The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Optimizing and Unifying Infection Control Precautions for Respiratory Viral Infections","authors":"M. Klompas, C. Rhee","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiac197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac197","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has focused an intense spotlight on respiratory precautions for healthcare workers managing patients with respiratory viral infections. Prevailing wisdom before the pandemic was that most respiratory viruses are transmitted by large respiratory droplets and fomites. These droplets were believed to have a carrying radius of 3–6 feet before rapidly falling to the ground by virtue of gravity. Surgical masks were presumed to provide adequate protection in most situations by providing a barrier between patients’ emissions and the mucous membranes of providers’ mouths and noses. Notwithstanding this framework, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) infection control guidelines include a hodgepodge of different personal protective equipment recommendations for different respiratory viruses [1]. These span the gamut from respirators, eye protection, gowns, and gloves to care for patients with emerging pathogens such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), avian influenza, and now, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); surgical masks alone to care for patients with influenza; gloves and gowns alone without masks or eye protection to care for patients with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); and nothing at all to care for immunocompetent adults with parainfluenza. This curious mix of recommendations appears to be the product of a handful of studies conducted predominantly in the 1980s and 1990s that evaluated the additive benefit of one or more of these precautions against one of these viruses, mostly RSV. None of the cited studies compared infection rates between viruses or provided evidence why one virus should be treated differently from another. Many of the source studies only reported on nosocomial infection rates in patients but did not consider infections in healthcare workers. And almost all the studies focused on pediatric populations. The suitability of these studies to support current infection control recommendations is dubious. For example, 2 key studies are cited to support the use of gloves and gown alone without a mask or eye protection to care for patients with RSV. The first was a quality improvement initiative in a children’s hospital designed to increase providers’ compliance with gloves and gowns over the course of 3 RSV seasons from 1982 to 1985. The investigators reported that an increase in glove and gown use from 39% to 81% of audits was associated with a 3-fold decrease in nosocomial RSV infections [2]. The investigators did not assess whether adding masks and eye protection could further decrease infections and the study only evaluated infections in patients; infections among staff members were not assessed. The second study was a prospective comparison of nosocomial RSV rates among children assigned to wards with different precaution sets over 3 RSV seasons [3]. Nosocomial RSV rates ranged from 26% of patients when using no p","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86321846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fit-Tested N95 Masks Combined With Portable High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filtration Can Protect Against High Aerosolized Viral Loads Over Prolonged Periods at Close Range","authors":"S. Landry, D. Subedi, J. Barr, M. MacDonald, S. Dix, D. Kutey, D. Mansfield, G. Hamilton, B. Edwards, S. Joosten","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiac195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac195","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk from aerosol transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The aims of this study were to (1) quantify the protection provided by masks (surgical, fit-testFAILED N95, fit-testPASSED N95) and personal protective equipment (PPE), and (2) determine if a portable high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter can enhance the benefit of PPE. Methods Virus aerosol exposure experiments using bacteriophage PhiX174 were performed. An HCW wearing PPE (mask, gloves, gown, face shield) was exposed to nebulized viruses (108 copies/mL) for 40 minutes in a sealed clinical room. Virus exposure was quantified via skin swabs applied to the face, nostrils, forearms, neck, and forehead. Experiments were repeated with a HEPA filter (13.4 volume-filtrations/hour). Results Significant virus counts were detected on the face while the participants were wearing either surgical or N95 masks. Only the fit-testPASSED N95 resulted in lower virus counts compared to control (P = .007). Nasal swabs demonstrated high virus exposure, which was not mitigated by the surgical/fit-testFAILED N95 masks, although there was a trend for the fit-testPASSED N95 mask to reduce virus counts (P = .058). HEPA filtration reduced virus to near-zero levels when combined with fit-testPASSED N95 mask, gloves, gown, and face shield. Conclusions N95 masks that have passed a quantitative fit-test combined with HEPA filtration protects against high virus aerosol loads at close range and for prolonged periods of time.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"70 1","pages":"199 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84887233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung-adapted Staphylococcus aureus isolates with dysfunctional agr system trigger a proinflammatory response.","authors":"Elodie Ramond, A. Lepissier, Xiongqi Ding, C. Bouvier, X. Tan, Daniel Euphrasie, Pierre Monbernard, M. Dupuis, B. Saubaméa, I. Nemazanyy, X. Nassif, A. Ferroni, I. Sermet-Gaudelus, A. Charbit, Mathieu Coureuil, A. Jamet","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiac191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac191","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) dominates the lung microbiota of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) children and persistent clones are able to establish chronic infection for years, having a direct deleterious impact on lung function. However, in this context, the exact contribution of Sa to the decline in respiratory function in CF children is not elucidated.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000To investigate the contribution of persistent S. aureus clones in CF disease, we undertook the analysis of sequential isogenic isolates recovered from 15 young CF patients.