The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology最新文献

{"title":"Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic of Atorvastatin in Chinese Lung Transplant Recipients","authors":"Dan Zhang PhD,&nbsp;Wenwen Du PhD,&nbsp;Wei Qin PhD,&nbsp;Wenqian Chen PhD,&nbsp;Pengmei Li MS,&nbsp;Xiaoxing Wang PhD","doi":"10.1002/jcph.6146","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcph.6146","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atorvastatin is a widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering drug that inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase to reduce lipid levels. This study aimed to establish a population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model for atorvastatin in Chinese lung transplant recipients (LTRs), particularly those using voriconazole (VOR) and with different genotypes. It evaluated precise dosing regimens and analyzed the correlation between atorvastatin exposure and clinical outcomes. A nonlinear mixed-effects model was used for the population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis. A one-compartment population PK model was developed, incorporating VOR, <i>SLCO2A1</i> rs76906503, and <i>SLC22A8</i> rs2187383 to assess apparent clearance and volume of distribution. LDL-C was modeled as a biomarker to evaluate atorvastatin efficacy. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to assess various dosing schemes and the effects of different covariates on achieving the target LDL concentration. The correlation between atorvastatin exposure and clinical outcomes was also evaluated. Results indicated that the average probability of target attainment for optimal dosing regimens across various covariate results exceeded 45.8%. Dosages of 10, 20, and 40 mg were deemed suitable for LTRs. A lower dose was recommended for LTRs taking VOR or with mutant-type genotypes to avoid overexposure and adverse reactions. The population PK/PD model offers valuable guidance for evaluating atorvastatin dosing regimens in clinical settings, particularly for LTRs using VOR and those with different genotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":22751,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"65 2","pages":"242-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142478455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammation Decreases Ciclosporin Metabolism in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients","authors":"David Malnoë MSc,&nbsp;Mathilde Bories PharmD, MSc,&nbsp;Morgane Pierre-Jean PhD,&nbsp;Tony Marchand MD, PhD,&nbsp;Pascal Le Corre PharmD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/jcph.6141","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcph.6141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Graft-versus-host disease (GVHd) remains a significant challenge following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Prevention of GVHd relies mainly on the use of calcineurin inhibitors, notably ciclosporin that exhibits complex pharmacokinetics influenced by many factors including drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Due to the downregulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, it has been postulated that inflammation may be a contributing factor to the variability observed in ciclosporin pharmacokinetics.</p><p>This study aimed to assess the impact of inflammation, as indicated by C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, on the metabolism of ciclosporin in adult allogeneic HSCT recipients. A retrospective observational study was conducted at Rennes University Hospital involving 71 adult HSCT patients. The relationship between the intensity of inflammation (no-to-mild, moderate, and severe), and the metabolism of ciclosporin (estimated by the concentration/dose ratio) was assessed. Severe inflammation significantly decreased the metabolism of ciclosporin, as evidenced by higher concentration/dose ratios. Thanks to the daily dose adjustment, inflammation did not influence the blood levels of ciclosporin. Interestingly, DDIs did not emerge as a significant covariate in influencing ciclosporin metabolism. This is likely because the CYP3A4 inhibitory potential of interacting drugs may be masked in HSCT patients where metabolism is already upstream downregulated by inflammation.</p><p>The study highlights the intricate relationship between inflammation and ciclosporin pharmacokinetics in HSCT patients. This underscores the necessity for therapeutic monitoring and the potential adjustment of dosage strategies based on the inflammatory status. These insights could contribute to the development of more personalized, optimized, and effective management strategies for HSCT recipients.