{"title":"Euclidean Distance based Loss Function for Eye-Gaze Estimation","authors":"Bu Sung Lee, Romphet Phattharaphon, Seanglidet Yean, Jigang Liu, Manoj Shakya","doi":"10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220051","url":null,"abstract":"The Loss function is an integral component in a Neural network. It affects the performance of CNN network in its classification. In this paper, we propose a Euclidean distance based Loss function for the CNN model, in an eye-gaze memory card game. We compared the Euclidean distance loss function with the well-known cross-entropy loss function. The performance parameters used in our comparison are prediction accuracy and average Euclidean distance prediction error. The results show that cross-entropy has better prediction accuracy. However, the Euclidean distance loss function provides a better average Euclidean distance prediction error resulting in better user experience. This is because the wrongly predicted eye gaze cards are near to the user intended card. In the case of cross-entropy, the predicted card error is quite evenly spread across the screen.","PeriodicalId":223737,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121478613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josef Steinbaeck, Andreas Strasser, C. Steger, E. Brenner, G. Holweg, N. Druml
{"title":"Context-Aware Sensor Adaption of a Radar and Time-of-Flight Based Perception Platform","authors":"Josef Steinbaeck, Andreas Strasser, C. Steger, E. Brenner, G. Holweg, N. Druml","doi":"10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220073","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an approach to enhance the perception quality of a multi-sensor system by considering the context information. The platform's context state is obtained by combining data from the perception sensors and from additional context sensors. This context information is then utilized to dynamically adapt the sensing/processing parameters to the current context. Additionally, the system is capable to detect a reduced perception performance of individual sensors caused by environmental influences.The proposed approach was implemented on a multi-sensor platform, equipped with Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras, radar sensors and multiple context sensors. The static Robot Operating System (ROS) architecture of the existing platform was extended to support automatic parameter adaption during runtime. In order to demonstrate the approach with real-world data, the platform was exposed to different scenarios. The proposed approach results in a significantly increased perception quality compared to the output of a static implementation.","PeriodicalId":223737,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"2012 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114543785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seanglidet Yean, M. Tada, Haruki Toda, Bu-Sung Lee, Y. Kurita
{"title":"Adaptive Automatic Controller for Swing Assist by Pneumatic Artificial Muscle","authors":"Seanglidet Yean, M. Tada, Haruki Toda, Bu-Sung Lee, Y. Kurita","doi":"10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220061","url":null,"abstract":"Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) is essential to support patients with weak muscles in daily activities and physical rehabilitation process. Hence, the research on PAM as an assistive device is crucial for elderly and patients in the hospital, especially patients suffering from hemiplegic gait. Based on the understanding of the lower-limb muscle activation and human gait analysis, we proposed PAM Automatic Controller to drive PAM adaptively to support patient’s gait in real-time. Automatic Controller primarily leverages the swing phase during gait to set the start of activation and muscle contraction duration to control the PAM using the smartphone wireless PAM driver. An evaluation experiment on Automatic Controller was conducted against the manual settings of PAM. Compared with manual setting, the Automatic Controller provides comparable results to the best performance of static settings. In addition, it adjusts the contraction time in real-time without having the participants to carry out the calibration by running the 13 cases to set the parameters manually.","PeriodicalId":223737,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131383167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sensor Fusion for Analysis of Gait under Cognitive Load: Deep Learning Approach","authors":"Abdullah S. Alharthi, S. Yunas, K. Ozanyan","doi":"10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220046","url":null,"abstract":"Human mobility requires substantial cognitive resources, thus elevated complexity in the navigated environment instigates gait deterioration due to naturally limited cognitive load capacity. This work uses deep learning methods for 116 sensors fusion to study the effects of cognitive load on human gait of healthy subjects. We demonstrate classifications, achieving 86% precision with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), of normal gait as well as 15 subjects’ gait under two types of cognitive demanding tasks. Floor sensors capturing multiples of up to 4 uninterrupted steps were utilized to harvest the raw gait spatiotemporal signals, based on the ground reaction force (GRF). A Layer-Wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) technique is proposed to interpret the CNN prediction in terms of relevance to standard events in the gait cycle. LRP projects the model predictions back to the input gait spatiotemporal signal, to generate a \"heat map\" over the original training set, or an unknown sample classified by the model. This allows valuable insight into which parts of the gait spatiotemporal signal have the heaviest influence on the gait classification and consequently, which gate events are mostly affected by cognitive load.","PeriodicalId":223737,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134474981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krati Rastogi, Anurag Barthwal, Divya Lohani, D. Acharya
{"title":"An IoT-based Discrete Time Markov Chain Model for Analysis and Prediction of Indoor Air Quality Index","authors":"Krati Rastogi, Anurag Barthwal, Divya Lohani, D. Acharya","doi":"10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220077","url":null,"abstract":"Humans generally spend most of their time indoors, therefore, having good Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and its real time information is critical for maintaining human health and productivity. According to United States Environmental Protection Agency, indoor air even in centrally air-conditioned buildings is several times more polluted than outdoor air, primarily due to change in occupancy pattern, old or ill maintained ventilation systems, and cracks in buildings. In this work, we have proposed an Internet of Things (IoT) based Discrete Time Markov Chain (DTMC) model for analysis and forecasting of IAQ. The IoT architecture used for collecting IAQ data consists of sensing nodes deployed in different rooms of the University building. This sensed data is transferred and stored in IoT cloud and used to generate the IAQ state transition matrix and compute return periods for each state. The predicted and actual return periods have been compared and the accuracy of the proposed model is found to be satisfactory with a low average absolute prediction error of 4.75%.","PeriodicalId":223737,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133862552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexis Arcaya Jordan, A. Pegatoquet, A. Castagnetti
