Philosophy of Science and Technology最新文献

{"title":"Reflexivity in social systems control (philosophical and methodological analysis)","authors":"V. Lepskiy","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-2-127-147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-2-127-147","url":null,"abstract":"The paper substantiates, in the context of the development of ideas about scientific rationality (classical, non-classical, post-non-classical), an increase in the role and variety of types of reflexive activity (reflexivity) in management. Philosophical and methodological analysis using three types of scientific rationality identified the basic approaches in control (activity, subject-activity, subject-oriented), basic paradigms (“subjectobject”, “sub- jectsubject”, “subjectmeta-subject”), cybernetics of the first, second and third order. This made it possible to identify the dominant types of reflexive activity corresponding to them. The convergence of basic approaches is within the framework of post-non-classical scientific rationality based on the cybernetics of self-developing poly-subject (reflexive-active) environments. The trend of transition from control to self-regulation and self-development of reflexive activity in self-developing reflexive-active environments has been substantiated. Ontologies and principles of organizing a self-developing reflexive-active environment predetermine the mechanisms of self-regulation and self-development. The analysis contains the specifics of reflexivity in the control of various types of social systems (economics, politics, education, the military sphere, information wars and confrontation, etc.). The article substantiates the priority of Russian science in the study of reflexivity in the control of social systems, which is largely due to the specifics of Russian philosophical and methodological research.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124178032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Let Us Now Think Engineering: an Interview with Carl Mitcham","authors":"Митчем Карл, А.А. Казакова","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2021-25-2-26-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2021-25-2-26-36","url":null,"abstract":"Carl Mitcham is International Distinguished Professor of Philosophy of Technology at Renmin Universityof China and Professor Emeritus of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences at Colorado School of Mines inthe United States. For more than four decades of his work in the field of phi­losophy of science andtechnology, he has made important contributions on its most controversial topics, including biotechnologies,IT, energy and many others. Of special interest is his philosoph­ical and socio-historical study ofengineering, which has become the area of his intellectual col­laboration with V.G. Gorokhov. This year,Prof. Mitcham published a new book, “Steps toward a Philosophy of Engineering: Historical-Philosophicaland Critical Essays”. In the interview Pro­fessor Mitcham discusses the developments in engineeringprofession and education and the chang­ing role of engineering societies; the relationships betweenengineering, science and philosophy; the engineering cultures and the meaning of engineering in the modernculture.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125447598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Civil skepticism, trust and the rehabilitation of skepticism in social studies of science and technology","authors":"N. Nikolina","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-59-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-59-69","url":null,"abstract":"The article reveals the concept of “civilized skepticism” proposed by M. Ramirez-i-Olle as a solution to the problem of the relationship between skepticism and trust in the production of scientific knowledge. The basis of the work is the study of skepticism as a practice in the process of interaction between members of the scientific community, carried out by M. Ramirez-i-Olle from 2016 to 2019. Skepticism as a practice of interaction between scien­tists needed to be rehabilitated because it has been suggested that skepticism does not foster trusting relationships. “Civil skepticism” was proposed as a rehabilitation of skepticism in scientific practice, and primarily in the social study of technology. Using the example of three years of empirical work by dendroclimatologists, M. Ramirez-i-Olle demonstrates the stages in which skepticism was practiced: laboratory work, seminar, conference, and publication. The paper deduces characteristics corresponding to these stages, which are also characteristics of “civil skepticism”: temporality, materiality, discursiveness and performa­tivity. The practice of “civil skepticism” not only fosters trusting relationships between members of the scientific community in the process of knowledge production, but also ex­pands the so-called “core group” of scientists involved in the work. Despite the fact that we can make a number of comments related to the use of the term “skepticism” and the inter­pretation of some concepts, the study of M. Ramirez-i-Olle is relevant and important for the development of SSK and STS, as it puts a “point” in the issue of the opposition of skepti­cism and trust in the process of scientific knowledge production. In addition, M. Ramirez-i-Olle touches on problems of the sociology of scientific knowledge that need to be addressed, such as the concept of “sociological skepticism”, studies of agnotology and the sociology of ignorance in the STS, and their relevance in the era of “post-truth”.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132196557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All-Russian (with international participation) scientific conference of students and young scientists “Digital transformations of modern culture” (Yoshkar-Ola, May 14–15, 2021)","authors":"G. Purynycheva, Marina Y. Bilaonova","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-163-167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-163-167","url":null,"abstract":"The article contains an overview of the materials of the All-Russian (with international par­ticipation) scientific conference of students and young scientists “Digital transformations of modern culture”, held on 14–15th May 2021 in Yoshkar-Ola. The thematic diversity of the conference program and the problematic context and research environment that influ­enced the formation of this diversity are characterized. Among the key issues discussed were: global risks of the digital era and images of the future, features and risks of online ed­ucation, ethics and etiquette of the digital environment, personality in the Internet space, language and communication of modern digital culture, technological trends of the present, the specifics of science and art in the conditions of existence in the digital space, prospects of digital economic culture. The listed problems gave the name to the relevant sections, the work of which and the results obtained are described in the article.