The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology最新文献

{"title":"Child maltreatment Cases Referred to Sohag’s Medico-legal Department, Ministry of Justice: Retrospective and Prospective Medico-legal Evaluation","authors":"G. Omran, Sawan Elsharkawy, A. Abd Al-Karim, Doaa M. El Shehaby","doi":"10.21608/ejfsat.2021.43690.1172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejfsat.2021.43690.1172","url":null,"abstract":"Child maltreatment is a serious global problem in all socioeconomic groups. This can lead to serious, long-lasting physical and/or psychological damage that extends to adulthood. Aim of work: the present study aims to evaluate different medico-legal aspects of confirmed child maltreatment cases at Sohag’s medico-legal department of the ministry of justice, retrospectively and prospectively with demographic description and comparative analysis between the two parts of the study. Methods: this study included confirmed cases of child maltreatment at Sohag's medico-legal department of the ministry of justice, retrospectively at the year 2011 (the year of 25th Egyptian revolution) data collected from the reported files and prospectively at the year 2017 data collected during the examination or autopsy of the confirmed analysis cases with of the perpetrators’ relationship to the victims. Results: the retrospective part revealed 112 cases (81 living and 31 dead); the male-to-female ratio was 4:1. Physical maltreatment was predominant (46.4%), followed by combined patterns (34.8%) and then sexual abuse (14.3%). The autopsy of the dead cases revealed that hemorrhagic shock was the main cause of deaths (46.7%) followed by brain injury (23.3%). The prospective analysis revealed 91 cases (51 living and 40 dead); the male-to-female ratio was 3:1. Physical abuse was predominant (45.1%), followed by equal percentages of neglect and sexual abuse (25.3%). The autopsy of the dead cases revealed that hemorrhage and asphyxia were the main causes of deaths (47.5% and 37.5%, respectively). Extrafamilial perpetrators (friends, neighbors, drivers, and teachers) were the most reported individuals in retrospective and prospective analyses with no sufficient data that could be collected in approximately onethird of the cases in 2011 and in more than one-fourth of the cases in 2017. Conclusion: forensic examination of child maltreatment cases at the Sohag governorate as one of the upper egypt governorates provided evidence on the magnitude of the problem in upper egypt. The comparison of the medico-legal aspects between the retrospective part in the revolution period and the prospective part of the post revolution period revealed that similar results of most studied aspects with little difference have been observed in the child maltreatment pattern, which might be related to post revolution's social circumstances in egypt.","PeriodicalId":22435,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88923934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen cyanamide poisoning; rare but serious, case report","authors":"Reham Radwan, N. Ramadan","doi":"10.21608/EJFSAT.2021.51810.1179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJFSAT.2021.51810.1179","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Background: Pesticides are used widely and are one of the major causes of intentional poisoning. Hydrogen cyanamide is highly toxic; causing massive vomiting, hypotension, shock and drowsiness. Case report: Adult male patient in the third decade was admitted to Cairo university toxicology center in January 2015 with suicidal ingestion of unknown amount of known hormonal plant regulator called DORMEX (active ingredient is hydrogen cyanamide). The patient experienced sever vomiting and diarrhea. He was tachypnic, with low blood pressure and his pupils were bilaterally constricted. ABG shows metabolic acidosis with normal other routine labs. Sodium bicarbonate was given till ABG improved. Later, the patient was shocked, Dopamine and noradrenaline were started, and then he was stabilized. Then after 5 hours patient was arrested, CPR was started, but, the patient died. Conclusion: This case may be, in our national toxicology center, the first reporting poisoning case with ingestion of hydrogen cyanamide with a suicidal intent. The case was rapidly deteriorated in spite of good supportive treatment, ended by death due to shock and refractory metabolic acidosis.","PeriodicalId":22435,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89735948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A CASE REPORT OF BILATERAL BREAST REDUCTION MAMMOPLASTY CRISIS IN KUWAIT: MEDICAL MALPRACTICE OR POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION","authors":"Dina Ibrahim, M. Abdel-satar, I. F. Gaballah","doi":"10.21608/EJFSAT.2020.32900.1152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJFSAT.2020.32900.1152","url":null,"abstract":"Background: bilateral breast reduction mammoplasty is a popular cosmetic surgical operation. Patients usually aim to bring down the volume of the breast to achieve harmonious to their build along with overcoming the inconvenience caused by enormous, ill-shaped and suspended breasts. As the aesthetic appearance performs major importance in this procedure, a minimum of scar load is usually predicted, and the technique used must be individualized. However, preserving sensation and breastfeeding, especially during the child-bearing