{"title":"A Comprehensive Study of Performance-Autonomy Trade-off on Smart Connected Glasses","authors":"Alexis Arcaya Jordan, A. Pegatoquet, A. Castagnetti","doi":"10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220041","url":null,"abstract":"Embedded detection systems presented in the form of wearable devices become very useful in the healthcare area. However, such devices have strong limitations in terms of size, energy and computational resources, and must be therefore carefully designed. In this paper we propose to take into account the QoS during the power consumption study, so that both performance and autonomy can be conjointly optimized for smart connected glasses. To do so, a methodology based on a system level power modeling approach and a performance characterization using several performance metrics is introduced. As part of this performance characterization, a comprehensive study for finding the system configuration that offers the best tradeoff between performance and autonomy is proposed for a blink detection application.","PeriodicalId":223737,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134270972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ajay Kumar, M. Taparia, P. Rajalakshmi, Wei Guo, Balaji Naik B, B. Marathi, U. Desai
{"title":"CIG based Stress Identification Method for Maize Crop using UAV based Remote Sensing","authors":"Ajay Kumar, M. Taparia, P. Rajalakshmi, Wei Guo, Balaji Naik B, B. Marathi, U. Desai","doi":"10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220016","url":null,"abstract":"The health and yield of crops depend on the use of water, nutrients, and fertilizers. Due to climatic changes and reduction in rainfall, farmers are relying on groundwater for irrigation, which should be used optimally. The use of water and other agronomic inputs can be optimized by monitoring the health of crops and soil. Usually, it is done by manual observation, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this paper, we propose Chlorophyll Index Green (CIG) vegetative index-based method for monitoring the crop health using near-infrared, green, and red band images acquired using a multispectral camera mounted on Unmanned Ariel Vehicle (UAV). The proposed method clearly classifies the water-stressed area of the field and helps in optimizing the irrigation process and monitoring the crop-health.","PeriodicalId":223737,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132989235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Abeysekera, V. Kalavally, Y. Kuang, Melanie Ooi Po-Leen
{"title":"Design of Low Cost Programmable LED Lighting System for Smart Buildings","authors":"S. Abeysekera, V. Kalavally, Y. Kuang, Melanie Ooi Po-Leen","doi":"10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220038","url":null,"abstract":"Smart LED based lighting infrastructure have significant advantages over traditional lighting hardware due to their capability of producing tunable light spectra on demand. Intelligent luminaires interface seamlessly with any intelligent operating systems to optimize lighting either to control the human circadian rhythm (i.e. Human-Computer Interaction), or for more effective machine vision applications (i.e. Machine-to-Machine communication). The main challenge in the design of a multichannel smart lighting system is to produce sufficient intensity uniformity over the illuminated region by all channels, while simultaneously maintaining affordability. This paper outlines the design and fabrication of a programmable LED lighting system to achieve these aims. It presents a nine channel lighting design using low cost discrete LEDs.","PeriodicalId":223737,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133421985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tyrel Glass, Sharafat Ali, Baden Parr, J. Potgieter, F. Alam
{"title":"IoT Enabled Low Cost Air Quality Sensor","authors":"Tyrel Glass, Sharafat Ali, Baden Parr, J. Potgieter, F. Alam","doi":"10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220079","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution poses significant risks to environment and health. Air quality monitoring stations are often confined to a small number of locations due to the high cost of the monitoring equipment. They provide a low fidelity picture of the air quality in the city; local variations are overlooked. However, recent developments in low cost sensor technology and wireless communication systems like Internet of Things (IoT) provide an opportunity to use arrayed sensor networks to measure air quality, in real time, at a large number of locations. This paper reports the development of a novel low cost sensor node that utilizes cost-effective electrochemical sensors to measure Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) concentrations and an infrared sensor to measure Particulate Matter (PM) levels. The node can be powered by either solar-recharged battery or mains supply. It is capable of long-range, low power communication over public or private LoRaWAN IoT network and short-range high data rate communication over Wi-Fi. The developed sensor nodes were co-located with an accurate reference CO sensor for field calibration. The low cost sensors’ data shows strong correlation with the data collected from the reference sensor. Offset and gain calibration further improves the quality of the sensor data.","PeriodicalId":223737,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130577656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Ding, Ching-Ching Yang, Chin-Lin Kuo, Y. Hsieh, Chih-Chung Yang, Kuo-Cheng Huang, W. Hsiao
{"title":"Indium Tin Oxide Films Based pH Concentration Sensor Fabrication and Verification Using Pulsed UV Laser Patterning Technology","authors":"C. Ding, Ching-Ching Yang, Chin-Lin Kuo, Y. Hsieh, Chih-Chung Yang, Kuo-Cheng Huang, W. Hsiao","doi":"10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS48726.2020.9220064","url":null,"abstract":"A novel pH value detection method was developed in this paper. A 10 μL droplet prepared by buffer solution (pH = 1.2 to pH = 10) was injected to the sensing area (i.e. designed interdigitated ITO electrode), and the resistance variation of the electrode was recorded to build up the model of pH concentration detection. The result indicated that the interdigitated electrode pattern with a line width of 500 µm and a line pitch of 100 µm was the most sensitive under various pH conditions. In addition, for the acid solution and alkali solution, when the interdigitated electrode pattern with a line width of 100 µm and a line pitch of 500 µm was more sensitive in the acid environment, whereas the interdigitated electrode pattern with a line width of 500 µm and a line pitch of 100 µm can be applied in the alkaline environment due to its great sensitivity. During the pH value monitoring, the response time of resistance changing was below 3 seconds to reach the steady-state resistance in all various pH conditions, and the correlation coefficient was over 0.9 validated by a quadratic regression in both acid and alkaline sensing verification.","PeriodicalId":223737,"journal":{"name":"2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116796141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}