</p>","PeriodicalId":22751,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"65 3","pages":"328-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jcph.6141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142394477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dried Blood Spots Sampling and Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Dosing Optimization of Piperacillin in Chinese Neonates","authors":"Pei Li MS,&nbsp;Quanyao Chen MS,&nbsp;Yao Chen BS,&nbsp;Zhi Zheng BS,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Zhao BS,&nbsp;Huayan Chen BS,&nbsp;Qian Liu MS,&nbsp;Feifan Xie PhD","doi":"10.1002/jcph.6145","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcph.6145","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Piperacillin is commonly used off-label in neonates for the treatment of bacterial infections. This study aimed to assess a dried blood spots (DBS)-based microsampling strategy for supporting population pharmacokinetics and treatment optimization of piperacillin in Chinese neonates. DBS samples from neonatal patients were collected at predefined intervals. Drug blood concentrations were quantified using a validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using a nonlinear mixed-effects modeling approach. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) target was 75% of the time with the unbound drug plasma concentration above the minimum inhibitory concentration (fT&gt;MIC), with a toxicity threshold of unbound drug plasma trough concentration above 64 mg/L. A total of 45 piperacillin samples from 24 neonates were collected. The pharmacokinetics of piperacillin was described using a one-compartment model with postmenstrual age (PMA) as the most significant covariate on clearance. Simulations showed that dosing regimens achieving &gt;90% PK/PD target attainment with &lt;10% risk of possible toxicity were: PMA 33-35 weeks (50 mg/kg q12h), 35-37 weeks (50 mg/kg q8h), and 37-41 weeks (50 mg/kg q6h). In conclusion, Using DBS sampling, we developed a population pharmacokinetic model of piperacillin in Chinese neonates, incorporating PMA to determine optimal dosing regimens.</p>","PeriodicalId":22751,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"65 3","pages":"361-368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142394476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing Drug–Drug Interaction Knowledge Gaps at the Time of Approval: An Analysis of FDA Postmarketing Requirements and Commitments from 2009 to 2023","authors":"Sarah Ridge PhD,&nbsp;Xinning Yang PhD,&nbsp;Rajanikanth Madabushi PhD,&nbsp;Anuradha Ramamoorthy PhD","doi":"10.1002/jcph.6142","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcph.6142","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It has become increasingly common for patients to rely on the use of multiple prescription medications. The management of polypharmacy requires careful consideration for how drugs are metabolized and their potential for interaction with other drugs. Drug–drug interaction (DDI) assessments are typically performed in a stepwise manner during drug development, though knowledge gaps can exist at the time of approval. The US Food and Drug Administration can establish postmarketing requirements (PMRs) or postmarketing commitments (PMCs) to address these knowledge gaps. In this study, we systematically evaluated PMRs and PMCs established to new molecular entities (NMEs) at the time of initial approval between 2009 and 2023, for the assessment of pharmacokinetics-based DDIs (i.e., drug metabolizing enzyme- and transporter-related DDIs). We found that 22% of NMEs had at least one DDI-related PMR or PMC, with a total of 263 that were pharmacokinetic based. Of these, 67% were for the assessment of drug metabolizing enzymes, which were established most frequently for their evaluation as a substrate, and 28% for transporters, which were established most frequently for their evaluation as an inhibitor. The 89% of PMRs and PMCs that were considered fulfilled had a revision to the United States prescribing information, the majority of which resulted in updated new instructions for use. This study highlights the value in conducting DDI-related studies early in the drug development process allowing broad patient inclusion at the time of initial drug approval.</p><p>[Correction added on October 28, 2024, after first online publication: The last sentence of the abstract has been updated in this version.]</p>","PeriodicalId":22751,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"65 3","pages":"378-388"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subclinical Hyperthyroidism Enhances Gonadotropin-Lowering Effects of Metformin in Postmenopausal Women","authors":"Robert Krysiak MD, PhD,&nbsp;Karolina Kowalcze MD,&nbsp;Bogusław Okopień MD, PhD","doi":"10.1002/jcph.6144","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcph.6144","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metformin treatment decreases elevated concentrations of anterior pituitary hormones. The aim of this prospective, cohort study was to investigate whether hyperthyroidism modulates the impact of metformin on gonadotroph secretory function. The study population included 48 postmenopausal women with untreated type 2 diabetes or prediabetes, 24 of whom had coexisting grade 1 subclinical