The International economy最新文献

{"title":"Two Strategies for Nonproliferation of WMD","authors":"K. Ishiguro","doi":"10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2006.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2006.82","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80283906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging China and Its Impact","authors":"T. Aoki","doi":"10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2006.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2006.109","url":null,"abstract":"In 1970s World has witnessed two oil crises.Especially Japan was seriously damaged among the developed countries by the first oil crisis happened in 1973.But Japan has overcome economic difficulties by inducing hi-tech in the industries.By this Japan has easily got around the second oil crisis in 1979.Japan, overcoming two oil crises, is looked upon as “Japan as No.1”around 1980.After this, Japan, strengthening international competitiveness by inducing hi-tech is adding up the surplus in the current balance which is the largest in the world.On the otherhand America is worried by“twin deficits”, that is to say, the deficits in trade and the federal budget.The solution of international imbalance between two countries is aimed to adjust yen-dollar currency at the Plaza Hotel in Washington in 1985.On this opportunity Japanese firms deployed their production facilities all over the world.Especially Asian countries have earnestly introduced many Japanese export-oriented firms, by which Asian countries have enjoyed high economic growth as long as over twenties years until 1997 when Asian currency crisis happened.After this especially ASEAN among Asian countries are obliged to lower economic growth.Taking the place of ASEAN, China which has been introducing voluminous foreign capitals since Industrial Reforms and Open-Door Policy starting in 1979, has enjoyed almost two-digit economic growth over twenties years. At 2005 China ranks No.4 in the world in terms of GDP scale.At the previous 2004 China has become No.3 both in the world export and import respectively.Driving on this good performance, China is further aiming to be a global power after America using export expansion as a lever.To realize the purpose China needs overseas market and the infrastructure to support each other, both of which are sides as a coin.China is now building both steadily. China is driving forward towards industrialization, which is symbolized by one of the leading exporters both of machinery and IT goods.America is the largest export destination for China.For this China needs parts, intermediates goods and capital goods to support export.The main suppliers of these goods are East Asian countries.The import ratio of East Asian countries in the total Chinese import is increasing so rapidly especially in the machinery and IT goods parts. Responding to this the other East Asian countries including Japan are strengthening export to China which is playing a roll as “magnetic place” in the intraregional trade. China is making her presence felt not only in the Asian intraregional trade but also in the world trade.On its process China is inducing structural changes which might influence all over the world.Of the on-going structural changes, the most important is to take the place of Japan especially both in the Asian intraregional trade and Pacific trade.This paper is to analyze the changing status of emerging China and the mechanism to supersede Japan.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82192276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"いわゆる「のれん代」からみた多国籍企業の独占的産業株式資本への転化","authors":"雅彦 板木","doi":"10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2005.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2005.72","url":null,"abstract":"The greenfield-type foreign direct investment (FDI) is different from the M&A-type FDI, since the latter incurs so-called‘goodwill’to the investor.Since S.Hymer, most theorists on multinational corporations (MNCs) with the exception of R.Aliber and R. Caves, have paid so little attention to this fact that they could not perceive the transformation of the MNC from industrial capital into industry-equity capital.The logical transformation of this process leads MNCs to be conglomerate-type of industry-equity capital in the last stage, in which MNCs are in pursuit for maximizing capital gains as their driving force.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81976850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Development and Business Roll","authors":"Masayuki Sasanouchi","doi":"10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2005.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2005.30","url":null,"abstract":"Business roles in sustainable development are expected by all stakeholders.Business has a big potential to promote economic growth, environmental protection and societal development in a global manner.In the 21st century, we in the industry have to strongly recognize the importance of sustainability as well as borderlessness, mega competition, and the IT revolution.Three important elements, i.e., voluntary action, technology development, and collaboration with other stakeholders, will be discussed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78701117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Assessment Modeling for the Global Climate Policy","authors":"Y. Matsuoka","doi":"10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2005.