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Using an Air-Liquid infection model, we observed a strong correlation between Sa adaption in the lung (late isolates), low toxicity and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Conversely, early isolates appeared to be highly cytotoxic but did not promote cytokine secretion. We found that cytokine secretion was dependent on Staphylococcal protein A (Spa), which was selectively expressed in late compared to early isolates as a consequence of dysfunctional agr quorum-sensing system. Finally, we demonstrated the involvement of TNF-α receptor 1 signaling in the inflammatory response of airway epithelial cells to these lung-adapted Sa isolates.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Our results suggest an unexpected direct role of bacterial lung adaptation in the progression of chronic lung disease by promoting a pro-inflammatory response through acquired agr dysfunction.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86238757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission by Fomites: A Clinical Observational Study in Highly Infectious Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients","authors":"T. Meister, M. Dreismeier, E. V. Blanco, Y. Brüggemann, N. Heinen, G. Kampf, D. Todt, H. Nguyen, J. Steinmann, W. Schmidt, E. Steinmann, D. Quast, S. Pfaender","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiac170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background The contribution of droplet-contaminated surfaces for virus transmission has been discussed controversially in the context of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. More importantly, the risk of fomite-based transmission has not been systematically addressed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate whether confirmed hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients can contaminate stainless steel carriers by coughing or intensive moistening with saliva and to assess the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission upon detection of viral loads and infectious virus in cell culture. Methods We initiated a single-center observational study including 15 COVID-19 patients with a high baseline viral load (cycle threshold value ≤25). We documented clinical and laboratory parameters and used patient samples to perform virus culture, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and virus sequencing. Results Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs of all patients were positive for viral ribonucleic acid on the day of the study. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 could be isolated from 6 patient swabs (46.2%). After coughing, no infectious virus could be recovered, however, intensive moistening with saliva resulted in successful viral recovery from steel carriers of 5 patients (38.5%). Conclusions Transmission of infectious SARS-CoV-2 via fomites is possible upon extensive moistening, but it is unlikely to occur in real-life scenarios and from droplet-contaminated fomites.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"16 1","pages":"1608 - 1615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82363869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preserved Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Cervical Mucosa of HIV-Infected Women with Dominant Expression of the TRAV1-2–TRAJ20 T Cell Receptor α-Chain","authors":"Anna Gibbs, K. Healy, Vilde Kaldhusdal, C. Sundling, Mathias Franzén-Boger, Gabriella Edfeldt, M. Buggert, J. Lajoie, K. Fowke, J. Kimani, D. Kwon, S. Andersson, J. Sandberg, K. Broliden, Haleh Davanian, M. Chen, Annelie Tjernlund","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiac171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac171","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells with specialized antimicrobial functions. Circulating MAIT cells are depleted in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but studies examining this effect in peripheral tissues, such as the female genital tract, are lacking. Methods Flow cytometry was used to investigate circulating MAIT cells in a cohort of HIV-seropositive (HIV+) and HIV-seronegative (HIV−) female sex workers (FSWs), and HIV− lower-risk women (LRW). In situ staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to explore the phenotype of MAIT cells residing in paired cervicovaginal tissue. The cervicovaginal microbiome was assessed by means of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Results MAIT cells in the HIV+ FSW group were low in frequency in the circulation but preserved in the ectocervix. MAIT cell T-cell receptor gene segment usage differed between the HIV+ and HIV− FSW groups. The TRAV1-2–TRAJ20 transcript was the most highly expressed MAIT TRAJ gene detected in the ectocervix in the HIV+ FSW group. MAIT TRAVJ usage was not associated with specific genera in the vaginal microbiome. Conclusions MAIT cells residing in the ectocervix are numerically preserved irrespective of HIV infection status and displayed dominant expression of TRAV1-2–TRAJ20. These findings have implications for understanding the role of cervical MAIT cells in health and disease.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"777 1","pages":"1428 - 1440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76120096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patient Involvement in RSV Research: Towards Patients Setting the Research Agenda.","authors":"Nicole D Derksen-Lazet, Corline E J Parmentier, J. Wildenbeest, L. Bont","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiac110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac110","url":null,"abstract":"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes a substantial disease burden among children, elderly and immunocompromised adults. Recognition of patient involvement in research is gradually increasing. Most research is being carried out without active patient involvement other than patients participating as study subjects, and most knowledge gained through research only partially reaches the general public. Since 2016, the RSV Patient Advisory Board has officially been involved as an advisory group in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Consortium in Europe (RESCEU). What started as a small single-center initiative, is now growing towards an international organization providing patient perspectives as inputs to scientists, and improving awareness of RSV. This article summarizes the history, current role, and future aims of the RSV Patient Advisory Board as an advocate to improve patient involvement in research. RSV patients and their representatives are important stakeholders in setting the global research agenda, and educating patients, professionals, and the general public.