University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"A Study of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Adult Patients with Diabetes Mellitus at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital","authors":"Mpimpa Songiso, F. Goma","doi":"10.53974/unza.jabs.6.1.776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.6.1.776","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is the diminished capacity of autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system occurring in the presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and in the absence of other aetiologies. Diabetes mellitus is a well- known cause of peripheral neuropathy. However, in comparison to somatic neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy is an under-diagnosed and under-treated chronic complication of diabetes mellitus despite its serious and significant contribution to morbidity and mortality in the diabetes mellitus population. A variety of tests, based on evaluation of the cardiovascular reflexes triggered by performing specific provocative manoeuvres, have been proposed to measure autonomic function. This study used four cardiovascular reflex tests to estimate appropriate autonomic function by examining heart rate, heart rate variation and the baroreceptor reflex. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in adult patients with diabetes mellitus at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Adult patients with diabetes mellitus, aged between 21 and 70 years, participated in this cross-sectional study. Four, non-invasive, cardiac autonomic reflex tests to assess for cardiac autonomic neuropathy were employed according to Ewing’s method. The parasympathetic function was analysed based on the heart rate response to paced deep breathing and to Valsalva manoeuvring. The sympathetic function was assessed by measuring heart rate and blood pressure response to postural change. Ewing`s criteria was used for the categorisation of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20. Continuous data were presented as means and standard deviation. Categorical data were analysed using a Fishers’ Exact Test (χ2) and a logistic regression was performed to verify the effects of diabetes mellitus’ duration, sex and age on the probability that the participants have cardiac autonomic neuropathy. A total of 52 patients participated in the study. The prevalence of Cardiac autonomic neuropathy was 48.1%. Out of 52 patients, 42.3% had definite cardiac autonomic neuropathy and 5.8% had severe cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Early cardiac autonomic neuropathy was observed in 34.6% of patients while 17.3% had no signs of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. The mean age of patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy was 54.44 ± 10.90 years and the mean duration of diabetes mellitus from diagnosis was 5.36 ± 6.78 years. The probability of developing cardiac autonomic neuropathy increased with increasing age and hypertensive participants were more likely develop cardiac autonomic neuropathy (ѵ = 5.82, p = .001). In conclusion, cardiac autonomic neuropathy was present in a significant proportion of adult patients with diabetes mellitus at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital, reflecting the increased morbidity encountered by this population. In order to improve patient quality of life an","PeriodicalId":224135,"journal":{"name":"University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132323166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity of Schistosoma haematobium in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review","authors":"Rabecca Tembo, P. Nkhoma, M. Zulu, Florence Mwaba, J. Yabe, H. Halwiindi, Moses Kamwela, K. Nalubamba, C. Sikasunge, A. M. Phiri","doi":"10.53974/unza.jabs.6.1.778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.6.1.778","url":null,"abstract":"Urogenital schistosomiasis caused by the parasite Schistosoma haematobium is the most common form of schistosomiasis. This parasite has a high potential for genetic exchange within parasite populations giving rise to the genetic diversity that is important for its survival. Genetic differences may lead to some parasite strains being more immunogenic which may have a negative impact on management and control of schistosomiasis. Therefore, understanding these genetic differences in the parasite may lead to better management of the disease. The aim of this review was to systematically review scientific literature on the genetic diversity and population structuring of S. haematobium and the methods used across sub-Saharan African countries. A literature search was done on PubMed, African Journals online and Google scholar using predefined search terms such as urinary schistosomiasis, S. haematobium, genetic diversity in sub-Saharan Africa in combination with Boolean operators (AND, OR). The search included studies published from 2000-2020 that emphasised on genetic diversity of S. haematobium in sub-Saharan Africa. A country in sub-Saharan Africa was included if had a study that determined the genetic diversity of S. haematobium Sixteen study articles from 18 sub-Saharan African countries met the inclusion criteria The genetic diversity of S. haematobium varied from low to high using different methods. Most studies conducted in these countries showed a high genetic diversity of S. haematobium 18/36 (50%) studies. Four methods namely, restriction fragment length polymorphism, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, DNA barcoding and Microsatellite markers were used to determine diversity In these studies, measures of genetic diversity such as number of alleles per minute or allelic richness, heterozygosity, number of genotypes and unique haplotypes were used. Microsatellites were the most commonly used method and the studies reported number of alleles per locus ranging from 2-19 alleles per locus and heterozygosity of 6 to 71% in some studies. . The highest number of studies were conducted in