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132422249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metaphors of the digital age and the Black Box Problem","authors":"T. Leshkevich","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-34-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-34-48","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the effects of the digital era, the driver of which is AI. The main goal is to fo­cus on the Black Box Problem, “opacity of AI” and the possibility of Malicious Use of Artificial In­telligence. Three interconnected directions are interfaced. Firstly, in the context of the analysis of the digital age, the potential of metaphors is used, which makes it possible to describe digital trans­formations figuratively. Secondly, due to the growing demand for high technologies, the negative consequences of using AI are considered and a number of paradoxes of scientific and technological progress are formulated. Thirdly, the article examines the widespread practice of trust in intelligent systems, as well as the prospects for technological symbiosis. The analysis is based on the Russian and English-language literature. The author analyzes metaphors that indicate the type of modern existence – “face-to-screen” or “face-to-device” (1); features of the subject of the digital age – “content viewer” (2); the specifics of digital rationality – “knowledge rent”, digital multitasking (3). Attention is drawn to the process of “convergence of subjectivity”. The issue of malicious use of AI is discussed. The author draws conclusions about the need for “algorithmic responsibility” and expanding the field of reflective analysis aimed at studying the consequences of using AI.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122029469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Models of rationality in the bases of the theory of decision-making","authors":"A. Fakhrutdinova","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2019-24-1-131-144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2019-24-1-131-144","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126971038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship of science and religion: new facets of an old problem","authors":"A. Ivanov","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-111-123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-1-111-123","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the problem of the correlation of science and religion in modern condi­tions. The main programs of its solution are highlighted, which proceed from the irremedia­ble differences between these most important spheres of spiritual culture (or types of cogni­tive experience). The first program subordinates science to a religious worldview and insists that the adoption of religious principles by science can ensure genuine scientific progress. The second program, on the contrary, declares religion to be a system of irrational beliefs and subjects it to harsh criticism. The third program, which goes back to the theory of “dual truth”, asserts the possibility of non-confrontational coexistence of science and religion, since they do not have any points of ontological intersection. There are stated five argu­ments in favor of a synthetic program, where the differences between science and religion do not exclude the possibility of dialogue and the search for “conceptual bridges” between them. This concerns both the phenomenon of faith and the problem of evidence in the field of scientific and religious knowledge. The arguments are given that along with the “exter­nal” experience of science, we can talk about the “internal” spiritual experience of religions, where there are invariant traditions of experimentation with consciousness, during which it can move to a qualitatively different level. The facts of convergence of religious and scien­tific experience are stated through scientific and experimental study of the brain of adherents of ascetic Buddhist practices in a state of deep meditation. It is also pointed to historical epochs where science and religion interacted quite harmoniously, and these were the epochs of cultural flourishing. At the end of the article, the thesis is expressed that present science and religion face serious challenges in the form of abnormal but reliable facts (the phenome­non of the Buryat Khambo Lama Itigelov), to which they must respond together in order not to contribute to the growth of irrational religious beliefs and irrational disbeliefs in science.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115820846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational philosophy in search of boundaries between object and method","authors":"P. Baryshnikov","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-1-47-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-1-47-50","url":null,"abstract":"The main goal of this paper is to point out a number of methodological difficulties faced by the supporters of different kinds of philosophical computationalism in the formation of their conceptual apparatus. The text examines the beliefs underlying physicalist panсomputationalism, as well as some inaccuracies in the classification of the concept of computation. Particular attention is paid to the principles of hierarchical correlation that underlie social neurosciences that actively use computational methods.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132519753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From the book “Social change, with respect to culture and original nature”. Part IV. Social Maladjustment","authors":"W. Ogburn","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-2-72-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2022-27-2-72-84","url":null,"abstract":"This text is a Russian translation of two chapters of the fourth part of the book “Social Change, with Respect to Culture and Original Nature” by American sociologist William Ogborn, the first edition of which was published in 1922. These parts outline the main points of the cultural lag hypothesis, according to which changes in material culture arose adaptation of a certain part of non-material culture and this adaptation takes some time, forming a lag of one or another duration. The hypothesis of cultural lag became a methodological guideline for Ogborne’s later studies, and also served as a starting point for discussions about mutual influence of technical and social progress and a determining role of the factors of material and non-material culture. The translation was made by V.G. Nikolaev.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127666092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some issues of biomedical ethics in a pandemic (review)","authors":"O. Letov","doi":"10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-1-158-164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2413-9084-2021-26-1-158-164","url":null,"abstract":"The article is an analytical review of English-language articles devoted to modern problems of biomedical ethics. The article considers such ethical categories as respect for the freedom of the patient, paternalism, protection of the patient’s interests, the principle of sustainability, justified allocation of resources, etc. It is noted, in particular, that, according to the principle of equitable distribution of medical resources, everyone receives what they deserve, in accordance with the needs of health and no one is discriminated against because of individual characteristics such as gender, socioeconomic status or age. Under the principle of patient freedom, people have the right to make informed decisions of their own, including with regard to voluntary vaccination programs, and can act according to their norms, desires and beliefs. This review presents articles that, for the first time, consider the ethical aspects of dealing with the consequences of coronavirus infection. In particular, it is indicated that decisions on the priority of vaccination should be based on such principles as: a) equal moral value of each person, b) available knowledge to maximize public health by preventing COVID-19. An open and transparent dialogue with the public is needed to ensure and, in the long term, increase public confidence and justification for the adoption of a vaccination strategy. It should contain information on the current state of knowledge about the vaccine itself and about political decision-making processes, including the underlying ethical arguments.","PeriodicalId":227944,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy of Science and Technology","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115519431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}