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72755798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Antibiotic-Nonsusceptible Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the United States.","authors":"K. Bajema, R. Gierke, M. Farley, W. Schaffner, A. Thomas, A. Reingold, L. Harrison, R. Lynfield, Kari E Burzlaff, S. Petit, M. Barnes, Salina M Torres, Paula M. Snippes Vagnone, B. Beall, T. Pilishvili","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiac154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac154","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Antibiotic-nonsusceptible invasive pneumococcal disease (NS-IPD) incidence declined dramatically in the United States following introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) into the infant immunization schedule (7-valent PCV7 in 2000, replaced by the 13-valent PCV13 in 2010). We evaluated the long-term impact of PCVs on NS-IPD.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000We identified IPD cases through the Centers for Disease Control Active Bacterial Core surveillance during 1998-2018. Isolates intermediate or resistant to ≥1 antibiotic class were classified as nonsusceptible. We calculated annual rates of IPD (cases per 100,000 persons).\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000From 1998 through 2018, NS-IPD incidence decreased from 43.9 to 3.2 among children <5 years and from 19.8 to 9.4 among adults ≥65 years. Incidence of vaccine-type NS-IPD decreased in all age groups, while incidence of NVT NS-IPD increased in all age groups; the greatest absolute increase in NVT NS-IPD occurred among adults ≥65 years (2.3 to 7.2). During 2014-18, NVTs 35B, 33F, 22F, and 15A were the most common NS-IPD serotypes.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000NS-IPD incidence decreased following PCV7 and PCV13 introduction in the United States. However, recent increases in NVT NS-IPD, most pronounced among older adults, have been observed. New higher valency PCVs containing the most common nonsusceptible serotypes, including 22F and 33F, could help further reduce NS-IPD.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74948303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and COVID-19 Booster Vaccination","authors":"S. Assawakosri, S. Kanokudom, N. Suntronwong, Jiratchaya Puenpa, T. Duangchinda, W. Chantima, P. Pakchotanon, J. Mongkolsapaya, Nasamon Wanlapakorn, S. Honsawek, Y. Poovorawan","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiac158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac158","url":null,"abstract":"TO THE EDITOR—In reply to the correspondence from Tjan et al [1] regarding the heterologous booster in healthy adults previously immunized with 2 doses of CoronaVac [2], the additional knowledge on immunogenicity of the booster (third dose) with BNT162b2 in BNT162b2primed individuals against the BA.2 omicron variant will help promote the vaccine uptake and coverage in themidst of a surge in BA.2 omicron worldwide. As of February 2022, the omicron variant was further classified into 4 main sublineages, BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3. Moreover, an epidemiological surveillance on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) showed that BA.2 sublineages have become the dominant variant globally [3]. In Thailand, the BA.2 sublineages have been detected since the end of January 2022. The proportion of BA.2 sublineages rapidly increased and accounted for more than 90% of positive cases reported in March 2022 [Puenpa J et al. unpublished]. Potent serum neutralizing antibody (nAbs) against BA.1 was observed after the heterologous booster in individuals previously immunized with 2 doses of CoronaVac [2]. Considering the waning immunity after primary series vaccination and the high transmissibility and potential immune escape of BA.2 sublineage, we further determined the immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 booster against BA.1 and BA.2 in AZD1222-primed individuals using the 50% focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT50) as previously described [2].","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87555355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Disease Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Preterm Children in 2019: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis Protocol.","authors":"Xin Wang, You Li, T. Shi, Yiming Ma, Bhanu Wahi-Singh, R. Riley, H. Nair","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiac078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac078","url":null,"abstract":"Existing guidelines on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis differ greatly by gestational age (GA) and other underlying risk factors, highlighting the data gaps in RSV disease burden among preterm infants. We will conduct a systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis of RSV global disease burden among preterm-born children. Three databases, Medline, Embase, and Global Health, will be searched for relevant studies on RSV disease burden for 2019 or before in preterm-born children published between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2021. IPD will be sought by contacting the investigators identified from published literature and from existing collaboration networks. One-stage and 2-stage random-effects meta-analyses will be used to combine information from IPD and non-IPD studies to produce summary RSV burden estimates of incidence rate, hospital admission rate, and in-hospital case fatality ratio. The framework will be extended to examine subgroup(s) with the most substantial RSV disease burden.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72788629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection causes hyperglycaemia in cats","authors":"Yufei Zhang, Jindong Gao, Kun Huang, Ya Zhao, Xianfeng Hui, Ting Wang, Changmin Hu, Xiaomei Sun, Ying Yang, Chao Wu, Xi Chen, Zhong Zou, Lianzhong Zhao, M. Jin","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiac143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Isolated reports of new-onset diabetes in patients with COVID-19 have led researchers to hypothesise that SARS-CoV-2 infects the human exocrine and endocrine pancreatic cells ex vivo and in vivo. However, existing research lacks experimental evidence indicating that SARS-CoV-2 can infect pancreatic tissue. Here, we found that cats infected with a high dose of SARS-CoV-2 exhibited hyperglycaemia. We also detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the pancreatic tissues of these cats, and immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) in the islet cells. SARS-CoV-2 NP and Spike proteins were primarily detected in Glu+ cells, and most Glu+ cells expressed ACE2. Additionally, immune protection experiments conducted on cats showed that the blood glucose levels of immunised cats did not increase post-challenge. Our data indicate the cat pancreas as a SARS-CoV-2 target and suggest that the infection of Glu+ cells could contribute to the metabolic dysregulation observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected cats.","PeriodicalId":22572,"journal":{"name":"The Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76318595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}