West Africa Nigeria and Zimbabwe , 4/36(11%) each. Results show the need for continued monitoring of genetic variations in S. haematobium in sub- Saharan Africa. This will aid in understanding the epidemiology of disease, advancing novel treatment and vaccine strategies.","PeriodicalId":224135,"journal":{"name":"University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122402662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cross-sectional study on socio-ecological and socio-anthropological determinants of COVID-19 in Lusaka Province of Zambia","authors":"C. Mumba, Linda Basikolo, Simegnew Adugna Kallu, Henson Kainga, Jezreel Mwiinde, Vistorina Benhard, J. Muma, Musso Munyeme","doi":"10.53974/unza.jabs.6.1.798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.6.1.798","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 disease constitutes a pandemic that has created an international public health emergency. Besides the significant health challenges, the impact of the COVID-19 disease has been the restriction of movements that have heavily affected the global economy. The first case of COVID-19 in Zambia was identified on March 18th, 2020. By the end of November 2020, the number of districts reporting COVID-19 infections had increased from 68 to 96, with reports of the highest transmission in the capital city, Lusaka, the Copperbelt, and Ndola districts. As COVID-19 spread across the nation of Zambia, several factors are responsible for the spread of the virus. Despite the extensive collection of research done on determinants of COVID-19 disease, the spatial distribution of the disease along socio-demographical and socio- ecological domains remains speculative and infectious diseases have been less looked into in the areas of anthropological dynamics. This study used a cross-sectional design to investigate the ecological and anthropological determinants of COVID-19 disease in four compounds in the Lusaka district of Zambia. A guided questionnaire was used to collect data from 301 participants. A descriptive analysis of all independent variables was done. Analysis for associations of dependent and independent variables and multivariate analysis of the independent variables significant at the bi-variate level was conducted to investigate the association between the dependent variable (Knowledge of anyone infected with COVID-19 virus) and the independent variables. The bi-variate analysis results showed that 14 independent variables with odds ratios greater than one were significantly associated with the spread of COVID-19. Two variables were found to be highly significant in the multivariable logistic regression analysis model. These included beliefs about COVID-19 (odds = 3.0; p = 0.003; CI 1.2-3.3), and participants area of residence (odds = 2.6; p = 0.003; CI = 1.2-5.5). Other significant multivariate variables were ecological variable; climate and anthropological variables; hand hygienic practices. The current research provides further insight into the potential role ecology and anthropology contribute to the spread of communicable diseases. The study recommends awareness of the population to enhance preparedness and response to reduce the spread of COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":224135,"journal":{"name":"University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126716175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical Screening and Acute Exposure of Methanolic Bark Extract of Pterocarpus Tinctorius in Wistar Rats","authors":"Isaac Mphande, Andrew Kataba, K. Muzandu","doi":"10.53974/unza.jabs.6.1.873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.6.1.873","url":null,"abstract":"The bark extract of Pterocarpus tinctorius (Fabaceae) is traditionally used to treat diseases such as diabetes, gonorrhoea, hypertension, stomachache and bacterial gastroenteritis. However, little is known about toxicity and phytochemicals found in the bark of Pterocarpus tinctorius. Therefore, this study aimed at phytochemical screening and investigating acute oral toxicity of the stem bark of Pterocarpus tinctorius in Wistar rats. Wistar rats (N=3 per group) were randomly assigned to four groups: negative control, 50, 300, and 2000 mg/ kg methanolic sub-extract. A single dose was administered and female Wistar rats were observed for 14 days according to the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development guidelines for acute toxicity testing in rats. After dosing, rats were individually observed for their physical and behavioural changes throughout the study. The body weight of Wistar rats were monitored weekly and gross pathological changes of rat organs were observed. In addition, the biochemical markers and organ- body weight ratios of the kidneys and the liver were measured. Qualitative phytochemical tests were carried out to determine the types of phytochemicals present in the bark of Pterocarpus tinctorius. There were no signs of toxicity observed in all treatment groups and no abnormalities were observed on organs of rats. There was no significant difference in body weight, organ- body weight and biochemical markers with p>0.05, for the Wistar rats in all treatment groups compared to the negative control. Phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, anthocyanins and saponins in the stem bark of Pterocarpus tinctorius as compounds that could be responsible to treat diseases in traditional medicine. This study demonstrated that Pterocarpus tinctorius methanolic bark sub-extract is not acutely toxic to the liver and kidneys up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. It is highly recommended that toxicity studies on other organs of rats such as the heart, brain, pancreas and intestines are carried out.","PeriodicalId":224135,"journal":{"name":"University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121599680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Willingness to take Antiretroviral Drugs in a high HIV prevalence Setting: the case of Adults living in