalId":228906,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Cardiology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116990429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Ahmadu, Nuhu Garba, M. Abubakar, H. Kabir, P. Igoche, Apollos Daniel, I. Inuwa, I. Aliyu, M. Asani
{"title":"Infective endocarditis due to Acinetobacter baumannii in an infant with complex congenital heart disease","authors":"I. Ahmadu, Nuhu Garba, M. Abubakar, H. Kabir, P. Igoche, Apollos Daniel, I. Inuwa, I. Aliyu, M. Asani","doi":"10.4103/njc.njc_1_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njc.njc_1_21","url":null,"abstract":"Infective endocarditis (IE) due to Acinetobacter baumannii is rare in children, however associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Congenital heart diseases are among the major risk factors for IE. We report a case of IE in an infant caused by A. baumannii. The patient is a 2-month-old infant with complaints of recurrent cough and breathlessness since birth which worsened 2 days before admission, associated with fever. There is difficulty in breastfeeding and occasional forehead sweating with associated darkening of the lips, palms and soles. She has been failing to thrive since birth. Significant findings on physical examination include respiratory distress with hypoxia, pyrexia, severe wasting, tachycardia, tachypnea, tender hepatomegaly, widespread coarse crepitation, displaced apex beat and a pan-systolic murmur. Full blood count was suggestive of sepsis, blood culture yielded A. baumannii, chest X-ray revealed dextrocardia with cardiomegaly and increased vascular markings while transthoracic echocardiography showed complex congenital heart disease with vegetation. The patient was commenced on intravenous antibiotics and supportive managements, however died while on admission.","PeriodicalId":228906,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Cardiology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131279817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Association of total lymphocyte count and echocardiographic parameters in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients","authors":"A. Mankwe, J. Aprioku","doi":"10.4103/njc.njc_38_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njc.njc_38_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases in HIV infection has been linked to chronic inflammation that precipitates atherosclerosis and low lymphocyte count is a common finding during the systemic inflammatory response. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between total lymphocyte count (TLC) and echocardiographic parameters in HIV positive subjects. Method: TLC of 100 HAART naïve newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS subjects, recruited from a Nigerian Tertiary Health Institution were analyzed, and their left ventricular (LV) function and geometry were evaluated using transthoracic echocardiography. Results: Abnormalities in LV function and geometry were observed in the HIV seropositive subjects and their TLCs were lower in those with severe forms of abnormalities. Conclusion: Concluding, TLC is inversely associated with LV dysfunction or abnormal geometry.","PeriodicalId":228906,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Cardiology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129179909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Karaye, BL Muhammad, N. Ishaq, S. Ringim, Sabi′uM Hamza, Haruna Abubakar, Shamsiddeen Abdulrahman, Sahar Ahmad, FatimaM Bashir, Tijjani Abdulsalam, A. Muhammad, Isyaka Alfa, RuqayyaN Sani, Md. Mamoon Al Bashir, SI Salele, H. Sani, A. Hussain, S. Kana, M. Mijinyawa, M. Sani
{"title":"Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a patient with polycystic kidney disease in Kano, Nigeria","authors":"K. Karaye, BL Muhammad, N. Ishaq, S. Ringim, Sabi′uM Hamza, Haruna Abubakar, Shamsiddeen Abdulrahman, Sahar Ahmad, FatimaM Bashir, Tijjani Abdulsalam, A. Muhammad, Isyaka Alfa, RuqayyaN Sani, Md. Mamoon Al Bashir, SI Salele, H. Sani, A. Hussain, S. Kana, M. Mijinyawa, M. Sani","doi":"10.4103/njc.njc_37_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njc.njc_37_20","url":null,"abstract":"A 37-year-old male patient known to have polycystic kidney disease (PKD) for the past 5 years presented with a 2-day history of severe chest pain at rest that was confirmed as acute inferior myocardial infarction (MI). He was a known hypertensive for the past 5 years with a difficult-to-control blood pressure, but with preserved renal function. He had no family history of similar illness and has no personal history of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, or recreational drugs use. Apart from elevated blood pressure of 150/100 mmHg, physical examination was unremarkable. He was found to have dyslipidemia with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol of 0.87 mmol/l and hypertriglyceridemia (2.7 mmol/l), but other serum lipid fractions and fasting plasma glucose were within normal limits. His echocardiogram showed normal sizes of all cardiac chambers with preserved left ventricular (LV) function, inferior wall hypokinesia, and Grade I LV diastolic dysfunction, and he had no aortic aneurysm. He was admitted for 5 days, treated conservatively, and discharged after resolution of symptoms, troponin, and raised ST segments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report from Nigeria illustrating the rare association between PKD and acute MI in the young.","PeriodicalId":228906,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Cardiology","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125049151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Yusuf, A. Olowu, Chinyere C. Uzodimma, Florence Dedeke
