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Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.2 Functions, Article 42 第二部分保护手段，第七章，美洲人权委员会，第2节职能第42条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0042
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.2 Functions, Article 42","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0042","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores Article 42 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which is a procedural and institutional provision. It requires the States Parties to the Convention to transmit to the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights copies of the reports and studies that they submit to other inter-American bodies each year. Although this provision appears to be a marginal procedural provision, it reflects the longstanding position of American States on the nature of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR). Indeed, according to that position, the nature of the economic, social, and cultural rights is perceived to be different from that of civil and political rights and therefore, does require different and specific mechanisms of overview. Article 42 is intimately and inherently connected to Article 26; formally speaking, the “implicit rights” mentioned in Article 42 are those quoted in Article 26.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90400060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.I General Obligations, Art.1: Obligation to Respect Rights 第一部分国家的义务和受保护的权利，chi .一般义务，第1条:尊重权利的义务
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0001
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.I General Obligations, Art.1: Obligation to Respect Rights","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes Article 1-1, which is a key-provision of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). It provides the main set of obligations borne by the States parties, that is, obligations to respect and to ensure, and defines the rights holders of the ACHR as all persons under the jurisdiction of the States Parties. The same provision further outlines the general principle of non-discrimination to be respected when the States Parties fulfill their general obligations to respect and ensure all the rights of the ACHR. That provision alone sets out the fundamental philosophical and legal conception of the inter-American system. It irradiates and determines the whole Convention; the enjoyment and exercise of the rights and freedoms enshrined in the treaty have a universal scope and shall be recognized in favor of all persons, regardless of their nationality and citizenship or any other conditions.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75422141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.8: Right to a Fair Trial 第一部分国家的义务和受保护的权利，第三部分公民权利和政治权利，第8条:公平审判的权利
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0008
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.8: Right to a Fair Trial","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses Article 8, the right to a fair trial, of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 8 of the ACHR is based on a dual structure. The first paragraph of the provision applies to all kinds of proceedings and provides rights and guarantees to “every person,” regardless of the nature—criminal, civil, labor, fiscal, “or any other nature” of the matters dealt with by the tribunals. However, the following Paragraphs 2, 3, 4, and 5 are focused on criminal proceedings; they offer a specific protection to persons suspected of, accused of, or condemned for a criminal offense. In addition to the rules of fair trial protected by Article 8 of the ACHR, several provisions of the ACHR provide for special judicial guarantees for persons to ensure and guarantee their rights and freedoms. These include the right to a remedy in case of arrest or detention under Article 7-6 of the ACHR and the right to an effective remedy under Article 25 for any violation of the rights and freedoms enshrined in domestic law or in the ACHR. Although silent on judicial guarantees, Article 19 of the ACHR (special protection of children) has also close ties with Article 8.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74507903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part III General and Transitory Provisions, Ch.X Signature, Ratification, Reservations, Amendments, Protocols, and Denunciation, Article 78 第三部分一般和临时规定，第六章签署、批准、保留、修正、议定书和退出，第七十八条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0078
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part III General and Transitory Provisions, Ch.X Signature, Ratification, Reservations, Amendments, Protocols, and Denunciation, Article 78","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0078","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates Article 78 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Echoing Article 58 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the ACHR reflects the conventional freedom of the State. The Convention is one of these “free conventions,” “in the sense that no State is obliged to become a party to it.” The latter may choose to commit, but as one author points out, it does not necessarily wish to be “prisoner” of this conventional relationship. The State must also be free to leave, hence the importance of regulating this “right of exit,” in particular for reasons of legal certainty in relations between the parties. In the law of treaties, denunciation thus constitutes “the normal procedure by which a State withdraws from a treaty.” This is a unilateral mode aimed at putting an end, for the party concerned, to the treaty commitment and Article 78 of the ACHR is therefore merely an adaptation of the principle pacta sunt servanda of general international law reflected in Article 54 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), since it organizes the “consensual termination of treaty relationship” in this particular framework.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73599622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.22: Freedom of Movement and Residence 第一部分国家义务和受保护的权利，第三章公民权利和政治权利，第22条:行动和居住自由
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0022
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.22: Freedom of Movement and Residence","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on Article 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which is a very dense provision insofar as it contains several rules and is addressed to different categories of holders. Indeed, it guarantees freedom of movement and circulation, protection against arbitrary and collective expulsion, as well as the prohibition of non-refoulement, and the right to seek and to receive asylum. This provision alone contains several substantive rights that are not always protected as such by other general human rights conventions, with the exception of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. The structure of the provision is based on a balance between the individual rights' approach—the right of the individual in general, the right of the national of the State Party, and the right of the alien—and the prerogatives of the State, including the right to control the entry and stay of individuals on its territory. In order to respect this fragile balance, some of the rights and freedoms protected by Article 22 may be subject to limitations.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86499127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.3 Procedure, Article 66 第二部分保护手段，第八章美洲人权法院，第3段程序第66条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0066
