{"title":"Quest for Unified Identity in Amitabh Ghosh’s the Shadow Lines","authors":"Tilak Bhusal","doi":"10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50188","url":null,"abstract":"Amitabh Ghosh’s The Shadow Lines posits the idea of nationalism which was a matter of full-fledged discussion during the post partition India. This article undertakes and examines the characterization of the violent events in The Shadow Lines, concentrating on the traumatic life of the characters and the violence to analyze and evaluate the fundamental causes. Ghosh’s implication in the novel is that the superficial concept of national identity is a root cause of pervasive violence. The researcher claims that Ghosh backgrounds the identities created by the arbitrarily drawn demarcations of national boundaries and desires for the unified identity, a new and distinctive whole created from fusion of different cultures, ethnicities and nationalities as a solution to prevent the recurrence of insane frenzies and communal violence in the era of modern diversity, interconnectedness and globalization.","PeriodicalId":228018,"journal":{"name":"Butwal Campus Journal","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123669044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Age and Sex: The Demographic Factors Matter in Sight Care Treatment Decision in Nepal","authors":"D. Bhusal","doi":"10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50180","url":null,"abstract":"Even though existing philosophy advocating patients should be active partakers in treatment decision-making about their care, the literature suggests that patients require be informing but not involving. Eyesight treatment-decision of the participants involving free Eye-Care-Camp in a one-day free Eye-Care-Camp organized by Krim Samaj with the technical support of Tamnagar Chasma Ghar were considered with 91 responses. Two technical officers checked up the eye conditions. On the Treatment Decision-Making, they overwhelmingly wished to be performed by the technical officers. Near and free service was a most influencing factor for the treatment decision. Age significant result regarding eyesight care treatment-decision was appeared in the study. Although the treatment decisions of patients were autonomous up to the participation in free eye care camp, few wishes to hand over the treatment decision-making control to their technical personalities. The findings suggested that choices are not free but controlled under the technical officer, and household decision. Hidden serious eye problems not exhibited in household got the chance to disclose and the patients got the idea what to do further.","PeriodicalId":228018,"journal":{"name":"Butwal Campus Journal","volume":"1 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121922843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"‘सहिद’कथामा करुण रस","authors":"प्रेमप्रसाद तिवारी","doi":"10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50204","url":null,"abstract":"विश्लेष्य लेखमा गुरुप्रसाद मैनालीको ‘सहिद’कथालाई पूर्वीय काव्यशास्त्रीय परम्पराको रस सिद्धान्तका आधारमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा करुण रसको सिद्धान्तका आधारमा ‘सहिद’ कथा के कस्तो रहेको छ भन्ने समस्यासँग सम्बन्धित भई अध्ययनलाई अगाडि बढाइएको छ । लेखको मुख्य समस्या समाधानका लागि विभाव, अनुभाव, व्यभिचारीभाव र स्थायीभावको पहिचान गरी रस निष्पत्तिको अवस्था निरूपण गरिएको छ । यस लेखमा सोद्देश्यमूलक नमुना छनोट विधिका आधारमा ‘सहिद’ कथा छनोट गरी पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरेर रस सिद्धान्तका आधारमा सामग्रीको विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा वीरबहादुर, देवता बाबु, म पात्र, धने, राम, डल्ली जस्ता आलम्बन, नेपालको कुनै गाउँ, विराटनगर तथा भारतका गोरखपुरलगायतका सहरलाई उद्दीपन, कायिक, वाचिक, साŒिवक तथा आहार्य अनुभाव र चिन्ता, दैन्य, अश्रु, संशय, ग्लानि, हर्ष, वितर्क, निद्रा, तर्क, मति, औत्सुक्य, स्मृति आदि व्यभिचारीभावद्वारा परिपुष्टि बनेको शोक स्थायीभाव करुण रसका रूपमा अभिव्यक्त भएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा ‘सहिद’ कथामा विभाव, अनुभाव र व्यभिचारीभावबाट परिपुष्ट बनेको शोक स्थायीभाव करुण रसका रूपमा अभिव्यक्त भएको निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।","PeriodicalId":228018,"journal":{"name":"Butwal Campus Journal","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125237723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखको एपिए ढाँचा र पद्धति","authors":"शालिकराम पौड्याल","doi":"10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50200","url":null,"abstract":"अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख अनुसन्धानका निश्चित विधि र पद्धति अवलम्बन गरी लेखिने लेख हो । अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख निश्चित प्राज्ञिक समस्याको प्रामाणिक समाधान पहिल्याउनका निम्ति वस्तुगत तथ्य सङ्कलन गरी ती तथ्यलाई निश्चित सैद्धान्तिक पद्धति अवलम्बन गरी नवीन