hyperthyroidism. Both groups were matched for age, insulin sensitivity, and gonadotropin levels. Over the entire study period, all participants were treated with metformin (2.55-3 g daily). Plasma glucose, insulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total and free thyroid hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were assayed at entry and 6 months later. At baseline, the study groups differed in levels of TSH and thyroid hormones but not in body mass index, blood pressure, glucose homeostasis markers (fasting glucose, homeostatic model assessment 1 of insulin resistance ratio [HOMA1-IR], and glycated hemoglobin [HbA_1c]), and the remaining hormones. There were no differences between both groups in the degree of reduction in plasma glucose and HbA_1c in response to metformin treatment. Although metformin decreased HOMA1-IR in both groups, this effect was stronger in women with hyperthyroidism than with normal thyroid function (−50 ± 20% vs −30 ± 15%). Similar relationships were observed for FSH (−43 ± 21% vs −21 ± 12%). Only in hyperthyroid women did the drug reduce LH concentration (by 35 ± 17%). Metformin did not affect circulating levels of TSH, total and free thyroxine, total and free triiodothyronine, estradiol, prolactin, ACTH, and IGF-1. The obtained results indicate that hyperthyroidism enhances the gonadotropin-lowering effects of metformin, as well as the fact that this agent has a neutral effect on the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in case of its overactivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":22751,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"65 3","pages":"318-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142373316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacodynamic Exposure–Response Analysis of Fracture Count Data Following Treatment with Burosumab in Patients with XLH","authors":"Krina Mehta PhD,&nbsp;Jose Storopoli PhD,&nbsp;Nikita Ramwani MSc,&nbsp;Emilia Quattrocchi MD,&nbsp;Joga Gobburu PhD,&nbsp;Thomas Weber MD,&nbsp;Matthew W. Hruska PhD,&nbsp;Douglas Marsteller PhD","doi":"10.1002/jcph.6140","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcph.6140","url":null,"abstract":"<p>X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare genetic disorder caused by excessive fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), leading to low serum phosphate levels resulting in increased risk of fractures and pseudofractures. Burosumab is indicated for the treatment of XLH. In this work, we aimed to understand the quantitative relationship between burosumab-treatment-induced improvements in serum phosphate and reduction in fracture and pseudofracture counts in adults with XLH. Burosumab pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic data from nine clinical studies were first utilized to update a prior population pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic (PPKPD) model. The updated PPKPD model predictions for serum phosphate exposures along with other factors (i.e., time and treatment) were utilized to evaluate the relationship on fracture counts using Poisson model. The updated PPKPD model suggested that burosumab concentrations required for 50% of maximal effect decreased with increasing baseline serum phosphate levels. A Poisson model with time from baseline, average serum phosphate, and burosumab treatment described the time-varying fracture and pseudofracture count data appropriately. The model suggested a baseline rate of fracture and pseudofracture of 1.87 counts. The model predicted that fracture counts decrease by 1% each week, and by 23% with each unit increase (1.0 mg/dL) in average serum phosphate from lower limit of normal (2.5 mg/dL). An additional 1% decrease in fracture count each week was attributed to burosumab treatment that could not be explained by improvements in serum phosphate. Overall, the model quantified the relationship between burosumab-treatment-induced serum phosphate improvements and reduction in fracture and pseudofracture counts in patients with XLH over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":22751,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"65 2","pages":"253-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11771652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142330510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time Course of Reversal of Fentanyl-Induced Respiratory Depression in Healthy Subjects by Intramuscular Nalmefene and Intramuscular and Intranasal Naloxone","authors":"Alessandra Cipriano MSHS,&nbsp;Glen Apseloff MD,&nbsp;Ram P. Kapil PhD,&nbsp;Ellie He PhD,&nbsp;Manjunath Shet PhD,&nbsp;Stephen C. Harris MD","doi":"10.1002/jcph.6132","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcph.6132","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The increase in opioid overdose deaths, particularly involving potent, long-acting synthetic opioids, has led to calls for stronger, longer-acting opioid-overdose-reversal agents. Using an opioid-induced respiratory depression