Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Health claims for foods in focus","authors":"N. Asp","doi":"10.1080/17482970701679479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482970701679479","url":null,"abstract":"European Regulation (EC) No. 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods came into force in early 2007. This means that, after many years of discussion, it is now possible to use health claims on foods in all European Union (EU) countries. The main reasons for EU regulation in this area are consumer protection and protection of data behind innovative food products. Free movement of products without hindrance from differences in national legislation is another important aspect. The Regulation has been awaited for many years, by the industry as well as by consumer organizations. In the Regulation, provision is made even for the most controversial type of claims in relation to medicinal products legislation, i.e. disease risk reduction claims.","PeriodicalId":225599,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121102850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response to Letter to the editor by Frode Slinde and Ulla Svantesson","authors":"I. Poulsen, I. Hallberg, H. Petersen, M. Schroll","doi":"10.1080/17482970701440211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482970701440211","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Colleagues \u0000 \u0000Thanks for the interest in our article: Lack of nutritional and functional effects of nutritional supervision by nurses: a quasi-experimental study in geriatric patients 1. \u0000 \u0000We agree with Frode Slinde and Ulla Svantesson that nutritional care is an interdisciplinary task. As we have described in the article, the geriatric context where the study was performed, had a highly interdisciplinary approach as we have described in another article 2. Both the intervention and the control unit used physiotherapists as part of the team. All team members used validated instruments for quality control, one of which was Barthel index. We find, that a test assessing functionality and independence of help from other persons, as Barthel Index does, also expresses quality of life. The nurses in our study were the staff group responsible for the care 24 hours around the clock, and thus very relevant to involve in the intervention. The dieticians were only available as experts when the patients needed specific diets. Whether or not the results had been different if we had used dieticians and physiotherapists as part of the specific intervention is, as Slinde and Svantesson points out, impossible to say. What we have done in our study is to examine what we could achieve when only one staff group was involved in the intervention superimposed on the interdisciplinary geriatric teamwork. We could not find any differences between the groups, however there could be numorus reasons other than the composition of the interdisciplinary team that could be responsible for that, for instance, that our patients on average had a good nutritional status.","PeriodicalId":225599,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition","volume":"303 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132263192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can vitamin D supplementation improve grip strength in elderly nursing home residents? A double-blinded controlled trial","authors":"G. B. Smedshaug, J. Pedersen, H. Meyer","doi":"10.1080/03461230701422528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03461230701422528","url":null,"abstract":"Background Low vitamin D status is associated with reduced muscle strength, but the benefit of vitamin D supplementation is not clear. Objective To study whether a daily supplement of vitamin D could improve grip strength. Design A subtrial of a double-blinded, controlled trial studying the effect of vitamin D on the incidence of hip fractures and other osteoporosis fractures in a frail nursing home population. Sixty nursing home residents in 14 nursing homes in the Oslo area were given 5 ml ordinary cod liver oil daily containing 10 µg vitamin D3 (vitamin D group) or 5 ml cod liver oil where vitamin D was removed (control group). Grip strength was measured at baseline and after 1 year with supplementation. Results Grip strength did not improve in the vitamin D group (0.4 kg increase) compared with the control group (1.6 kg increase) after 1 year vitamin D supplementation (p=0.22). Serum 25(OH)D was estimated to increase by 21.1 nmol l−1 (p=0.002) in the intervention group compared with the control group. Conclusion A group given a daily supplement of 10 µg vitamin D3 in cod liver oil did not improve grip strength compared with a group not receiving vitamin D from cod liver oil.","PeriodicalId":225599,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125949356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy and nutrients in self-reported diet before and at week 18–22 of pregnancy","authors":"E. Ådén, I. Johansson, L. Håglin","doi":"10.1080/17482970701420916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482970701420916","url":null,"abstract":"Background A satisfactory nutritional status, as a result of optimal food intake, before conception and during