{"title":"Pattern of electrocardiographic abnormalities in pediatric HIV/AIDS clients at Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta","authors":"M. Yusuf, A. Olowu, Chinyere C. Uzodimma, Florence Dedeke","doi":"10.4103/njc.njc_13_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njc.njc_13_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sub-Saharan Africa presently contributes about 70% of global HIV/AIDS population with little or no emphasis on the contribution of cardiovascular abnormalities to the associated morbidity and mortality in the region. Objectives: The objective is to determine the prevalence of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities and association of such abnormalities with HIV/AIDS severity in terms of clinical manifestations and level of CD4 depletion. Design: A hospital-based cross-sectional case-control study. Methodology: One hundred and five (105) HIV-infected children attending HIV clinic and equivalent age- and sex-matched HIV un-infected controls attending pediatrics General Outpatient Clinics at FMCA were consecutively recruited over 8 months. They were evaluated clinically and had CD4 count, hematocrit, plasma calcium and potassium, and standard 12-lead ECG done. Results: Thirty-five (33.3%) of the subjects had ECG abnormalities compared with four (3.8%) in the controls (χ2 = 28.34, P < 0.05). The left ventricular hypertrophy was the commonest (13.3%) among other detected abnormalities such as Q-wave abnormalities, right ventricular hypertrophy, and ventricular repolarization abnormalities. The detected abnormalities were not significantly associated with advanced clinical or immunological stage of HIV/AIDS (χ2 < 4.0, P > 0.05). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of ECG abnormalities in children with HIV/AIDS. These abnormalities occurred irrespective of the extent of the disease advancement. There is therefore a need for at least an ECG to identify from among HIV infected children those who may subsequently require echocardiography since the cost of echocardiography is presently too high and precludes its routine use in the Sub-Saharan Africa.","PeriodicalId":228906,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Cardiology","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129011652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cardiac troponin T reference interval of healthy Nigerian children aged 5–17 years","authors":"A. Nlemadim, H. Okpara, M. Anah, M. Meremikwu","doi":"10.4103/njc.njc_39_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njc.njc_39_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a biomarker for myocardial injury, reference values is unknown in Nigeria. The establishment and use of pediatric cTnT normative values may be better than the use of adult-derived cTnT values. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine cTnT reference interval among healthy Nigerian children. Methods: One hundred and thirty-two healthy children aged 5–17 years were consecutively recruited over a 9-month period after meeting the inclusion criteria. Blood was taken and the sera analyzed for cTnT by the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method using high-sensitive assay. Data were analyzed using RefVal software and SPSS version 23.0. Results: The male: female ratio was 1.03:1 with median (interquartile range) serum cTnT of 5.1 (5.0–5.1) ng/L. The reference interval has a lower reference limit (2.5th percentile) of 5.0 (5.0–5.0) ng/L and upper reference limit (97.5th percentile) of 6.8 (5.7–7.2) ng/L. The 99th percentile of cTnT was 7.2 ng/L. Serum cTnT had weak association with age (rs[130] = 0.19, P = 0.033) but no significant relationship with body mass index-for-age-and-sex, sex and social class. Conclusion: This cTnT reference interval can be beneficial in low-middle-income settings who lack indigenous reference intervals. We recommend its use for the identification of myocardial injury among children instead of adult intervals to prevent under-treatment. Stakeholders are encouraged to make cTnT affordable to the less privileged.","PeriodicalId":228906,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Cardiology","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129855915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Early practice with two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography at the Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital. Ado Ekiti Nigeria","authors":"O. Adewuya, O. Olaoye, O. Ojo, O. Areo","doi":"10.4103/njc.njc_17_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njc.njc_17_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is an essential noninvasive heart study technique which has changed the practice of cardiology worldwide. The procedure began at the Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital on October 24, 2017, till date. Objective: The objective of the study is to present our early practice with TTE in our location. Materials and Methods: It is a descriptively analyzed retrospective data acquired on demographic parameters, indications for the procedure, echocardiographic parameters, and diagnoses. The procedure was performed using general electric ultrasound machine Logiq C5 premium equipped with 3.5–5.0MHz transducer. Results: Three hundred and three procedures were done between October 24, 2017, and December 17, 2019 (2 years 2 months). There were 158 males and 145 females who were aged 52.8 ± 18.1and 56.6 ± 17.2 respectively. The mean age for all the subjects was 54.6 ± 17.8 years. Hypertension made up 168 (55.4%) and arrhythmia 25 (8.3%) of the indications for the procedure. The various diagnoses made include hypertensive heart disease (HHDx) (47.2%), cardiomyopathy (7.3%), valvular heart disease (rheumatic type) (5.9%), congestive cardiac failure (2.6%), pericardial disease (2.0%), left ventricular failure (1.7%), cor-pulmonale (1.7%), thyrotoxic heart disease (0.7%), ischemic heart disease, incomplete echo due to orthopnea, congenital heart disease (0.3%), and normal echo was recorded in (30%). Conclusion: HHDx was the most common diagnosis in our study. Other diagnoses include dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease (rheumatic type), cor pulmonale, congestive cardiac failure with varied ejection fractions, and peripartum cardiomyopathies. Congenital heart disease was uncommon.","PeriodicalId":228906,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132529789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}