model, we investigated the onset and time course of action of naloxone and a long-acting opioid antagonist, nalmefene, in reversing the effects of an ongoing intravenous fentanyl infusion over a period of up to 100 min. Healthy, moderately experienced opioid users received intramuscular (IM) nalmefene 1 mg, IM naloxone 2 mg, or intranasal (IN) naloxone 4 mg after fentanyl-induced respiratory depression was established based on reduction in respiratory minute volume (MV). Each participant received each opioid antagonist twice per a randomized crossover schedule. Reversal of respiratory depression, pharmacokinetics, and safety were investigated. Participants showed rapid increases in plasma opioid antagonist concentrations, and meaningful reversal of depressed MV tended to occur earlier with IM nalmefene and IM naloxone than with IN naloxone. Compared to naloxone, nalmefene provided extended exposure, and mean MV was maintained at a higher level. All participants experienced treatment-related adverse events, but none were severe, serious, or led to study drug discontinuation. This study provides evidence that IM nalmefene 1 mg achieves reversal of fentanyl-induced respiratory depression similar to or better than that achieved with standard-of-care naloxone treatments. No new safety concerns were raised for IM nalmefene at the tested dose. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of IM nalmefene position it as an important treatment option in opioid overdose reversal, particularly given the increasing prevalence of overdoses involving potent, long-acting synthetic opioids.</p>","PeriodicalId":22751,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"65 2","pages":"206-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11771590/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142330512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Ganaplacide and Lumefantrine in Adults, Adolescents, and Children with Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Treated with Ganaplacide Plus Lumefantrine Solid Dispersion Formulation: Analysis of Data from a Multinational Phase 2 Study","authors":"Ramachandra Sangana PhD,&nbsp;Bernhards Ogutu MD,&nbsp;Adoke Yeka PhD,&nbsp;Sylvia Kusemererwa MPH,&nbsp;Halidou Tinto PhD,&nbsp;Andre Offianan Toure MD,&nbsp;Afizi Kibuuka MMED,&nbsp;Moussa Lingani MD,&nbsp;Carlos Lourenço MD,&nbsp;Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma MD,&nbsp;Videlis Nduba MD,&nbsp;Tiacoh Landry N'Guessan MD,&nbsp;Guétawendé Job Wilfried Nassa MD,&nbsp;Mary Nyantaro MMed,&nbsp;Lucas Otieno Tina MD,&nbsp;Anup Anvikar MD,&nbsp;Abhinav Sinha MDPhD,&nbsp;Grace Kaguthi MD,&nbsp;Bakary Fofana MD,&nbsp;Martin Peter Grobusch FRCP,&nbsp;Myriam El Gaaloul PharmD,&nbsp;Anne Claire Marrast MD,&nbsp;Rashidkhan Pathan MSc,&nbsp;Havana Chikoto PhD,&nbsp;Katalin Csermak MD,&nbsp;Celine Risterucci PhD,&nbsp;Guoqin Su PhD,&nbsp;Cornelis Winnips MD,&nbsp;Jie Zhang PhD,&nbsp;Julia Zack PharmD","doi":"10.1002/jcph.6138","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcph.6138","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The novel antimalarial ganaplacide combined with lumefantrine solid dispersion formulation (LUM-SDF) was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in adults, adolescents, and children in a multinational, prospective, randomized, active-controlled Phase II study conducted between August 2017 and June 2021 (EudraCT 2020-003284-25, Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03167242). Pharmacokinetic data from that study are reported here.</p><p>The trial comprised three parts: a run-in part in 12 adult/adolescent patients treated with a single dose of ganaplacide 200 mg plus LUM-SDF 960 mg assessed potential pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between ganaplacide and lumefantrine; in Part A, adult/adolescent patients received one of the six ganaplacide-LUM-SDF regimens or artemether-lumefantrine; and in Part B, three dose regimens identified in Part A, and artemether-lumefantrine, were assessed in children aged 2 to &lt;12 years, with body weight ≥10 kg. A rich blood sampling schedule was used for all 12 patients in the PK run-in part and a subset of patients (N = 32) in Part A, with sparse sampling for remaining patients in Parts A (N = 275) and B (N = 159). Drug concentrations were determined by a validated protein precipitation and reverse phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection method. Parameters including AUC_inf, AUC_last, AUC_0-t, <i>C</i>_max, and t_max were reported where possible, using non-compartmental analysis.