pregnancy, is important for a successful pregnancy. Objective To evaluate the energy and nutrient intake before conception and at mid-gestation in a group of pregnant women (n=50) in relation to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR). Design Pre-pregnant diet was studied by an 84-item food-frequency questionnaire and mid-gestational diet by repeated 24 h dietary recalls. Results Average requirements (AR) were met for all nutrients except for selenium intake before pregnancy. Absolute intakes were below recommended intake (RI) according to NNR for folate, vitamin D, selenium, vitamin E and iron both before and at mid-gestation. However, intakes were still above the lower intake levels (LI) defined by NNR for almost all women. Twenty-three women were below LI for selenium before pregnancy and five for each of vitamin D and selenium at mid-gestation. When expressed as nutrient densities (amount of nutrient per energy unit), intakes were below NNR for folate, vitamin D and selenium before pregnancy, and for folate, vitamin D and iron at mid-gestation. Intakes were adjusted for underreporting, estimated to 20% as revealed after comparing energy intake/basal metabolic rate with grouped physical activity level values. Conclusions The reported food intake satisfied the recommended level of intake according to AR, but when using RI for planning a diet as a reference, folate, vitamin D, selenium and iron intake were insufficient. Most striking were the low levels of folate and vitamin D intake both before pregnancy and at mid-gestation.","PeriodicalId":225599,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126745929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietitians and physiotherapists necessary in rehabilitation of elderly","authors":"F. Slinde, U. Svantesson","doi":"10.1080/17482970701440252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482970701440252","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Sir \u0000 \u0000In a recent issue of the Journal, Poulsen et al. 1 studied the effects of individualized nursing care in elderly hospitalized patients. The setting was a geriatric rehabilitation clinic and the authors used a quasi-experimental design using one intervention unit and one control unit. The intervention consisted of intensified focus by nurses on nutrition. As it is stated in the article, “the authors did not have access to dietitians in this study”, neither is the term physiotherapy or physiotherapist mentioned. The main result in the study was that the two units did not differ in maintaining weight stability and functionality. However, the authors report that body weight increase was associated with functionality assessed by the Barthel index. \u0000 \u0000Whether or not the results would had been different if dietitians and physiotherapists had been used as part of the intervention is impossible to say. But in future rehabilitation studies, it is our recommendation that a focus on teamwork, where different professions co-operate with a common goal, should be applied. In a recent study by Hojgaard Rasmussen et al. 2, a method for implementation of nutritional therapy in hospitals was presented and examined. They showed that one of the reasons for a successful implementation of nutritional therapy was a participating dietitian, with a clearly defined role, as part of the nutrition team in the unit. \u0000 \u0000In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), it has been shown that a combination of nutritional support and exercise as an anabolic stimulus appears to be the best approach to obtain marked functional improvement 3. To ensure proper exercise, a physiotherapist should be involved. Further, in our opinion, functional improvement should preferably be assessed using standardized tests of muscle function, in addition to different form of indexes. In COPD patients 4, we have shown that body composition, expressed as fat-free mass index, is a better predictor of survival than body mass index (i.e. body weight and height). This is probably also the case for elderly hospitalized patients without COPD, and a measure of body composition as an outcome measure would show the effects of multidisciplinary interventions more clearly than measuring only body weight. \u0000 \u0000In the future, we hope to see a multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation and a more focused use of outcome measures. This would increase the evidence base for rehabilitation and also improve the between-disciplines understanding of each specialist's knowledge in the care of patients, and last but not least, give each patient a better chance of improving his or her muscle function and quality of life.","PeriodicalId":225599,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117333941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidants: how good are they?","authors":"N. Asp","doi":"10.1080/17482970701420924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482970701420924","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidation processes are essential in normal cell metabolism. Free radicals, i.e. reactive oxygen and nitrogen compounds, are formed continuously. They participate in metabolic and cell signalling pathways, in spite of their potentially deleterious