Chawama, Lusaka, Zambia","authors":"S. C. Munthali","doi":"10.53974/unza.jabs.6.1.857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.6.1.857","url":null,"abstract":"The willingness to take antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) has been found to be associated with several factors. We investigated the level of willingness to take antiretroviral drugs and factors likely to be associated with willingness among adults living in Chawama township. This was a cross-sectional study of 409 adult respondents aged 18 years and above, recruited by a simple random sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio- demographic data and other factors likely to influence willingness. Determinants of willingness and association between variables of interest were examined using multivariate analysis. Results revealed that about 52.8% of females and 46.9% of males participated in the study. The mean age of participants was 31years (SD±11.60). The response rate was 99%. A high level of willingness was observed, with more than 50% of participants willing to take ARVs if they were found legible for ART. Some of the key factors that were found significantly associated with willingness were the aspect of being male or female, with females being more likely to be willing than males, the perceived effectiveness of ARVs, the need for consent to begin ARV treatment with females being more likely to needing consent than men, and fear of discrimination. There is a high willingness to take antiretroviral drugs among community members suggesting a high potential to influence individual acceptability and general uptake of ARVs. Furthermore, stigmatizing attitudes and socio-cultural influences towards people taking ARVs persist and interventions to reduce these influences are needed.","PeriodicalId":224135,"journal":{"name":"University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"473 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133434242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and Opportunities for Rural Men and Women in Land Conversion Processes in Central Zambia","authors":"B. B. Umar, D. Banda","doi":"10.53974/unza.jabs.5.4.591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.5.4.591","url":null,"abstract":"Zambia’s Lands Act of 1996 provides for the conversion of land rights from customary to leasehold tenure by both Zambian citizens and non-Zambians. This study reports on land conversion processes engaged by rural men and women of Chongwe and Chibombo districts in central Zambia. Data was collected through 85 structured interviews with male and female residents in the two study areas and several key informants. Results show that 75% and 58% of the men and women interviewed had obtained customary land from their village head persons, and 31% and 42% had engaged in land conversion processes. Land conversions have resulted in increased employment opportunities for men; and tenure security for unmarried and widowed women. Ambivalence towards the loss of power by chiefs over subjects with titled land and paying property taxes to the state was evident in both men and women residents in the midst of more secure land tenure rights for their families. Retaining traditional leaders’ authority in the land conversion process perpetuates discriminatory practices against women and privileges village head persons and men while disadvantaging women. Land conversions are engendering changes in matrilineal inheritance patterns more favourable to landowners’ children.","PeriodicalId":224135,"journal":{"name":"University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"293 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133704348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the emerging impact of covid-19 pandemic on small-scale poultry farmers in Zambia","authors":"Olabisi John Agboola, Kolawole Odubote, Metti Richenhagen","doi":"10.53974/unza.jabs.5.4.744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.5.4.744","url":null,"abstract":"The Covid-19 pandemic has been reported to have disrupted the food systems globally, thereby, negatively affecting the production of agricultural commodities. This study was carried out to examine the emerging impact of the pandemic on small-scale poultry farmers in Lusaka Province, Zambia. Questionnaires were administered to 100 farmers in Chongwe rural area (Lusaka city sub-hub) and the data collected were subjected to descriptive and correlation analysis. The research findings revealed that the pandemic has a significant negative impact on the small-scale poultry farmer access to feed availability, vaccines and day old chicks. Similarly, the pandemic had a significant impact on market availability, accessibility and the purchasing power of the consumers. The research also indicated that a significant positive correlation exists between difficulties in accessing essential inputs for poultry productivity and the coping strategy that the poultry farmer adopted. While the government provided financial incentives to some industrial and commercial entities, most small- scale farmers in this study did not benefit from the scheme. This shows that the government is more focused on industrial entities rather than small-scale farmers and producers. The study concluded that farmers experienced a great effect of the pandemic on their poultry business due to the restriction imposed by the government, which caused inaccessibility of input supplies and market for the sale of birds. Mitigating strategies such as facilitating access to production inputs, market linkages and financial assistance (soft loans, grants, relief etc.) for small-scale poultry producers to build a resilient poultry system and cope with the emerging challenges Covid-19 imposed on the poultry industry, are recommended.","PeriodicalId":224135,"journal":{"name":"University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121998334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Keeping Quality of Rabbit Meat Floss Prepared with Different Oils and Stored in Three Packaging