ज्ञानको खोजी गर्न लेखिन्छ । अनुसन्धानका पद्धतिहरूलाई आधार मानेर लेखिएको लेख वस्तुपरक, तथ्यपरक र वैज्ञानिक मानिन्छ । कुनै पनि विषयका बारेमा खोजबिन गरी गहन र व्यवस्थित ढङ्गबाट अध्ययन गरेर निष्कर्ष दिने काम अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा गरिन्छ । प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखको आवश्यक तत्वहरू शीर्षक चयन, समस्याको निर्धारण, अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखको उद्देश्य, अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख सङ्गठनको ढाचाका बारेमा प्रकाश पारिएको छ । अनुसन्धानात्मक ढाँचालाई आदि, मध्य र अन्त्यमा विभाजन गरी लेखसार वा सारसङ्क्षेप, शब्दकुञ्जी, विषयपरिचय, अध्ययनविधि, सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधार, छलफल र परिणाम, निष्कर्ष, कृतज्ञताज्ञापन, सन्दर्भ सामग्री, परिशिष्टका बारेमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ । यसका साथै अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा प्रयोग हुने शीर्षकीकरण, सन्दर्भाङ्कन, सम्पादन र अभिलेखीकरण, सङ्ख्याको प्रयोग, उद्धरणको प्रयोग, अनुच्छेद योजना आदि पक्षका बारेमा पनि अध्ययन गरिएको छ । यसमा एपिए सातौँ संस्करण (सन् २०२०) ले स्वीकार गरेका ढाँचा र पद्धतिलाई अवलम्बन गरी त्यसका मुख्य पक्षहरूलाई यहाँ प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।","PeriodicalId":228018,"journal":{"name":"Butwal Campus Journal","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133753145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"गजलका संरचनात्मक तत्त्वहरू","authors":"थानेश्वर अर्याल","doi":"10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50202","url":null,"abstract":"‘गजलका संरचनात्मक तत्वहरू’ शीर्षकको यस लेखमा गजलका संरचनात्मक तत्त्वहरूका बारेमा सङ्क्षिप्तमा चर्चा गरिएको छ । गजलको रचना आफैमा साहित्यका अन्य विधाका कृतिसरह स्वतन्त्र रूपमा हुनेहुनाले यसका आफ्नै संरचनात्मक तत्त्वहरू हुन्छन् । यहाँ गजलका मान्यता र संरचनात्मक तत्त्वसम्बन्धी विद्वान्हरूका धारणालाई पनि प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । तदनुरूप गजलको व्युत्पत्तिगत अर्थ, गजलको परिचय, गजलका संरचनात्मक ततवहरू सेर, मिसरा, मतला, मकता, काफिया, रदिफ, तखल्लुस, बहर, रुक्न आदि सबै ततवहरूको उल्लेख गरिएको छ । ती ततवहरूको कार्य, भूमिका र महŒवको पनि चर्चा गरिएको छ । विषय, भाव, विचार, भाषाशैली, बिम्ब, अलङ्कार, लय र प्रतीकको आवश्यकता र महत्त्वका बारेमा पनि प्रकाश पारिएको छ । पहिले गजलको विषय विशेषतः स्त्रीविषयक, शृङ्गारप्रधान वा प्रणयप्रधान मानिन्थ्यो । अहिले यसले मानवमनका सुखदुःख, सन्ताप र पीडाका भावलाई तथा समाजका विविध पक्षसमेतलाई कलात्मक किसिमले सरल, सहज तथा सूत्रात्मक, सङ्केतात्मक र गेयात्मक भाषाशैली प्रयोग गरेर प्रस्तुत गर्दछ । यसको स्वरूप सङ्क्षिप्त हुन्छ । गजलले नवनव ज्ञान र सिप प्रदान गर्दै मानवमनलाई आह्लादित तुल्याउँछ भन्ने कुरा यस लेखमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ ।","PeriodicalId":228018,"journal":{"name":"Butwal Campus Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124528690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"कथा शिक्षणका विधि र प्रकृया","authors":"नारायणप्रसाद पन्थ","doi":"10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50203","url":null,"abstract":"कथा सङ्क्षिप्त एवम् प्रभावपूर्ण रूपले विषयलाई प्रस्तुत गरिएको आख्यानात्मक गद्य रचना हो । प्रस्तुत लेखको मुख्य उद्देश्य कथाको सैद्धान्तिक परिचय, शिक्षण विधि र प्रक्याको परिचय दिई विश्लेषण गर्नु रहेको छ । यस लेखमा कथाको सैद्धान्तिक परिचय, शिक्षण विधि र प्रकृयाका स्वरूपहरूलाई उदाहरणसहित प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । यसमा पुस्तकालयीय कार्यबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरी कथाका विभिन्न सैद्धान्तिक ग्रन्थलाई स्रोत सामग्रीका रूपमा लिई विश्लेषणात्मक विधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । यसमा कथानक, चरित्र वा पात्र, परिवेश, उद्देश्य वा सारवस्तु, भाषाशैली, दृष्टिबिन्दु, विषय वा केन्द्रीयकथ्य जस्ता तत्वहरूले कथाको आन्तरिक र बाह्य स्वरूप निर्माण गर्ने निष्कर्ष प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । कथा शिक्षणबाट विद्यार्थीको स्तर र तहअनुुसार सुनाइ, बोलाइ, पढाइ र लेखाइ सिपको विकास गराउन सकिन्छ । कथा शिक्षणका क््रmममा व्याख्या, छलफल, प्रश्नोत्तर, तुलना, समीक्षा, प्रतिवेदन प्रस्तुति, परियोजना, पठनबोध र कक्षा प्रस्तुतीकरण विधिको उपयोग गर्न सकिने निचोड निकालिएको छ ।","PeriodicalId":228018,"journal":{"name":"Butwal Campus Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128955576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computational Estimation of Free Energy Using Fortran Code","authors":"Jhulan Powrel","doi":"10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50199","url":null,"abstract":"Theoretical physics based on several computational software. The code for theoretical calculations of free energy is essential in many of the software. One of the codes frequently used in molecular dynamics is FORTRAN (Formula Transformation) code. The free energy for thermal and conformational are found to be and respectively. The average of the total free energy of the theoretical system is found to be . The free energy of a system