effects. A system of endogenous antioxidative compounds and systems operates to control strictly the concentrations and actions of free radicals. \u0000 \u0000Deleterious effects of free radicals in disease and ageing processes, referred to as oxidative stress, are related to their ability to initiate oxidation of, in particular, unsaturated fatty acids and proteins, interfering with essential functions of cell membranes, for example. Inflammatory processes, increasingly implicated in various chronic diseases, are characterized by surplus formation of free radicals. \u0000 \u0000The possibility of decreasing oxidative stress with dietary antioxidants is the basis for hypotheses on the health-promoting effects of antioxidants in foods. Protective effects against cardiovascular disease and some cancers of fruit and vegetables are strongly supported by a host of observational studies. It is generally assumed that antioxidants in these foods are an important factor, even the most important factor behind their health-promoting effects. However, intervention studies with increased intake of fruit and vegetables so far have failed to show substantial effects on markers of oxidative stress, and studies with supplementation of single antioxidants have generally been negative. The increased frequency of lung cancer in smokers supplemented with β-carotene drew attention to potentially deleterious effects of single antioxidants, possibly related to their pro-oxidative effects in high doses. \u0000 \u0000Fruits and vegetables contain a host of components with antioxidative effects in addition to the well-known antioxidative vitamins C and E. These include carotenoids, notably β-carotene, flavanoids, lutein and hundreds of other more or less characterized potentially bioactive compounds. One hypothesis is that a balanced battery of different antioxidants from foods is needed for optimal protection. \u0000 \u0000To increase our understanding of the effects of dietary antioxidants for health, it is essential to have methods for measurement of oxidative stress, i.e. markers for evaluation of physiological effects, both positive and negative, of dietary antioxidants. In this issue, the usefulness of one newly discovered and documented type of such a marker, isoprostanes, is reviewed by a pioneer in this field, Samar Basu. \u0000 \u0000Equally important is substantiation of methods for measuring antioxidants in foods. Owing to the many antioxidant compounds present in foods, methods for determination of total antioxidative capacity (TAC) have been developed and such estimates have been published for a large number of foods. The extent to which TAC estimates in foods indicate in vivo protective effects remains to be substantiated, and in this context it is necessary to ha","PeriodicalId":225599,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130736093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dietary intake in Swedish medical students","authors":"M. Tengvall, L. Ellegård","doi":"10.1080/17482970701440278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482970701440278","url":null,"abstract":"Background A 3 day food record is a part of the medical curriculum in Göteborg, and the dietary intake of medical students from 1987 to 1993 has been reported previously. Objective To study dietary intake in medical students, detect changes over time and qualitative differences between men and women, and compare with nutrition recommendations, intake in the Swedish population in general and in medical students in other countries. Design A 3 day estimated food record of 1737 students during the years 1994–2006, performed at the medical school at Göteborg University. Results Mean energy intake for men and women was 10.9 and 7.8 MJ, respectively, without significant differences between 1994 and 2006. Proportions of energy from fat, protein, carbohydrates and alcohol were 29/30, 16/16, 51/53 and 2/3E% in female/male students, respectively. The dietary intake of folate and dietary fibre was higher in 2006 than in 1994 in both genders, whereas the percentage of energy from saturated fat and dietary iron intake decreased over time. Conclusions Energy intake was stable during 1994–2006. Significant and mostly positive differences over time were observed. The dietary intake in medical students compared quite well with Nordic Nutrition Recommendations, and in some aspects was better than in the general population.","PeriodicalId":225599,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134029612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The enigma of in vivo oxidative stress assessment: isoprostanes as an emerging target","authors":"S. Basu","doi":"10.1080/17482970701411642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482970701411642","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative stress is believed to be one of the major factors behind several acute and chronic diseases, and may also be associated with ageing. Excess formation of free radicals in miscellaneous body environment may originate from endogenous response to cell injury, but also from exposure to a number of exogenous toxins. When the antioxidant defence system is overwhelmed, this leads to cell damage. However, the measurement of free radicals