Materials","authors":"O. Adediran, R. Awodoyin, E.O. Irikefe-Ekeke, C. Onuzuluike, O. E. Jenfa, D. O. Oshibanjo, T. O. Faniyi, O. Olusola, A. Omojola","doi":"10.53974/unza.jabs.5.4.764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.5.4.764","url":null,"abstract":"Meat floss is a dehydrated ready-to-eat meat product most commonly produced from beef. Due to increasing consumer awareness about health, there is interest in healthier alternatives like rabbit meat. In this study, meat floss was produced from rabbit meat using three cooking oils: Refined Palm Oil (RPO), Soya Oil (SO) and Canola Oil (CO). The iodine number of each of the three oil types was determined before use. The resulting Rabbit Meat Floss (RMF) was packed in three materials: Aluminium Foil (AF), Ziploc (ZPL) and Polypropylene (PP). The RMF were stored at room temperature and analysed for sensory properties and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) on days 7, 14 and 21 of storage. The study was a 3 by 3 factorial experiment fitted into a completely randomised design and replicated three times. The refined RFO had the highest iodine number (81.05), and CO had the least (69.57). Following interactions among storage days, oil type and packaging material, TBARS was significantly highest (P<0.05) on day 7 for RMF from CO stored in ZPL (8.44mgMDA/Kg). The RMF from SO stored in AF had the lowest TBARS on Day 21 (2.57mgMDA/Kg). There were no significant differences in sensory properties throughout the experimental period.","PeriodicalId":224135,"journal":{"name":"University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131363279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathological and Microbiological Diagnosis of Cutaneous Blastomycosis in a Four Months Old Dog in Zambia","authors":"J. Yabe, Caesar Luswili, B. Hang'ombe, Katendi Changula, Daniel Ndambasia, Mutinta Mweemba Muwowo, Maron Mubanga, Evans Mulenga","doi":"10.53974/unza.jabs.5.4.755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.5.4.755","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Blastomycosis is usually a systemic fungal disease, most commonly diagnosed in dogs and humans. Cutaneous involvement primarily results from hematogenous spread, but in rare cases, direct inoculation can occur. Case presentation: The current report describes a case of a four-month-old male dog presented with cutaneous lesions caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis without the pulmonary or disseminated disease. Diagnosis was achieved through histopathology and culture. Surgical debulking associated with systemic therapy with oral itraconazole resulted in significant remission of the lesion. Conclusions: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of cutaneous blastomycosis reported in an animal in Zambia, which was successfully treated using oral itraconazole. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the disease in dogs is of public health importance as canine blastomycosis can be a presage of the disease in humans.","PeriodicalId":224135,"journal":{"name":"University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115081114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the Societal Burden of Anthrax in Cattle in the Western Province of Zambia Using a Modification of Disability Adjusted Life Years","authors":"Y. Banda, C. Mumba, M. Simuunza, B. Hang'ombe","doi":"10.53974/unza.jabs.5.4.709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53974/unza.jabs.5.4.709","url":null,"abstract":"Anthrax, which is a naturally occurring zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, has been endemic in Western Zambia. This paper estimated the societal burden of anthrax on cattle using Productivity Adjusted Life Years (PALYs) among cattle farmers in the Western Province of Zambia. A quantitative cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from cattle farmers in Mongu, Nalolo and Limulunga districts of Western Zambia. The Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) model for human populations was modified and adapted to the animal population model, PALYs, to estimate the societal burden of animal diseases. The integral calculator was used to estimate the societal disease burden of anthrax using PALY equations in three categories: PALYs without discounting and age weighting, PALYs with only discounting, and PALYs with discounting and age weighting. The results showed that anthrax affected the quality of life years lived by animals significantly due to years lost due to disability (YLD) and years lost due to premature death (YLL). A cow, bull and ox lost about 34%, 39% and 37% of productivity years of its life span due to anthrax. This shows that a bull lost most years of productivity, seconded by an ox and, lastly, a cow. Anthrax further caused a total loss of 459,280.90 PALYs in the three districts. The quality of life is improved, and productivity losses are reduced to almost 0% for all three types of animals by introducing effective anthrax control measures in the absence of other adverse health conditions. Anthrax negatively affected livestock production due to significant loss of healthy years of life and loss of quality of life. Since bulls lost most of the productivity years of their life span, we argue that transportation, draught power, sells as well, as socio status were the most affected as these are usually performed by the bull, the most productive. Therefore, it is important to minimise the loss of cattle productivity through morbidity and mortality. Different intervention programmes for the same disease can be compared in cost-effective analysis using PALYs as one of the tools. Therefore, the societal burden of diseases should also be applied on top of other existing methods used to assess the impact of diseases on animals to enable policymakers to have a complete and comprehensive picture of the impact.","PeriodicalId":224135,"journal":{"name":"University of Zambia Journal of Agricultural and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116075773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}