</p><p>In the PK run-in part, there was no notable increase in ganaplacide or lumefantrine exposure when co-administered. In Parts A and B, ganaplacide exposures increased with dose, but lumefantrine exposure was numerically under dose-proportional. Lumefantrine exposure was higher with ganaplacide-LUM-SDF than with artemether-lumefantrine, although high variability was observed. Ganaplacide and lumefantrine exposures (<i>C</i>_max and AUC_{0-24 h}) were comparable across age and body weight groups. Drug exposures needed for efficacy were achieved using the dose regimen 400 mg ganaplacide plus lumefantrine 960 mg once daily for 3 days under fasted conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":22751,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"65 2","pages":"179-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11771541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142330511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Vatiquinone Drug-Drug Interactions, as CYP450 Perpetrator and Victim, Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling and Simulation","authors":"Lucy Lee PharmD, FCP,&nbsp;Noriko Okudaira PhD,&nbsp;Katsuyuki Murase PhD,&nbsp;Ronald Kong PhD,&nbsp;Hannah M. Jones PhD","doi":"10.1002/jcph.6133","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcph.6133","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vatiquinone, a 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor, is in development for patients with Friedreich's ataxia. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling addressed drug-drug interaction gaps without additional studies. A PBPK model (Simcyp Simulator version 21, full model) was developed using parameters obtained from in vitro studies, in silico estimation and optimization, and two clinical studies. A venous blood dosing model best characterized vatiquinone lymphatic absorption. Apparent oral clearance (CL/F) was used to optimize intrinsic clearance (CL_int). Intestinal availability (F_g) was estimated using the hybrid flow term (Q_gut), unbound fraction in the enterocytes (fu_gut), and gut intrinsic metabolic clearance (CLu_G,int). Renal clearance (CL_R) was set to zero. Assuming an F_a of 1, CYP3A4 contribution (fm_CYP3A4) was further optimized. The PBPK model was verified with two clinical studies and demonstrated that it adequately characterized vatiquinone PK. As a perpetrator, the model predicted no risk for vatiquinone to significantly alter the drug exposures of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 substrates as evident bynegligible reduction in both midazolam and caffeine area under the curve (AUC)_inf and C_max. As a victim, the model predicted that vatiquinone exposures are weakly influenced by moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers. With fluconazole coadministration, vatiquinone AUC_inf and C_max increased by nearly 50% and 25%, respectively. With efavirenz coadministration, vatiquinone AUC_inf and C_max decreased by approximately 20% and 10%, respectively. Results suggested that vatiquinone does not significantly impact CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 substrates and that moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers weakly impact vatiquinone AUC.</p>","PeriodicalId":22751,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"65 2","pages":"160-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11771645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142299274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Gene Polymorphisms and Serum Levels of ALAS1 with the Risk of Anti-Tuberculosis Drug-Induced Liver Injury","authors":"Bing Han MSc,&nbsp;Yiwen He MSc,&nbsp;Min Zhu MSc,&nbsp;Meiling Zhang BSc,&nbsp;Lihuan Lu MSc,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Xu MSc,&nbsp;Xiaomin He MSc,&nbsp;Honggang Yi PhD,&nbsp;Shaowen Tang PhD","doi":"10.1002/jcph.6137","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jcph.6137","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the liver caused by isoniazid and rifampicin through the disorder of heme biosynthesis was considered an important mechanism of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (ATLI). Alanine synthase 1 (ALAS1) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the process of heme synthesis. This study aimed to investigate the association between ALAS1 gene polymorphism, serum ALAS1 level, and the risk of ATLI. This study was a case-control study including 58 ATLI cases and 192 controls. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ALAS1 gene were selected for genotyping and serum ALAS1 concentrations were detected using ELISA kits. There was no significant difference in the genotype distribution of four SNPs between the ATLI cases and the controls under different genetic models. Patients carrying the GG genotype of SNP rs352163 in controls had higher baseline ALAS1 levels than those in ATLI cases (243.6 vs 290.2 ng/L, <i>P</i> = .034), and patients with baseline ALAS1 &lt; 337.85 ng/L had a higher risk of ATLI than those with ALAS1 ≥ 337.85 ng/L (HR = 2.679, 95% CI: 1.360-5.278, <i>P</i> = .004). Our findings indicated that the serum ALAS1 concentrations in the ATLI cases were lower than those in the controls, and the lower baseline ALAS1 levels can be associated with higher ATLI risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":22751,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"65 2","pages":"197-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}