period, are also crucial. Complications are to be predicted in reduction mammoplasty; however, various post-operative complications were recorded because of errors of judgement, faulty surgical plan, and imprecise implementation of the plan. While plastic surgeons experience one of the highest percentages of physicians facing a malpractice claim, the unexpected cosmetic result presents the evident complaint. Objective and method: discussion of a case of a medical malpractice claim of post-operative bilateral necrosis resulted in total excision of the nippleareola complex (NAC) along with the underlying tissue in both breasts. Medical and operative history details of the patient were discussed against the surgical procedure and the surgeon’s decision. The result is to understand the reason behind the catastrophic result and the management of the medicolegal claim to reach the prove of the medical litigation due to faulty surgical decision and management. Conclusion: most complications can be avoided with proper history taking, selection of the appropriate operation for the given patient and proper post-operative complications handling.","PeriodicalId":22435,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91486893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS RIF1, TCL1A, AND TERT MARKERS AS INDICATORS OF AGE ESTIMATION IN RATS","authors":"F. Hassan, H. Basyoni, D. Abdelfattah, H. A. Razik","doi":"10.21608/EJFSAT.2020.27855.1140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJFSAT.2020.27855.1140","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Research on stem cells has become one of the most promising and advanced scientific topics. Nevertheless, there is a lack of this type of research in the field of forensic diagnostics. Age estimation is one of the main worked-on issues in forensic practice and research. Still, there is a need to explore new complementary reliable methods. This study aimed to detect the possibility of age estimation via age-associated alteration of RIF-1 (Replication timing regulatory factor 1), TCL1A (T-cell leukemia/lymphoma-1A), and TERT (Telomerase reverse transcriptase) gene expression in rats bone marrow stem cells. Methods: Isolation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from rats were undertaken at different ages; 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks old. RNA extraction was performed then total RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA to detect the quantitative expression of RIF-1, TLC1A, and TERT by using the qRT-PCR then immunoblotting. Results: There were statistically significant increases in RIF1 and TCL1A mRNA and protein expression and a decrease in TERT mRNA and protein expression with age. Conclusion: Our results showed that the mRNA and protein expression of RIF-1, TCL1A, and TERT in bone marrow cells of rats could be useful indicators for age estimation in forensic practice.","PeriodicalId":22435,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74744422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medico-legal application of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 in mild and moderate head injured patients","authors":"Menna Alhosary, M. el-Gohary, Ahmed Soliman, Mona M. Ghonem","doi":"10.21608/EJFSAT.2021.56867.1183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJFSAT.2021.56867.1183","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Introduction: Head trauma is considered a frequent cause of death and disability in Egypt and worldwide. Evaluation of head injured patient is required in different forensic settings. Recently, biomarkers have been introduced to predict outcomes of traumatic head injury. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) is one of the novel biomarkers with neuronal specific components. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the medico-legal application of UCH-L1 as a prognostic marker in mild and moderate head injured patients. The current study was conducted on forty-five adult subjects during the period from June 2018 to December 2018. They were divided into: 15 mild head injured patients (group I), 15 moderate head injured patients (group II) and 15 healthy subjects served as controls (group III). All participants were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, head computed tomography scan, and estimation of UCH-L1 concentration. Results: UCH-L1 concentration was significantly higher in group I and II compared to group III, moreover it was significantly higher in group II compared to group I. Significant positive correlations were observed between UCH-L1 concentration and each of hospitalization period and duration of post-traumatic amnesia in all head injured patients. The median concentration of UCH-L1 in patients who developed complications (11.90 ng/ml) was significantly higher than in patients who didn’t have complications (0.04 ng/ml). UCH-L1 could predict complications at cut off value > 0.2 ng/ml. Conclusions: Serum UCH-L1 could be useful for forensic experts to establish cause-effect relationship between poor outcome and trauma in head injured patients.","PeriodicalId":22435,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80003979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Unusual Cut Wrist: A case study and a Review of Literature","authors":"Dina Ibrahim","doi":"10.21608/EJFSAT.2020.29587.1144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJFSAT.2020.29587.1144","url":null,"abstract":"Background: According to World Health Organization statistics, the annual suicidal death rate is about one million people worldwide (mean mortality rate: 16/100.000). In some countries, suicide is the second leading cause of death in the 10-24-year age group. Wrist cutting is sometimes practiced with the goal of self-harm rather than being a suicidal attempt. However, if the bleeding is copious or allowed to continue unchecked, cardiac arrhythmia which is followed by severe hypovolemia, shock, circulatory collapse or cardiac arrest, and death may ensue. Another aim from self- cutting could be wound fabrication to mimic physical assault. In the current study, the updated knowledge concerning self-inflicted injuries including medicolegal, theoretical, and methodological approaches to assess such incidents, is discussed. Moreover, a rare case of unusual, ambiguous cut – wrist will be presented. It is a case of an Asian, female, domestic worker who was claimed to commit suicide at her sponsor’s house by deliberately cutting her left wrist. In a bloody scene, the deceased was found with a completely severed left wrist leading to a complete left- hand amputation. The right hand with a small bloody sharp knife was found behind the body. After a detailed examination of the death scene and full autopsy, the debate appeared. Both homicidal and suicidal scenarios were possible. However, no evidence was found to confirm the homicidal accusation.Consequently, the case was reported as a possible suicide with no previously reported similar cases in the literature.","PeriodicalId":22435,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72677653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SUICIDAL SELF POISONING AND ITS RELATION WITH PERSONALITY TRAITS AMONG ADMITTED CASES TO MENOUFIA POISONING CONTROL CENTER.","authors":"Reham El-Farouny, Mai Helmy","doi":"10.21608/EJFSAT.2021.49489.1177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJFSAT.2021.49489.1177","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Suicide has been ranked among the top ten major causes of death worldwide. Self-poisoning throughout all ages is listed as one of the principal causes of unnatural deaths. Aim: Analysis of the pattern of suicidal self-poisoning cases with emphasis on its relationship with personality traits among admitted cases to Menoufia Poisoning Control Center (MPCC). Method: This was a cross-sectional, prospective study conducted on 1069 cases of suicidal self-poisoned cases attended to MPCC in one year. Data were collected including sociodemographic criteria, type of poison used, the severity of cases according to poisoning severity score, reasons for committing suicide, and the outcome. A personality questionnaire was fulfilled, which consisted of five personality traits: Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Conscientiousness. Results: Total number of 1069 suicidal self-poisoning cases were admitted to MPCC over one year. The highest number of them was between 10-20 years (38.4%). Females were more susceptible to suicidal poisoning than males. 78.7% were from rural areas; being single is a high-risk factor. The highest percentage of cases were students, and family troubles were the most common motive in attempting suicide, followed by economic and financial issues. Pesticides were the most used poison. 25.4% of cases were severe according to PSS, and the fatality rate reached 15.9%, where aluminum phosphide was the first claiming agent in this high death rate. Personality trait was a significant factor among people who attempted suicide with a significant difference regarding the gender and type of the used poison. Conclusion: Suicide self-poisoning is a considerable public health risk that should be given high attention; the most common age was between (1020) years. Females were more susceptible than males. Most cases were from rural areas. Most of them were students, and family troubles were the most common motive for attempting suicide. Pesticides were the most used poison, and the fatality rate reached 15.9%. Personality traits are a significant risk factor among people who attempt suicide.","PeriodicalId":22435,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80292168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PHTHALATE EXPOSURE AMONG EGYPTIAN SCHOOL CHILDREN IN RELATION TO ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)","authors":"M. Mohamed, M. Abdelsalam, eman zohairy, Nada Abdel-raof, Mona Aly, Walaa Fakher","doi":"10.21608/ejfsat.2020.24326.1127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/ejfsat.2020.24326.1127","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood. Phthalates are industrial chemicals often used in personal care products and to soften plastics in toys and household items such as food containers, and medical devices. Animal studies have reported that the phthalate compound might cause hyperactivity and impulsivity in rats. However, the relation between phthalates and ADHD in human is still controversial. The aim of our study is to investigate the possible association between urinary phthalate metabolite levels and attention deficit disorder, learning disability in 6–12-years old children. Methods: Urine samples were obtained from 80 children. All children were selected from the attendants of Abu Elreesh child psychiatry outpatient clinic, Cairo University. subjects