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.3 Procedure, Article 66","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0066","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on Article 66 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 66 of the ACHR contains crucial elements of the adjudicating performance of the Inter-American Court. The first paragraph establishes the principle that reasons must be given for the Court's judgments, while under the second paragraph, the judges who participated in the formation of the judgment may attach a separate opinion, whether concurring or dissenting, to the Court's decisions. These elements are set out and clarified in Article 65 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court. These two provisions, therefore, undoubtedly refer to the key-question of the quality of justice rendered by the Inter-American Court. This must be clear, accessible, and intelligible, in particular for the victim, the defendant State, and more broadly, all States Parties to the ACHR. The legitimacy of the body and, ultimately, its persuasive authority are also at stake.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88256935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.2 Functions, Article 41 第二部分保护手段，第七章，美洲人权委员会，第2节第四十一条职能
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0041
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.2 Functions, Article 41","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0041","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes Article 41 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 41 of the ACHR establishes the main function of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights as “to promote respect for and defense of human rights.” Within that mandate, the Commission is entrusted with specific powers. Article 41 lists these seven main functions and powers, which are quite broad and go far beyond the functions that could have been attributed to a treaty body. Indeed, Article 41 is similar in content to Article 18 of the Statute of the Inter-American Commission, which determines the Commission's powers with respect to all members of the Organization of American States.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78096433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.2 Jurisdiction and Functions, Article 62 第二部分保护手段，第八章美洲人权法院，第2段管辖权和职能，第62条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0061
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.2 Jurisdiction and Functions, Article 62","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0061","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes Article 62 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which is a fundamental and essential provision of the inter-American human rights protection system. Article 62 of the ACHR deals with the modalities for the recognition of the contentious jurisdiction of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. It establishes the main feature of the exercise of this jurisdiction, namely, a State’s consent-based jurisdiction. In other words, the Court is granted an optional contentious jurisdiction, while the Inter-American Commission holds a compulsory jurisdiction to examine individual petitions on the basis of Article 44 of the ACHR. Article 62 must be analyzed in conjunction with other provisions of the Convention, including Article 61, which deals with the entities entitled to bring cases before the Court, namely, the States Parties and the Commission.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83298341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.6: Freedom from Slavery 第一部分受保护的国家义务和权利，第三部分公民权利和政治权利，第六条:免于奴役的自由
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0006
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.6: Freedom from Slavery","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on Article 6 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which protects one of the most important values in modern international human rights law, that is, the freedom from slavery. Article 6 is structured in three paragraphs that reflect the difficulty to draw the line between absolutely prohibited practices (slavery, involuntary servitude, trafficking, slave trade, forced and compulsory labor) and other forms of duties that might not be considered as forbidden (detainee’s work, military service, civic obligations, and so on). Therefore, the first paragraph contains a rule of absolute prohibition—or put positively, a rule of absolute protection of persons, with a special reference to women. The second and the third paragraphs delimit the scope of the prohibition. Paragraph 2 affirms the exception of forced labor “imposed by a competent court”; while Paragraph 3 enumerates four situations of compulsory work that do not constitute a prohibited conduct under Paragraph 1.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85498803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.4 Procedure, Article 50 第二部分保护手段，第七章，美洲人权委员会，第5段程序第50条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0050
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.4 Procedure, Article 50","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0050","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter details Article 50 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). In a nutshell, Article 50 of the ACHR provides that if a friendly settlement has not been reached by the parties, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights drafts a report establishing the facts and its conclusions and recommendations if necessary. Article 50 contains three paragraphs. The first paragraph explains the content of the “preliminary report,” included if needed, the separate opinion of commissioners. The second paragraph deals with the confidentiality principle and lays down a crucial element of the procedure. The report is expected to be sent to the States concerned that cannot disclose it. As regards the third paragraph, it indicates that the preliminary report may contain “proposals and recommendations” by the Commission, in addition to the elements described in Article 50-1 of the ACHR. From a litigation point of view, the Article 50 report is of the utmost importance, in the sense that it establishes the factual background and tends to identify the victims.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82715001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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