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Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.22: Freedom of Movement and Residence 第一部分国家义务和受保护的权利，第三章公民权利和政治权利，第22条:行动和居住自由
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0022
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.22: Freedom of Movement and Residence","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on Article 22 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which is a very dense provision insofar as it contains several rules and is addressed to different categories of holders. Indeed, it guarantees freedom of movement and circulation, protection against arbitrary and collective expulsion, as well as the prohibition of non-refoulement, and the right to seek and to receive asylum. This provision alone contains several substantive rights that are not always protected as such by other general human rights conventions, with the exception of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. The structure of the provision is based on a balance between the individual rights' approach—the right of the individual in general, the right of the national of the State Party, and the right of the alien—and the prerogatives of the State, including the right to control the entry and stay of individuals on its territory. In order to respect this fragile balance, some of the rights and freedoms protected by Article 22 may be subject to limitations.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86499127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.I General Obligations, Art.1: Obligation to Respect Rights 第一部分国家的义务和受保护的权利，chi .一般义务，第1条:尊重权利的义务
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0001
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.I General Obligations, Art.1: Obligation to Respect Rights","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes Article 1-1, which is a key-provision of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). It provides the main set of obligations borne by the States parties, that is, obligations to respect and to ensure, and defines the rights holders of the ACHR as all persons under the jurisdiction of the States Parties. The same provision further outlines the general principle of non-discrimination to be respected when the States Parties fulfill their general obligations to respect and ensure all the rights of the ACHR. That provision alone sets out the fundamental philosophical and legal conception of the inter-American system. It irradiates and determines the whole Convention; the enjoyment and exercise of the rights and freedoms enshrined in the treaty have a universal scope and shall be recognized in favor of all persons, regardless of their nationality and citizenship or any other conditions.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75422141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.8: Right to a Fair Trial 第一部分国家的义务和受保护的权利，第三部分公民权利和政治权利，第8条:公平审判的权利
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0008
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.II Civil and Political Rights, Art.8: Right to a Fair Trial","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses Article 8, the right to a fair trial, of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 8 of the ACHR is based on a dual structure. The first paragraph of the provision applies to all kinds of proceedings and provides rights and guarantees to “every person,” regardless of the nature—criminal, civil, labor, fiscal, “or any other nature” of the matters dealt with by the tribunals. However, the following Paragraphs 2, 3, 4, and 5 are focused on criminal proceedings; they offer a specific protection to persons suspected of, accused of, or condemned for a criminal offense. In addition to the rules of fair trial protected by Article 8 of the ACHR, several provisions of the ACHR provide for special judicial guarantees for persons to ensure and guarantee their rights and freedoms. These include the right to a remedy in case of arrest or detention under Article 7-6 of the ACHR and the right to an effective remedy under Article 25 for any violation of the rights and freedoms enshrined in domestic law or in the ACHR. Although silent on judicial guarantees, Article 19 of the ACHR (special protection of children) has also close ties with Article 8.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74507903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part III General and Transitory Provisions, Ch.X Signature, Ratification, Reservations, Amendments, Protocols, and Denunciation, Article 78 第三部分一般和临时规定，第六章签署、批准、保留、修正、议定书和退出，第七十八条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0078
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part III General and Transitory Provisions, Ch.X Signature, Ratification, Reservations, Amendments, Protocols, and Denunciation, Article 78","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0078","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates Article 78 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Echoing Article 58 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the ACHR reflects the conventional freedom of the State. The Convention is one of these “free conventions,” “in the sense that no State is obliged to become a party to it.” The latter may choose to commit, but as one author points out, it does not necessarily wish to be “prisoner” of this conventional relationship. The State must also be free to leave, hence the importance of regulating this “right of exit,” in particular for reasons of legal certainty in relations between the parties. In the law of treaties, denunciation thus constitutes “the normal procedure by which a State withdraws from a treaty.” This is a unilateral mode aimed at putting an end, for the party concerned, to the treaty commitment and Article 78 of the ACHR is therefore merely an adaptation of the principle pacta sunt servanda of general international law reflected in Article 54 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), since it organizes the “consensual termination of treaty relationship” in this particular framework.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73599622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.I General Obligations, Art.2: Domestic Legal Effects 第一部分国家义务和受保护的权利，第1章一般义务，第2条:国内法律效力
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0002