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2005.5","url":null,"abstract":"1992年の地球サミットで調印された気候変動枠組条約は, その後1997年の京都議定書の策定や, 2001年のマラケシュで開催された気候変動枠組条約第7回締約国会議 (COP7) における議定書の実施に係るルールの決定などを経て, ようやく実体的な姿を表わしてきた。米国の参加は実現しそうにもないが, 世界の大勢は温暖化対策に向かって着実な一歩を踏み出そうとしている。今後一世紀にわたる本格的な温暖化対策は, 環境保全と経済発展の両立に向けた人類の100年の挑戦でもある。個々人の意識改革への挑戦, 技術革新への挑戦, 消費改革への挑戦, 新しい環境産業創出への挑戦, 新国際協力体制への挑戦等々, これらの挑戦が今まさに開始されようとしている。本報告では, まず, 気候変動問題に関する統合評価モデルを用いた温暖化の将来見通しをその策定手法と共に紹介する。特に, 気候変動に関する政府間パネル (IPCC) が中心となって策定したSRESシナリオについて, その策定方法及び不確定性に関する議論を説明し, さらに, これを用いて推計した今後百年程度の間の人類活動と気候変動の関わりを鳥瞰する。次いで, SRESシナリオが描く将来世界を気候安定化に持ち込むために必要となる社会経済システム, エネルギー技術のあり方およびその費用を示し, その実現に向けて今後十年の間および今後百年の間に必要となる諸問題について世界全体及びわが国としての観点から説明する。欧米諸国を中心として行われている温室効果ガス排出量の大幅削減に関する議論は, 京都議定書以降の削減政策に大きな影響を及ぼす可能性が高い。こうした強い地球環境制約をどのように乗り切るか, 極めて重要な政策課題である。そして, 最後に温暖化問題の構造の特徴についてこれまでの研究成果が示唆するいくつかの含意を述べ, 本報告を締め括る。","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82079181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Trade Policy in Vertically Related Markets","authors":"Yasushi Kawabata","doi":"10.5652/kokusaikeizai.2005.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/kokusaikeizai.2005.95","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87817118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development of International Frameworks for Actions to Address Global Environmental Issues and the Efforts to Promote Actions","authors":"H. Hamanaka","doi":"10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2005.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/KOKUSAIKEIZAI.2005.44","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of action was emphasized at the World Summit on Sustainable Development.In addressing serious global environmental issues like climate change, loss of forests and biodiversity, and desertification, unsustainable pattern of consumption and production needs to be changed, and poverty to be alleviated. Johannesburg Plan of Implementation emphasizes the importance of enhancing the role of industry, NGOs and other stakeholders and partnerships among them in achieving sustainable development.Collaborations between stakeholders should be pursued at all levels, and good practices for changing the pattern of consumption and production and for alleviating poverty need to be identified.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89055174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marshallian External Economies in International Trade","authors":"T. Uchiyama, Kazuharu Kiyono","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.2004.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.2004.53","url":null,"abstract":"Ethier (1982) showed that in the presence of increasing returns to scale due to Marshallian externality a large country always gains from trade while under a certain condition a small country loses from trade at the trading equilibrium. In this paper we show that, even if Ethier's assumptions are relaxed, his main results still hold, and we further derive a necessary and sufficient condition for a small country to lose from trade. Moreover it is shown that the total world endowment of productive factor as well as the relative size of each country's factor endowment is important for the above necessary and sufficient condition in other cases than those which Ethier considered.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82958164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trade Liberalization, Environmental Policies of the Exporting Country, and Pollution Emission","authors":"K. Higashida","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.2004.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.2004.39","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the effects of trade liberalization on the environmental policies set by the government of an exporting country, the amount of investment in pollution abatement technology, the amount of pollution emission, and the welfare of an importing country. We begin with the case of foreign monopoly and demonstrate that, in the presence of technology change, trade liberalization may both improve the welfare of the importing country and reduce transboundary pollution. We derive the conditions under which such an outcome occurs. Moreover, we extend the model to the case of foreign oligopoly.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78047453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Product Cycle and the World Distribution of Income:Reconsidered","authors":"Takanori Shimizu, Hisayuki Okamoto","doi":"10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.2004.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5652/INTERNATIONALECONOMY.2004.3","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we investigate the effect of labor supply on various distributions of income in a North-South trade model with skilled and unskilled labor. Modifying Lai (1995) 's model by allowing external effects of imitation activity, we have shown there exists the critical value of parameter a below which all the results Lai has shown, especially, an increase in skilled labor supply raises its steadystate relative wage if the elasticity of substitution between goods is sufficiently large hold. And above the critical value, one of the results is reversed, that is, an increase in skilled labor supply reduces its steady-state relative wage. In both cases, nevertheless, North's effort to increase in skilled labor supply can increase the steady-state rate of innovation.","PeriodicalId":22492,"journal":{"name":"The International economy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85765551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}