or their endproducts is tricky, since these compounds are reactive and short lived, and have diverse characteristics. Specific evidence for the involvement of free radicals in pathological situations has been difficult to obtain, partly owing to shortcomings in earlier described methods for the measurement of oxidative stress. Isoprostanes, which are prostaglandin-like bioactive compounds synthesized in vivo from oxidation of arachidonic acid, independently of cyclooxygenases, are involved in many human diseases, and their measurement therefore offers a way to assess oxidative stress. Elevated levels of F2-isoprostanes have also been seen in the normal human pregnancy, but their physiological role has not yet been defined. Large amounts of bioactive F2-isoprostanes are excreted in the urine in normal basal situations, with a wide interindividual variation. Their exact role in the regulation of normal physiological functions, however, needs to be explored further. Current understanding suggests that measurement of F2-isoprostanes in body fluids provides a reliable analytical tool to study oxidative stress-related diseases and experimental inflammatory conditions, and also in the evaluation of various dietary antioxidants, as well as drugs with radical-scavenging properties. However, assessment of isoprostanes in plasma or urine does not necessarily reflect any specific tissue damage, nor does it provide information on the oxidation of lipids other than arachidonic acid.","PeriodicalId":225599,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130452272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Galacto-oligosaccharides and bowel function","authors":"Leena Niittynen, K. Kajander, R. Korpela","doi":"10.1080/17482970701414596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482970701414596","url":null,"abstract":"Constipation is a common problem and its prevalence increases with age. Severe constipation requires treatment with laxatives, but nutritional therapy, especially increased dietary fibre intake, is recommended primarily for the prevention and treatment of mild constipation. One alternative may be the use of oligosaccharides, which act as soluble fibre and have a bifidogenic effect. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) resembling oligosaccharides occurring naturally in human milk can be produced from lactose. Several clinical studies reviewed in this paper have shown that the use of GOS (5-15 g per day) may relieve the symptoms of constipation in adults and elderly people. In infants, the supplementation of formula with a mixture of GOS and fructo-oligosaccharides can modulate bowel function and stool characters in the same direction as does breast-feeding. Gastrointestinal symptoms may occur as side-effects of oligosaccharides, but 12 g GOS per day or less is usually well tolerated. Keywords: bifidogenic effect; constipation; defecation; fibre; prebiotics; stools","PeriodicalId":225599,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125933846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lack of nutritional and functional effects of nutritional supervision by nurses: a quasi-experimental study in geriatric patients","authors":"I. Poulsen, Helle Vendel Petersen, I. Rahm Hallberg, M. Schroll","doi":"10.1080/17482970701256245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17482970701256245","url":null,"abstract":"Background Undernutrition affects recovery from disease and regaining functional abilities; however, it frequently occurs in elderly hospitalized patients. Objective To study whether identification of geriatric patients at nutritional risk followed by individualized nursing care could improve their nutritional and activities of daily living (ADL) status. Design The design was quasi-experimental. In total, 345 rehabilitation patients (aged 84±7 years, 72% women) were allocated, according to bed availability, to either an intervention or a control ward. Nurses on the intervention ward attended a short class on nutrition and were supervised in nutritional care by trained nurses. In the intervention unit, the nursing staff identified patients at risk of undernutrition through systematic assessment of risk factors, e.g. body mass index (BMI) <24 kgm−2, and treated them according to individual care plans. On the control ward routine nutritional care was offered. Functional status was assessed by the Barthel ADL index. Results Mean BMI was 24±5 on both wards. Fifty-five per cent of the patients had BMI <24. On average, patients were weight stable from admission to discharge, irrespective of allocation. No difference was found in ADL status as a result of the intervention. However, patients who gained weight improved more in ADL status than patients who remained stable or lost weight. Conclusions In this geriatric setting standard care and care by trained and supervised nurses were equally effective in maintaining weight stability and functionality in rehabilitation patients with a mean BMI of 24. Weight increase was associated with improved functionality.","PeriodicalId":225599,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition","volume":"329 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122835185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}