were divided into two main groups Group A (patients) consisted of 50 children with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed by psychiatric consultant and Group B (control) consisted of 30 normal children. In urine, mono butyl phthalate (MBP) metabolite were measured with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The mean concentration of MBP level was (15.539±8.316) for patients (group A) and (8.085 ±2.426) for controls (group B) with significant difference between groups. Also, there was significant correlation with processing milk, plastic containers, toys, cosmetics, wall, and floor materials containing phthalate exposure and higher level of (MBP) in urine of group A. Conclusion: The present study showed association between phthalate metabolites in urine and symptoms of ADHD among school-age children.","PeriodicalId":22435,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79560716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CADAVERINE AND PUTRESCINE LEVELS IN HUMAN BRAIN TISSUE FOR POSTMORTEM INTERVAL ESTIMATION","authors":"Abdelmonem G. Madboly, A. Hussein, Eslam S. Metwally","doi":"10.21608/EJFSAT.2021.51070.1178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJFSAT.2021.51070.1178","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) is a pivotal task in forensic investigations. Methods that relied on PM biochemical alteration of the compounds such as cadaverine (Cad), and putrescine (Put) can provide more accurate data about the exact PMI. Aim: To investigate the correlation between Cad and Put levels in human brain tissue, measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the PMI, to see if they can be used as reliable indicators for PMI estimation. Methodology: Brain specimens were taken during the autopsy of three male victims who died from stab wounds. The autopsy was done within three hours after death (the moment of death was known). The fifteen brain specimens (five from each victim’s brain, according to a fixed schedule to simulate progressive postmortem intervals) were prepared for injection into the GC-MS, and the levels of Cad and Put in the brain tissue specimens were measured. Results: Both Cad and Put levels increased in the brain tissue samples if the PMI increased. There was a statistically highly significant (p <0.0001) linear correlation between both Cad and Put levels and the PMI. The present study designed equations for estimating the PMI based on the determined Cad and Put levels in brain tissues [Cad level = (0.03 + 8.33E-3*timing); Put level = (0.09 + 0.03*timing)]. Conclusion: Both Cad and Put are considered valuable biomarkers for estimating the PMI, however, put as a biomarker of PMI is more accurate than Cad, as 99.5% of the variability of Put levels was due to the progressive timing of sampling, compared to that of Cad, which was only 75.2%.","PeriodicalId":22435,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81877619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Child Maltreatment: Adolescents' Psychiatric Sequels In The Light Of Oxytocin Receptor Gene SNP rs2254298 And Global DNA Methylation: A Case Control Study","authors":"E. Seif, I. Diab, S. Ghobashy, Heba Hussein, sara ghitany","doi":"10.21608/EJFSAT.2020.26378.1136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21608/EJFSAT.2020.26378.1136","url":null,"abstract":"Background: For decades, the negative impact of childhood adversity and maltreatment has been limited to the immediate harm and injuries. Recently, several studies connected child maltreatment with further long-term consequences in childhood, adolescents and adulthood among them psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Objectives: We aimed at determining the association between psychiatric consequences and different types of child maltreatment among adolescents between 12-18 years, exploring the role of Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphism (rs2254298) in moderating the relation between different types of child maltreatment and psychiatric consequences and to examine the relation between childhood abuse and global DNA methylation. Methodology: A case-control study was carried out on 90 children aged between 1218 years divided equally into two groups; cases suffering from psychiatric illness and attending child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinics at AlHadara University Hospital in Alexandria, Egypt and controls recruited from different outpatient clinics at Alexandria university hospitals. Results: A significant difference was detected between cases and controls regarding four types of child maltreatment; physical abuse, sexual abuse and emotional abuse and neglect. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was detected between these four maltreatment types and depressive symptoms detected by children depression inventory (CDI) and total scale of child behavior checklist (CBCL). However, no significant interaction between OXTR gene SNP rs2254298 and child maltreatment in the prediction of depressive symptoms and total scale of CDI and CBCL, respectively. On the other hand, a significant negative correlation was detected between the means of global DNA methylation and three types of child maltreatment: physical abuse and emotional abuse and neglect.","PeriodicalId":22435,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87388493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}