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part I State Obligations and Rights Protected, Ch.I General Obligations, Art.2: Domestic Legal Effects","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines Article 2 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which prescribes and requires specific conduct from States Parties regarding the domestic implementation of the rights and freedoms enshrined. Article 2 is located in the first chapter of the ACHR, entitled “General obligations”; it cannot be read without referring to the pivotal Article 1. Both provisions illustrate the principle of subsidiarity of the inter-American system, according to which the State is primarily in charge of the domestic implementation of human rights. Accordingly, in combination with Article 2 of the ACHR, States may be required to adopt positive measures in order to ensure rights and freedoms as to amend or reverse discriminatory situations to the detriment of certain groups of persons. Therefore, under certain circumstances, the provisions may be invoked in conjunction before the inter-American organs. The jurisprudence on Article 2 is pivotal in the transformative potential of the American Convention within the domestic systems of the States Parties.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77651114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Preamble 序言
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0081
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Preamble","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0081","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"152 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80324987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.3 Competence, Article 44 第二部分保护手段，第七章，美洲人权委员会，第3节第44条权限
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0044
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.3 Competence, Article 44","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0044","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews Article 44 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 44 of the ACHR is one of the core provisions of the Inter-American Human Rights complaint mechanism. It determines the standing of the individual petitioners (jus standi) before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and recognizes two procedural rights of action: the international procedural right to denounce and the international procedural right to complain. The distinction between the types of actions is important. The right to denounce is open in favor of a vast scope of beneficiaries and is closely linked to the concept of collective guarantee, while the right to complain is more strictly recognized in favor of the alleged victim of a violation of their rights by a State Party. Article 44 explains that the ACHR is a fertile ground for actions similar to actio popularis, allowing anyone and any group of persons to act in order to ensure the collective guarantee of the ACHR.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81733950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.4 Procedure, Article 51 第二部分保护手段，第七章，美洲人权委员会，第5段程序第51条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0051
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.4 Procedure, Article 51","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0051","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on Article 51 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 51 of the ACHR closes up Section 4 of the Chapter VII dedicated to the “Procedure” before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, applied when dealing with an individual petition (Article 44) or an inter-State communication (Article 45). The provision describes the potential results of the procedure, that is, the adoption of a report that would contain the “opinion,” “conclusion,” and “recommendations” of the Commission. The article must be understood in light of Article 49 (Friendly settlement) and Article 50 (“preliminary report”). An Article 51 report is adopted when the friendly settlement process has failed, and in case of violations stated by the Commission, when the case is neither brought to the Court nor fixed by the Commission itself. Accordingly, the Article 51 report is said to be “final,” as it terminates the litigation proceeding before the Inter-American organs.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86217024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.2 Jurisdiction and Functions, Article 63-1 第二部分保护手段，第八章美洲人权法院，第2段管辖权和职能，第63-1条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0062
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VIII Inter-American Court of Human Rights, s.2 Jurisdiction and Functions, Article 63-1","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0062","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines Article 63-1 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), which is a brief but exceptionally dense provision. On the one hand, it is addressed to States, recalling their obligations in the event of the commission of an internationally wrongful act—from this point of view, the content of Article 63-1 is customary. On the other hand, the provision is addressed to the Inter-American Court itself. Article 63-1 is not deemed to recognize a subjective right guaranteed in favor of the victims of violations of the ACHR. However, the Court stated in its very first judgments that this provision was not only addressed to States and the Court itself but also to individuals. The density of Article 63-1 of the ACHR also stems from the fact that the two relatively short sentences refer to a set of obligations that already exist in general international law.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87475821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.4 Procedure, Article 49 第二部分保护手段，第七章，美洲人权委员会，第5段程序第49条
The American Convention on Human Rights Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0049
Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène
{"title":"Part II Means of Protection, Ch.VII Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, s.4 Procedure, Article 49","authors":"Hennebel Ludovic, T. Hélène","doi":"10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190222345.003.0049","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter evaluates Article 49 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR). Article 49 of the ACHR complements Article 48-1(f), addressing the noncontentious procedure that may be applied in an individual petition or interstate communication. It describes the steps to be followed by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights when a friendly settlement is reached by the parties. Under Article 49 of the ACHR, the Commission must approve the amicable settlement. To do so, it has to verify that the conditions of validity are met, in particular as regards the consent of the parties and the content of the agreement, which must be fully compatible with human rights. Therefore, the approval procedure described briefly under Article 49 (and detailed under Article 40-5 of the Commission's Rules of Procedure) is far from purely formal or technical. Quite the opposite, the noncontentious phase is the subject of a particular attention by the Commission that provides not only an assessment of the terms of the agreement, but also of its status of implementation by the State's authorities.","PeriodicalId":22363,"journal":{"name":"The American Convention on Human Rights","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83764118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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