of theoretical molecule of butane is . The ranges of theoretical and experimental values of free energy are found to be in considerable range. So, the FORTRAN code can also be used in estimating the free energy of the system of molecules.","PeriodicalId":228018,"journal":{"name":"Butwal Campus Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117215103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"निकटघटक विश्लेषण","authors":"सखिशरण सुवेदी","doi":"10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v5i1.50201","url":null,"abstract":"निकटघटक विश्लेषण वाक्यविश्लेषणको संरचनावादी अवधारणा हो । यसमा वाक्यमा आएका पदहरूको निकटताका आधारमा घटकीय विश्लेषण गरिन्छ । वाक्यसम्बन्धी गहन अध्ययन विश्लेषण अंग्रेजी र संस्कृत दुबैतर्फ भएको छ । भाषाविज्ञानका क्षेत्रमा संरचनावादी भाषावैज्ञानिक ब्लुमफिल्डले वाक्य विश्लेषणको यो अवधारणा प्रस्तावित गरेका हुन् । वाक्यभित्रका घटकहरूको विश्लेषण संस्कृत व्याकरण र साहित्यशास्त्रमा पनि चर्चा भएको विषय हो । यस पद्धतिमा वाक्यका संरचक घटकहरूमध्ये कुनचाहिं घटक कुनचाहिं घटकको नजिक रहेको छ भन्ने विश्लेषण हुन्छ । घटकीय विश्लेषणका क्रममा संरचनालाई द्विधा विभाजन गरिन्छ । यसको विश्लेषणका वृक्षारेख, ऊध्र्वरेख, बाकस, धर्का र कोष्ठ गरी पाँच पद्धति मानिएका छन् । अनुक्रम मिलेको संरचनाको विश्लेषण गर्न सकिए तापनि भग्नक्रममा रहेका संरचनाको विश्लेषण गर्न समस्या देखिएकाले वाक्य विश्लेषणका नवीन अवधारणाहरूको विकास भएको हो । ","PeriodicalId":228018,"journal":{"name":"Butwal Campus Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124613280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"English Language Teachers’ Understanding of Project-Based Learning","authors":"B. Bhandari","doi":"10.3126/bcj.v4i1-2.45007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v4i1-2.45007","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to explore the English language teachers’ understanding of Project-Based Learning (PBL). It was carried out within the theoretical framework of social constructivism. I used narrative inquiry as a research method. I selected two English language teachers purposively as the participants for the study from two community schools of Rupandehi. I used in-depth interview as a major technique for the required information. The study revealed that the English language teachers had good understanding and positive views towards PBL. Moreover, it maximizes learning opportunities of students addressing mixed-ability learners, developing high level of confidence, critical thinking and social skills along with increased interaction. However, poor educational background of the students, lack of resourceful, skilled and professional teachers, lack of professional training and collaborative culture among them had been realized as challenges for effective implementation of PBL. This study may contribute to the quality improvement of the teachers and students providing some knowledge and insights for developing project-based learning such as developing students’ life skills, communication skills, self-confidence, collective responsibility through collaboration and authentic meaningful language use.","PeriodicalId":228018,"journal":{"name":"Butwal Campus Journal","volume":"193 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124375276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Practices of Inquiry-Based Teaching in English Language Classrooms","authors":"P. Pokhrel","doi":"10.3126/bcj.v4i1-2.45008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/bcj.v4i1-2.45008","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores English teachers’ practices of inquiry-based teaching in secondary level. I used phenomenological research design for this study and semi-structured interview was used for data collection which enabled me in capturing qualitative experiences and practices, activities or strategies used in inquiry-based teaching from purposefully selected participants. The participants were four secondary level English teachers of Rupandehi district. Moreover, this study is based on socio-constructivism theory of Vygotsky. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis approach. The findings of this study revealed that secondary level teachers used three different types of inquiry activities; structured, guided and open. The study further explored that assessment in inquiry, balancing content and inquiry, classroom management and the use of quality questions are the major challenges for implementing inquiry activities. The study is expected to have a great significance in improving the 21st century language pedagogy in general and in the process of implementing inquiry-based teaching in English language classroom in particular.","PeriodicalId":228018,"journal":{"name":"Butwal Campus Journal","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123926893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}